论我国刑法中的正当防卫
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摘要
在我国刑法中，正当防卫是指为了保护国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，采取对不法侵害人造成损害的方法，制止不法侵害的行为。这种行为虽然在形式上似乎符合某种犯罪构成，但实质上对国家和人民有益，不具有社会危害性，与犯罪形成“正对不正”的鲜明对比，因而被视为一种正当化事由，受到法律的肯定和提倡。本文从正当防卫的正当化性质入手，着力分析了正当防卫的历史沿革和防卫权的正当性。在评析、借鉴学术界各种观点的基础上重点论述了正当防卫的成立条件和特殊防卫的构成，探讨了正当防卫与刑法中相关概念的关系，使之与假想防卫、防卫挑拔、巧合防卫、防卫不适时以及防卫过当等行为区别开来。其中，对正当防卫的主体、客体、巧合防卫、对过失犯罪能否实行正当防卫和特殊防卫的必要性等问题作了新的思考和认识。针对正当防卫在当前立法中存在的不足，提出了相应的完善措施。本文的分析论证旨在促进学界和司法实践进一步正确理解和适用正当防卫，鼓励广大公民在法律允许的范围和限度内正确行使防卫权，使其具有的制止不法侵害、保护合法权益、稳定社会秩序的功能得到更加有效充分地发挥。
In our country's criminal law, the legitimate defence means to
adopt the measures to do harm to offenders and the actions to prevent illegal inviolability, in order to protect the state and public interests, the living bodies, proverty and other rights against the going illegal inviolability. Although this action in form seems to be true of a crime, in fact it will be of benefit to the state and the people, not having the social harmfulness, forming a sharp "both positive and negative" contrast compared with crime. Therefore it is regarded as a legitimate origin of an incident, approved and promoted by the law. From the legitimate nature of legitimate defence, this article concentrates on analyzing the history evolution of legitimate defence and the legitimacy of defensive right. On the basis of evaluating, analyzing and drawing on the experience of all kinds of ideas of the academic community, it mainly deals with the tenable conditions of legitimate defence and the form of special defence, and inquires int
o the relation between the legitimate defence and the relevant concepts of the criminal law, distinguishing the legitimate defence from imaginary, intrusive, coincident, untimely and undue ones, while opening to the new ways of seeing things such as the subjects and objects of legitimate defence, coincident defence , legitimate defence in unpremeditated crime and necessity of special defence. It puts forward the corresponding measures to perfect the legislation of legitimate defence. The article aims at improving the academic circle and judicial application to take a further insight into legitimate defence and apply it, encouraging citizens to use defensive right suitably according to the law and bringing the legitimate defence into full play
in stopping illegal inviolability, protecting legal interests and stabilizing social order.
In our country's criminal law, the legitimate defence means to
adopt the measures to do harm to offenders and the actions to prevent illegal inviolability, in order to protect the state and public interests, the living bodies, proverty and other rights against the going illegal inviolability. Although this action in form seems to be true of a crime, in fact it will be of benefit to the state and the people, not having the social harmfulness, forming a sharp "both positive and negative" contrast compared with crime. Therefore it is regarded as a legitimate origin of an incident, approved and promoted by the law. From the legitimate nature of legitimate defence, this article concentrates on analyzing the history evolution of legitimate defence and the legitimacy of defensive right. On the basis of evaluating, analyzing and drawing on the experience of all kinds of ideas of the academic community, it mainly deals with the tenable conditions of legitimate defence and the form of special defence, and inquires int
o the relation between the legitimate defence and the relevant concepts of the criminal law, distinguishing the legitimate defence from imaginary, intrusive, coincident, untimely and undue ones, while opening to the new ways of seeing things such as the subjects and objects of legitimate defence, coincident defence , legitimate defence in unpremeditated crime and necessity of special defence. It puts forward the corresponding measures to perfect the legislation of legitimate defence. The article aims at improving the academic circle and judicial application to take a further insight into legitimate defence and apply it, encouraging citizens to use defensive right suitably according to the law and bringing the legitimate defence into full play
in stopping illegal inviolability, protecting legal interests and stabilizing social order.
引文
(1)张明楷著：《刑法学》(上)，法律出版社1997年版。
(2)蔡枢衡：《中国刑法史》，广西人民出版社1983年版。
(3)田宏杰：《防卫权及其限度》，载陈兴良主编《刑事法评论》第二卷，中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
(4)王政勋著：《正当行为论》，法律出版社2000年版。
(5)彭卫东著：《正当防卫论》，武汉大学出版社2001年版。
(6)赵秉志主编：《外国刑法原理(大陆法系)》，中国人民大学出版社2000年版。
(7)[英]洛克：《政府论》(下篇)，叶启芳、瞿菊农译，商务印书馆1964年版。
(8)[法]孟德斯鸠：《论法的精神》(上册)，张雁深等泽，商务印书馆1961年版。
(9)陈兴良著：《刑法适用总论》(上卷)，法律出版社1999年版。
(10)张明楷著《犯罪论原理》，武汉大学出版社1991年版。
(11)胡驰、于志刚主编：《刑法问题与争鸣》(第2辑)，中国方正出版社2000版。
(12)陈兴良著《本体刑法学》，商务印书馆2001年版。
(13)高格著：《正当防卫与紧急避险》，福建人民出版社1985年版。
(14)马克昌主编：《犯罪通论》，武汉大学出版社1991年版。
(15)丁后盾著：《刑法法益原理》，中国方正出版社2000年版。
(16)甘雨沛、何鹏：《外国刑法学》，北京大学出版社1984年版。
(17)高铭暄、马克昌主编：《刑法学》(上篇)，中国法制出版社1999年版。
(2)蔡枢衡：《中国刑法史》，广西人民出版社1983年版。
(3)田宏杰：《防卫权及其限度》，载陈兴良主编《刑事法评论》第二卷，中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
(4)王政勋著：《正当行为论》，法律出版社2000年版。
(5)彭卫东著：《正当防卫论》，武汉大学出版社2001年版。
(6)赵秉志主编：《外国刑法原理(大陆法系)》，中国人民大学出版社2000年版。
(7)[英]洛克：《政府论》(下篇)，叶启芳、瞿菊农译，商务印书馆1964年版。
(8)[法]孟德斯鸠：《论法的精神》(上册)，张雁深等泽，商务印书馆1961年版。
(9)陈兴良著：《刑法适用总论》(上卷)，法律出版社1999年版。
(10)张明楷著《犯罪论原理》，武汉大学出版社1991年版。
(11)胡驰、于志刚主编：《刑法问题与争鸣》(第2辑)，中国方正出版社2000版。
(12)陈兴良著《本体刑法学》，商务印书馆2001年版。
(13)高格著：《正当防卫与紧急避险》，福建人民出版社1985年版。
(14)马克昌主编：《犯罪通论》，武汉大学出版社1991年版。
(15)丁后盾著：《刑法法益原理》，中国方正出版社2000年版。
(16)甘雨沛、何鹏：《外国刑法学》，北京大学出版社1984年版。
(17)高铭暄、马克昌主编：《刑法学》(上篇)，中国法制出版社1999年版。