蒸汽辅助重力泄油技术的优化设计
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摘要
随着石油勘探和开发程度的深入,以及世界对石油需求量的迅速增长,稠油油藏的开发在石油开采中的地位变得愈加重要。目前对于储量极大的超稠油油藏,常规热采技术难以取得好的开发效果。因此,研究适用于稠油油藏特别是超稠油油藏开采的蒸汽辅助重力泄油技术及其优化设计具有十分重要的意义。本文从理论研究和数值模拟两个方面对蒸汽辅助重力泄油注采参数进行了优化并对开发效果进行了预测。理论研究先从蒸汽沿注汽井井筒的温度场、压力场以及干度的分布入手,得出一定地层条件下的最佳注入压力和注汽速度,为后续数模研究注采参数的优化提供参考。然后根据不同的油层情况,对采用蒸汽辅助重力泄油、溶剂辅助重力泄油和蒸汽辅助重力泄油加入气体驱动三种开发方式进行筛选。随后建立蒸汽辅助重力泄油的理论模型,研究原油粘温关系以及油汽界面移动速度、泄油率、泄水率等参数,为开发指标的预测提供了理论依据。同时以产油量为目标,运用正交设计方法,对各种影响蒸汽辅助重力泄油开发效果的因素进行了敏感性分析。数值模拟分别以双水平井和直井—水平井组合方式蒸汽辅助重力泄油为例,建立模型对布井参数和注采参数进行了优化,并对开发效果进行了预测。最后将数模预测结果和理论计算结果相比较,吻合情况较好,验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性和蒸汽辅助重力泄油技术开发超稠油油藏的可行性。
With the increasing demand of oil and decreasing oil reserves, the exploitation of heavy crude oil reservoir becomes much more important. Seeing that conventional thermal production methods can’t get a good result, it’s very significant to study the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technology which is a very effective method in developing heavy crude oil reservoirs, especially extra heavy oil reservoirs.
This article studied the SAGD technology in two ways. One was theoretical research and the other was numerical simulation. Theoretical research began with the inquiry of temperature field, pressure field and dryness fraction along the injector well. Then the screening of SAGD, vapor extraction (VAPEX), steam and gas push (SAGP) was done. After the creation of theoretical model of SAGD, the viscosity-temperature characteristic of oil, velocity of steam-oil interface, oil and water production rate were studied. Looking on oil rate as an evaluation criterion, orthogonal method was used to investigate how much that several factors influenced the development of SAGD. In the other way, numerical models were created to describe the production progress of dual horizontal wells SAGD and vertical-horizontal wells SAGD and optimize the location of wells and injection-production parameters. In the last, numerical prediction results were contrasted to theoretical calculation results and got a good match, which verified the credibility of numerical prediction results and the feasibility of SAGD applying to exploit extra heavy oil reservoirs.
With the increasing demand of oil and decreasing oil reserves, the exploitation of heavy crude oil reservoir becomes much more important. Seeing that conventional thermal production methods can’t get a good result, it’s very significant to study the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technology which is a very effective method in developing heavy crude oil reservoirs, especially extra heavy oil reservoirs.
This article studied the SAGD technology in two ways. One was theoretical research and the other was numerical simulation. Theoretical research began with the inquiry of temperature field, pressure field and dryness fraction along the injector well. Then the screening of SAGD, vapor extraction (VAPEX), steam and gas push (SAGP) was done. After the creation of theoretical model of SAGD, the viscosity-temperature characteristic of oil, velocity of steam-oil interface, oil and water production rate were studied. Looking on oil rate as an evaluation criterion, orthogonal method was used to investigate how much that several factors influenced the development of SAGD. In the other way, numerical models were created to describe the production progress of dual horizontal wells SAGD and vertical-horizontal wells SAGD and optimize the location of wells and injection-production parameters. In the last, numerical prediction results were contrasted to theoretical calculation results and got a good match, which verified the credibility of numerical prediction results and the feasibility of SAGD applying to exploit extra heavy oil reservoirs.
引文
[1] 于连东. 世界稠油资源的分布及其开采技术的现状与展望. 特种油气藏,2001 年;8 卷(2 期):98-103
[2] 窦宏恩. 稠油热采应用 SAGD 技术的探讨. 石油科技论坛,2003 年;50-53
[3] 王弥康,林日亿. 一种开采深层特超稠油的潜在方法. 油气地质与采收率,2001 年;8 卷(2 期):67-69
[4] S.K.Das. VAPEX:An Efficient Process for the Recovery of Heavy Oil and Bitumen. SPE Journal,Sep,1998;232-237
[5] R.M. Butler. SAGD Comes of Age! JCPT,July,1998;37 卷(7 期):9-12
[6] R.M. Butler. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP). JCPT,Mar,1999;38 卷(3期):54-61
[7] Q.JIANG, R.M. Butler. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)—2:Mechanism Analysis and Physical Model Testing. JCPT,Apr,2000;39 卷(4 期):52-60
[8] SuZijian,Xiaorenbin,Zhong Yifang. An improved multidisciplinary feasible method using DACE aporximation approach. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2005;16 卷(2 期):335-340
[9] R.M. Butler, Q.JIANG.. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)—3:Recent Theoretical Developments and Laboratory Results. JCPT,Aug,2000;39卷(8 期):51-60
[10] R.M. Butler, Q.JIANG.. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)—4:Recent Theoretical Developments and Laboratory Results Using Layered Models. JCPT,Jan,2001;40 卷(1 期):54-61
[11] Q.JIANG, R.M. Butler. Experimental Studies on Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneity on the VAPEX Process. JCPT,Dec,1996;35 卷(10 期):46-54
[12] A.K.Singhal,S.M.Leggitt. Screening of Reservoirs for Exploitation by Application of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage/VAPEX Process. SPE 37144,Nov,1996;867-872
[13] Serhat Akin. Mathematical Modeling of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. SPE 86963,Mar,2004;1-5
[14] Neil Edmunds. On the Difficult Birth of SAGD. JCPT,Jan,1999;38 卷(1 期):14-17
[15] Y.ITO. Discussion of On the Difficult Birth of SAGD. JCPT,May,1999;38 卷(5 期):22-24
[16] 刘文章编著. 热采稠油油藏开发模式. 北京:石油工业出版社,1998 年:1-7,23-30,139-146,227-256,291-306
[17] 陈月明编著. 注蒸汽热力采油. 东营:石油大学出版社,1996 年:38-54
[18] 张琪主编. 采油工程原理与设计. 东营:石油大学出版社,2002 年:33-45
[19] 任瑛,梁金国等编著. 稠油与高凝油热力开采问题的理论与实践. 北京:石油工业出版社,2001 年:25-46,75-80,124-131
[20] G. BIRRELL. Heat Transfer Ahead of a SAGD Steam Chamber: A Study of Thermocouple Data from Phase B of the Underground Test Facility(Dover Project). JCPT,Mar,2003;42 卷(3 期):40-47
[21] Y.ITO, T. HIRATA, M.ICHIKAWA. The Growth of the Steam Chamber During the Early Period of the UTF Phase B and Hangingstone Phase I Projects. JCPT,Sep,2001;40 卷(9 期):29-36
[22] V.A.Kamath, Sandeep Sinha. Simulation Study of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Process in Ugnu Tar Sand Reservoir. SPE 26075,May,1993;453-458
[23] K.E.Kisman,K.C.Yeung. Numerical Study of the SAGD Process in the Burnt Lake Oil Sands Lease. SPE 30276,Jun,1995;275-281
[24] 郭建国,乔晶. 水平井开发杜 84 块馆陶超稠油藏方案优化及应用. 钻采工艺,2005 年;28 卷(3 期):43-46
[25] 马新仿,王卓飞,徐明强. 特超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐数值模拟. 新疆石油地质,2006 年;27 卷(4 期):459-462
[26] 王选茹,程林松,刘双全等. 蒸汽辅助重力泄油渗流机理研究. 西南石油学院学报,2006 年;28 卷(2 期):44-47
[27] Neil R.Edmunds. Investigation of SAGD Steam Trap Control in Two and Three Dimensions. SPE 50413,Nov,1998;1-13
[28] P.Egermann,G.Renard,E.Delamaide. SAGD Performance Optimization through Numerical Simulations: Methodology and Field Case Example. SPE 69690,Mar,2001;1-10
[29] Nestor V.Queipo , Javier V.Goicochea P. Surrogate Modeling-Based Optimization of SAGD Process. SPE 69704,Mar,2001;1-9
[30] Roger Butler. Some Recent Developments in SAGD. JCPT,Jan,2001;40 卷(1 期):18-22
[31] 吴向红,叶继根,马远乐. 水平井蒸汽辅助重力驱油藏模拟方法. 计算物理,2002 年;19 卷(6 期):549-552
[32] 刘学利,杜志敏等. 单井蒸汽辅助重力驱启动过程动态预测模型. 西南石油学院学报,2004 年;26 卷(4 期):34-37
[33] Boberg T C. Calculation of the Production Rate of a Thermally Stimulated Well. SPE 1578,Oct,1966;1613-1620
[34] Aziz K. A Simple Analytical Model for Simulating Heavy Oil Recovery by Cyclic Steam in Pressure-depleted Reservoirs. SPE 13037,Sep,1984;1-6
[35] 黄炳光,刘蜀知. 实用油藏工程与动态分析方法. 北京:石油工业出版社,1998:114-127
[36] 范子菲,方宏长. 裂缝性油藏水平井稳态解产能公式研究. 石油勘探与开发,1996 年;23 卷(3 期):55-63
[37] 杨乃群,常斌,程林松. 超常规稠油油藏改进的蒸汽辅助重力泄油方式应用研究. 中国海上油气(地质),2003 年;17 卷(2 期):123-127
[38] Roger Butler,张荣斌(译). 日臻完善的 SAGD 采油技术. 国外油田工程,1999 年;15-17
[39] 刘尚奇,许心伟,张锐. 稠油油藏水平井热采应用研究. 石油勘探与开发,1996 年;23 卷(2 期):65-69
[40] 陈民峰,郎兆新,莫小国. 超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽吞吐开发合理界限研究. 特种油气藏,2002 年;9 卷(2 期):37-41
[41] 张林凤,徐兵等. 草 20 块西区 Ng1 薄层特稠油油藏水平井热采设计. 河南石油,2004 年;18 卷(2 期):39-41
[42] 姜汉桥,姚军,姜瑞忠主编. 油藏工程原理与方法. 东营:石油大学出版社,2000 年:202-207
[43] Lourdes Herrera,Humberto Mendoza. Controllability and Observability Issues for SAGD Intelligent Control in Venezuela. SPE 69699,Mar,2001;1-4
[44] M.Y.Chan,J.Fong,T.Leshchyshyn. Effects of Well Placement and Critical Operating Conditions on the Performance of Dual Well SAGD Well Pair in Heavy Oil Reservoir. SPE 39082,Sep,2001;1-6
[45] Y. ITO,S. SUZUKI. Numerical Simulation of the SAGD Process in the Hangingstone Oil Sands Reservoir. JCPT,Sep,1999;38 卷(9 期):27-34
[46] E.WALLS, C.PALMGREN, K.KISMAN. Residual Oil Saturation inside the Steam Chamber during SAGD. JCPT,Jan,2003;42 卷(1 期):39-47
[47] K.SASAKI, S.AKIBAYASHI, N.YAZAWA, etc. Numerical and Experimental Modeling of the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage(SAGD) Process. JCPT,Jan,2001;40 卷(1 期):44-50
[48] C.SHEN. Numerical Investigation of SAGD Process Using a Single Horizontal Well. JCPT,Mar,2000;39 卷(3 期):24-29
[49] L.CHOW, R.M. Butler. Numerical Simulation of the Steam-assisted Gravity Drainage Process (SAGD). JCPT,Jun,1996;35 卷(6 期):55-61
[2] 窦宏恩. 稠油热采应用 SAGD 技术的探讨. 石油科技论坛,2003 年;50-53
[3] 王弥康,林日亿. 一种开采深层特超稠油的潜在方法. 油气地质与采收率,2001 年;8 卷(2 期):67-69
[4] S.K.Das. VAPEX:An Efficient Process for the Recovery of Heavy Oil and Bitumen. SPE Journal,Sep,1998;232-237
[5] R.M. Butler. SAGD Comes of Age! JCPT,July,1998;37 卷(7 期):9-12
[6] R.M. Butler. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP). JCPT,Mar,1999;38 卷(3期):54-61
[7] Q.JIANG, R.M. Butler. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)—2:Mechanism Analysis and Physical Model Testing. JCPT,Apr,2000;39 卷(4 期):52-60
[8] SuZijian,Xiaorenbin,Zhong Yifang. An improved multidisciplinary feasible method using DACE aporximation approach. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2005;16 卷(2 期):335-340
[9] R.M. Butler, Q.JIANG.. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)—3:Recent Theoretical Developments and Laboratory Results. JCPT,Aug,2000;39卷(8 期):51-60
[10] R.M. Butler, Q.JIANG.. The Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)—4:Recent Theoretical Developments and Laboratory Results Using Layered Models. JCPT,Jan,2001;40 卷(1 期):54-61
[11] Q.JIANG, R.M. Butler. Experimental Studies on Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneity on the VAPEX Process. JCPT,Dec,1996;35 卷(10 期):46-54
[12] A.K.Singhal,S.M.Leggitt. Screening of Reservoirs for Exploitation by Application of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage/VAPEX Process. SPE 37144,Nov,1996;867-872
[13] Serhat Akin. Mathematical Modeling of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. SPE 86963,Mar,2004;1-5
[14] Neil Edmunds. On the Difficult Birth of SAGD. JCPT,Jan,1999;38 卷(1 期):14-17
[15] Y.ITO. Discussion of On the Difficult Birth of SAGD. JCPT,May,1999;38 卷(5 期):22-24
[16] 刘文章编著. 热采稠油油藏开发模式. 北京:石油工业出版社,1998 年:1-7,23-30,139-146,227-256,291-306
[17] 陈月明编著. 注蒸汽热力采油. 东营:石油大学出版社,1996 年:38-54
[18] 张琪主编. 采油工程原理与设计. 东营:石油大学出版社,2002 年:33-45
[19] 任瑛,梁金国等编著. 稠油与高凝油热力开采问题的理论与实践. 北京:石油工业出版社,2001 年:25-46,75-80,124-131
[20] G. BIRRELL. Heat Transfer Ahead of a SAGD Steam Chamber: A Study of Thermocouple Data from Phase B of the Underground Test Facility(Dover Project). JCPT,Mar,2003;42 卷(3 期):40-47
[21] Y.ITO, T. HIRATA, M.ICHIKAWA. The Growth of the Steam Chamber During the Early Period of the UTF Phase B and Hangingstone Phase I Projects. JCPT,Sep,2001;40 卷(9 期):29-36
[22] V.A.Kamath, Sandeep Sinha. Simulation Study of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Process in Ugnu Tar Sand Reservoir. SPE 26075,May,1993;453-458
[23] K.E.Kisman,K.C.Yeung. Numerical Study of the SAGD Process in the Burnt Lake Oil Sands Lease. SPE 30276,Jun,1995;275-281
[24] 郭建国,乔晶. 水平井开发杜 84 块馆陶超稠油藏方案优化及应用. 钻采工艺,2005 年;28 卷(3 期):43-46
[25] 马新仿,王卓飞,徐明强. 特超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐数值模拟. 新疆石油地质,2006 年;27 卷(4 期):459-462
[26] 王选茹,程林松,刘双全等. 蒸汽辅助重力泄油渗流机理研究. 西南石油学院学报,2006 年;28 卷(2 期):44-47
[27] Neil R.Edmunds. Investigation of SAGD Steam Trap Control in Two and Three Dimensions. SPE 50413,Nov,1998;1-13
[28] P.Egermann,G.Renard,E.Delamaide. SAGD Performance Optimization through Numerical Simulations: Methodology and Field Case Example. SPE 69690,Mar,2001;1-10
[29] Nestor V.Queipo , Javier V.Goicochea P. Surrogate Modeling-Based Optimization of SAGD Process. SPE 69704,Mar,2001;1-9
[30] Roger Butler. Some Recent Developments in SAGD. JCPT,Jan,2001;40 卷(1 期):18-22
[31] 吴向红,叶继根,马远乐. 水平井蒸汽辅助重力驱油藏模拟方法. 计算物理,2002 年;19 卷(6 期):549-552
[32] 刘学利,杜志敏等. 单井蒸汽辅助重力驱启动过程动态预测模型. 西南石油学院学报,2004 年;26 卷(4 期):34-37
[33] Boberg T C. Calculation of the Production Rate of a Thermally Stimulated Well. SPE 1578,Oct,1966;1613-1620
[34] Aziz K. A Simple Analytical Model for Simulating Heavy Oil Recovery by Cyclic Steam in Pressure-depleted Reservoirs. SPE 13037,Sep,1984;1-6
[35] 黄炳光,刘蜀知. 实用油藏工程与动态分析方法. 北京:石油工业出版社,1998:114-127
[36] 范子菲,方宏长. 裂缝性油藏水平井稳态解产能公式研究. 石油勘探与开发,1996 年;23 卷(3 期):55-63
[37] 杨乃群,常斌,程林松. 超常规稠油油藏改进的蒸汽辅助重力泄油方式应用研究. 中国海上油气(地质),2003 年;17 卷(2 期):123-127
[38] Roger Butler,张荣斌(译). 日臻完善的 SAGD 采油技术. 国外油田工程,1999 年;15-17
[39] 刘尚奇,许心伟,张锐. 稠油油藏水平井热采应用研究. 石油勘探与开发,1996 年;23 卷(2 期):65-69
[40] 陈民峰,郎兆新,莫小国. 超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽吞吐开发合理界限研究. 特种油气藏,2002 年;9 卷(2 期):37-41
[41] 张林凤,徐兵等. 草 20 块西区 Ng1 薄层特稠油油藏水平井热采设计. 河南石油,2004 年;18 卷(2 期):39-41
[42] 姜汉桥,姚军,姜瑞忠主编. 油藏工程原理与方法. 东营:石油大学出版社,2000 年:202-207
[43] Lourdes Herrera,Humberto Mendoza. Controllability and Observability Issues for SAGD Intelligent Control in Venezuela. SPE 69699,Mar,2001;1-4
[44] M.Y.Chan,J.Fong,T.Leshchyshyn. Effects of Well Placement and Critical Operating Conditions on the Performance of Dual Well SAGD Well Pair in Heavy Oil Reservoir. SPE 39082,Sep,2001;1-6
[45] Y. ITO,S. SUZUKI. Numerical Simulation of the SAGD Process in the Hangingstone Oil Sands Reservoir. JCPT,Sep,1999;38 卷(9 期):27-34
[46] E.WALLS, C.PALMGREN, K.KISMAN. Residual Oil Saturation inside the Steam Chamber during SAGD. JCPT,Jan,2003;42 卷(1 期):39-47
[47] K.SASAKI, S.AKIBAYASHI, N.YAZAWA, etc. Numerical and Experimental Modeling of the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage(SAGD) Process. JCPT,Jan,2001;40 卷(1 期):44-50
[48] C.SHEN. Numerical Investigation of SAGD Process Using a Single Horizontal Well. JCPT,Mar,2000;39 卷(3 期):24-29
[49] L.CHOW, R.M. Butler. Numerical Simulation of the Steam-assisted Gravity Drainage Process (SAGD). JCPT,Jun,1996;35 卷(6 期):55-61