从离散批评角度阐释美国华裔作家伍慧明《骨》中的人物
摘要
离散理论是一种研究离散者的身份政治、离散主体性、离散群体分类、文化归属和双重意识的跨学科的新兴理论。如今很多学者和评论家把其运用于文学理论之中，尤其是犹太族裔文学和美国华裔文学。离散理论已是近年来族裔文学研究的一个重要内容，也是全球后殖民语境中文化研究的重要课题。而在离散理论中，身份认同是离散理论的关键内容。
美国华裔作为一个离散群体，在文化身份认同方面表现出明显的离散群体文化认同特点。由著名作家伍慧明创作的小说《骨》是一部广得美国大众认同的小说，该小说讲述了一个唐人街移民家庭的在美故事,反映了散居族裔者在中美文化交往中的取舍情况。这为在离散理论的身份认同视角下分析了人物多样的身份寻求方式提供了完美的文本，也为多样的混合的且流动的身份寻求策略的提出提供了可能。
本论文分为四个章节：第一章分别介绍了美国华裔作家伍慧明及其作品《骨》，离散理论和离散视野下的美国华裔文学简介。第二章从离散理论的文化认同视角分别详细分析了第一代华人和华裔的身份认同情况。第三章则从离散理论的文化认同视角主要阐释了第二代美国华裔的身份认同情况。从这两章的分析下得出离散群体身份认同的流动性，混合性特点。第四章对全文进行总结。
Diaspora criticism as an interdisciplinary genre of theoretical writing devoted toissues relating to identity politics, migratory subjectivity, identifications, grouptaxonomy as well as double consciousness. And now many scholars and critics use itas literature criticism, particularly for the applications in Jewish ethnic literature andChinese American literature. It has become an important part of the studies of ethnicliterature，which is also an important issue of cultural research in the perspective ofthe global post-colonialism. In Diaspora criticism, identity serves as an absolutekeyword.
As a diasporic group, Chinese Americans have displayed obvious characteristicsin the cultural identification of diasporic communities. Bone written by famous FaeMyenne Ng, as the successful Chinese American diasporic work has receivedAmerican national recognition. It tells the story of a Chinatown family and reflects thediasporic group’s identity-seeking in the differences between Chinese and Americanculture, which provides a perfect text for the analysis of multiplex identity-seeking inthe perspective of identity of Diaspora criticism as well as gives the possibility for theadvance of identity strategy of being plural, mixed, and changing.
This thesis contains4chapters. Chapter one gives introduction to Fae MyenneNg and her novel Bone, Diaspora criticism, and the literature of Chinese Americans asa diasporic group. Chapter two elaborates on the first generation of ChineseAmericans’ identity—maintenance of Chinese tradition from the perspective ofcultural identity of Diaspora criticism. Chapter three is mainly devoted to the analysisof the second generation of Chinese Americans’ identity—assimilation of Americanculture from the perspective of cultural identity of Diaspora criticism. And from theabove chapters, the author of this thesis concludes the characteristics of hybridity andfluidity in identity-seeking. The conclusion will be provided in chapter four.
美国华裔作为一个离散群体，在文化身份认同方面表现出明显的离散群体文化认同特点。由著名作家伍慧明创作的小说《骨》是一部广得美国大众认同的小说，该小说讲述了一个唐人街移民家庭的在美故事,反映了散居族裔者在中美文化交往中的取舍情况。这为在离散理论的身份认同视角下分析了人物多样的身份寻求方式提供了完美的文本，也为多样的混合的且流动的身份寻求策略的提出提供了可能。
本论文分为四个章节：第一章分别介绍了美国华裔作家伍慧明及其作品《骨》，离散理论和离散视野下的美国华裔文学简介。第二章从离散理论的文化认同视角分别详细分析了第一代华人和华裔的身份认同情况。第三章则从离散理论的文化认同视角主要阐释了第二代美国华裔的身份认同情况。从这两章的分析下得出离散群体身份认同的流动性，混合性特点。第四章对全文进行总结。
Diaspora criticism as an interdisciplinary genre of theoretical writing devoted toissues relating to identity politics, migratory subjectivity, identifications, grouptaxonomy as well as double consciousness. And now many scholars and critics use itas literature criticism, particularly for the applications in Jewish ethnic literature andChinese American literature. It has become an important part of the studies of ethnicliterature，which is also an important issue of cultural research in the perspective ofthe global post-colonialism. In Diaspora criticism, identity serves as an absolutekeyword.
As a diasporic group, Chinese Americans have displayed obvious characteristicsin the cultural identification of diasporic communities. Bone written by famous FaeMyenne Ng, as the successful Chinese American diasporic work has receivedAmerican national recognition. It tells the story of a Chinatown family and reflects thediasporic group’s identity-seeking in the differences between Chinese and Americanculture, which provides a perfect text for the analysis of multiplex identity-seeking inthe perspective of identity of Diaspora criticism as well as gives the possibility for theadvance of identity strategy of being plural, mixed, and changing.
This thesis contains4chapters. Chapter one gives introduction to Fae MyenneNg and her novel Bone, Diaspora criticism, and the literature of Chinese Americans asa diasporic group. Chapter two elaborates on the first generation of ChineseAmericans’ identity—maintenance of Chinese tradition from the perspective ofcultural identity of Diaspora criticism. Chapter three is mainly devoted to the analysisof the second generation of Chinese Americans’ identity—assimilation of Americanculture from the perspective of cultural identity of Diaspora criticism. And from theabove chapters, the author of this thesis concludes the characteristics of hybridity andfluidity in identity-seeking. The conclusion will be provided in chapter four.
引文
[1]Don swaim interviews, Audio Interview with Fae Myenne Ng (1993)http://www.wiredforbooks.org/faemyenneng/index.htm
[2]Bone by Fae Myenne Ng: A Book Review. By Usama Ahmed (April18,2011)http://ezinearticles.com/?Bone-by-Fae-Myenne-Ng:-A-Book-Review&id=6191086
[3]Biography/Criticism about Fae Myenne Nghttp://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/ngFae.php
[4]BOMB Magazine: Fae Myenne Ng by Angel Velasco Shaw(1993)http://bombsite.com/issues/43/articles/1648
[5]Online literature reviews on Bone by Fae Myenne Ng (Jan22,2009)http://www.librarything.com/work/343470
[6]Diane C. LeBlanc.“Neologism as Oppositional Language in Fae Myenne Ng'sBone” http://rmmla.wsu.edu/ereview/54.1/articles/leblanc.asp
[7]Shaleen Singh “Diaspora Literature-A Testimony of Realism”.http://ezinearticles.com/?Diaspora-Literature---A-Testimony-of-Realism&id=1362004
[8]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora
[9]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)
[10]Homi K. Bhabha:“the Liminal Negotiation of Cultural Difference” BrownUniversity http://www.postcolonialweb.org/poldiscourse/bhabha/bhabha2.html
[11]http://www.goldenventuremovie.com/Chinese_Immigration.htm
[12]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American_history
[13]Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone[M]. New York: Hyperion1993.
[14]Draper, James P. Contemporary Literary Criticism[M]. Washigton, D.C.GaleResearch Inc,1993:81-88
[15]Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone[M]. New York: Hyperion1993(an advance reading copyfrom uncorrected proof)
[16]Yang, Xia. A National Allegory—Symbolism in Fae Myenne Ng’s Bone[D].School of Foreign Languages Henan University, April,2008
[17]Na, Chen. Analysis of Family Tragedy in Fae Myenne Ng’s Bone and ItsCauses[D]. Foreign Language College Inner Mongolia University, May,2009
[18]Waisao, Fong. Negotiating Identity: A Postcolonialist Study of Amy Tan’s JoyLuck Club[D]. South China Normal University, April,2007.
[19]Gang, Wang. Identities of Chinese Diasporans in USA—An Analysis of theCharacters in Mona in the Promising Land by Gish Jen[D]. Tianjin University ofTechnology, November,2006.
[20]Fei, Guo. Diaspora and Identity-Quest: Viewing Chinese American Woman’sIdentity-Quest in Eating Chinese Food Naked[D]. Beijing Language and CultureUniversity, june,2007.
[21]Lihua, Le. Becoming the Carriers of “Chop-Sury”: Diasporan Cultural Identitiesin Typical American[D]. Center South University, November,2008.
[22]Mishra, Sudesh. Diaspora Criticism[A]. Julian Wolfrey. Introducing Criticism atthe21stCentury [M]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,2002. P13-35
[23]Hall, Stuart. Cultural Identity and Diaspora[A]. Patrick Williams, Chrisman.Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: a Reader[M]. London: HarvesterWheatsheaf,1994. p392-p401.
[24]Hall, Stuart. Cultural Identity and Diaspora[A]. Jana Evans Braziel and AnitaMannur. Theorzing diaspora: a reader [M]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2003P233-246
[25]Hall, Stuart. Introduction: Who Needs ‘Identity’?[A] Stuart Hall, Paul Du Gay.Questions of Cultural Identity [M]. London: SAGE Publications Ltd,1996.
[26]Conner, Walker. The Impact of Homeland upon Diasporas[A]. Gabriel Sheffer.Modern Diaspora in International Politics [M]. London and Sydney: Croom Helm,1986
[27]Sheffer, Gabriel. Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad. New York[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[28]Hall, Stuart. Negotiating Caribbean Identities[A]. Brian Meeks, Folke Lindahl.New Caribbean thought: a reader[M]. University of the West Indies Press,2001
[29]Xiao-huang Yin. Chinese American Literature since the1950s[M]. Urbana andChicago: U of Illinois Press,2000
[30]White, Geoffrey M. Identity Through History: Living Stories in a SolomonIslands Society[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1991
[31]Totoricagüena, Gloria Pilar. Identity, Culture, and Politics in the BasqueDiaspora[M]. Reno, Nevada, University of Nevada press,2004
[32]Brubaker, Rogers. the ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora Ethnic and Racial Studies[J]. Vol.28No.1January2005
[33]Wenzhong, Zhu; Yucheng, Yao. On the Value of Traditional Confucian Cultureand the Value of Modern Corporate Social Responsibility[J]. International Journalof Business and Management: Vol.3, No.2,2009.
[34]Kim, Elaine H. Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings andTheir Social Context[M]. Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1982.
[35]Sucheng Chan. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History[M]. Boaton: TwaynerPublishers,1991, xiv.
[36]Edwards, John. Language and Identity: An Introduction[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,1982.
[37]伍慧明．骨[M]．陆薇译．南京：译林出版社，2004
[38]程爱民.美国华裔文学研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社，2003
[39]单德心.开疆与辟土--美国华裔文学与文化：作家访谈录与研究论文集[M].天津:南开大学出版社，2005
[40]吴冰，王立礼.华裔美国作家研究[M].天津:南开大学出版社，2009。
[41]刘芹利.两扇门之间—评华人作家伍慧明<骨>中两代美籍华人之心路历程[J].宜宾学院学报,2005(5)
[42]陆薇.超越二元对立的话语：读美籍华裔女作家伍慧明的小说<骨>[J].外国文学研究,2002(2)
[43]徐颖果.美国华裔文学选读（第二版）[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2008.
[44]张冲.散居族裔批评与美国华裔文学研究[J].外国文学研究,2005(2)
[45]赵一凡,张中载等.西方文论关键词[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006
[46]王宁.流散文学与文化身份认同[J].社会科学版，2006（11）
[47]潘纯琳.“散居”一词的谱系学研究[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版)，2006（4）
[48]秦桃姣,周静琼.论华裔文学身份的多重建构[J].嘉应学院学报(哲学社会科学)，2008（10）
[49]张龙海.属性和历史：解读美国华裔文学[M].厦门大学出版社,2004.8
[50]林涧.后现代创作语境下的种族历史书写《华人：金山勇士》与早期北美华人移民史[J].南开学报,2007(1)
[51]赵妍.寻找新的自我---伍惠明《骨》中莱拉的文化认同的解读[J].重庆文理学院学报(社会科学版),2008(3)
[2]Bone by Fae Myenne Ng: A Book Review. By Usama Ahmed (April18,2011)http://ezinearticles.com/?Bone-by-Fae-Myenne-Ng:-A-Book-Review&id=6191086
[3]Biography/Criticism about Fae Myenne Nghttp://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/ngFae.php
[4]BOMB Magazine: Fae Myenne Ng by Angel Velasco Shaw(1993)http://bombsite.com/issues/43/articles/1648
[5]Online literature reviews on Bone by Fae Myenne Ng (Jan22,2009)http://www.librarything.com/work/343470
[6]Diane C. LeBlanc.“Neologism as Oppositional Language in Fae Myenne Ng'sBone” http://rmmla.wsu.edu/ereview/54.1/articles/leblanc.asp
[7]Shaleen Singh “Diaspora Literature-A Testimony of Realism”.http://ezinearticles.com/?Diaspora-Literature---A-Testimony-of-Realism&id=1362004
[8]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora
[9]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)
[10]Homi K. Bhabha:“the Liminal Negotiation of Cultural Difference” BrownUniversity http://www.postcolonialweb.org/poldiscourse/bhabha/bhabha2.html
[11]http://www.goldenventuremovie.com/Chinese_Immigration.htm
[12]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American_history
[13]Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone[M]. New York: Hyperion1993.
[14]Draper, James P. Contemporary Literary Criticism[M]. Washigton, D.C.GaleResearch Inc,1993:81-88
[15]Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone[M]. New York: Hyperion1993(an advance reading copyfrom uncorrected proof)
[16]Yang, Xia. A National Allegory—Symbolism in Fae Myenne Ng’s Bone[D].School of Foreign Languages Henan University, April,2008
[17]Na, Chen. Analysis of Family Tragedy in Fae Myenne Ng’s Bone and ItsCauses[D]. Foreign Language College Inner Mongolia University, May,2009
[18]Waisao, Fong. Negotiating Identity: A Postcolonialist Study of Amy Tan’s JoyLuck Club[D]. South China Normal University, April,2007.
[19]Gang, Wang. Identities of Chinese Diasporans in USA—An Analysis of theCharacters in Mona in the Promising Land by Gish Jen[D]. Tianjin University ofTechnology, November,2006.
[20]Fei, Guo. Diaspora and Identity-Quest: Viewing Chinese American Woman’sIdentity-Quest in Eating Chinese Food Naked[D]. Beijing Language and CultureUniversity, june,2007.
[21]Lihua, Le. Becoming the Carriers of “Chop-Sury”: Diasporan Cultural Identitiesin Typical American[D]. Center South University, November,2008.
[22]Mishra, Sudesh. Diaspora Criticism[A]. Julian Wolfrey. Introducing Criticism atthe21stCentury [M]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,2002. P13-35
[23]Hall, Stuart. Cultural Identity and Diaspora[A]. Patrick Williams, Chrisman.Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: a Reader[M]. London: HarvesterWheatsheaf,1994. p392-p401.
[24]Hall, Stuart. Cultural Identity and Diaspora[A]. Jana Evans Braziel and AnitaMannur. Theorzing diaspora: a reader [M]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2003P233-246
[25]Hall, Stuart. Introduction: Who Needs ‘Identity’?[A] Stuart Hall, Paul Du Gay.Questions of Cultural Identity [M]. London: SAGE Publications Ltd,1996.
[26]Conner, Walker. The Impact of Homeland upon Diasporas[A]. Gabriel Sheffer.Modern Diaspora in International Politics [M]. London and Sydney: Croom Helm,1986
[27]Sheffer, Gabriel. Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad. New York[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[28]Hall, Stuart. Negotiating Caribbean Identities[A]. Brian Meeks, Folke Lindahl.New Caribbean thought: a reader[M]. University of the West Indies Press,2001
[29]Xiao-huang Yin. Chinese American Literature since the1950s[M]. Urbana andChicago: U of Illinois Press,2000
[30]White, Geoffrey M. Identity Through History: Living Stories in a SolomonIslands Society[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1991
[31]Totoricagüena, Gloria Pilar. Identity, Culture, and Politics in the BasqueDiaspora[M]. Reno, Nevada, University of Nevada press,2004
[32]Brubaker, Rogers. the ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora Ethnic and Racial Studies[J]. Vol.28No.1January2005
[33]Wenzhong, Zhu; Yucheng, Yao. On the Value of Traditional Confucian Cultureand the Value of Modern Corporate Social Responsibility[J]. International Journalof Business and Management: Vol.3, No.2,2009.
[34]Kim, Elaine H. Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings andTheir Social Context[M]. Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1982.
[35]Sucheng Chan. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History[M]. Boaton: TwaynerPublishers,1991, xiv.
[36]Edwards, John. Language and Identity: An Introduction[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,1982.
[37]伍慧明．骨[M]．陆薇译．南京：译林出版社，2004
[38]程爱民.美国华裔文学研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社，2003
[39]单德心.开疆与辟土--美国华裔文学与文化：作家访谈录与研究论文集[M].天津:南开大学出版社，2005
[40]吴冰，王立礼.华裔美国作家研究[M].天津:南开大学出版社，2009。
[41]刘芹利.两扇门之间—评华人作家伍慧明<骨>中两代美籍华人之心路历程[J].宜宾学院学报,2005(5)
[42]陆薇.超越二元对立的话语：读美籍华裔女作家伍慧明的小说<骨>[J].外国文学研究,2002(2)
[43]徐颖果.美国华裔文学选读（第二版）[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2008.
[44]张冲.散居族裔批评与美国华裔文学研究[J].外国文学研究,2005(2)
[45]赵一凡,张中载等.西方文论关键词[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006
[46]王宁.流散文学与文化身份认同[J].社会科学版，2006（11）
[47]潘纯琳.“散居”一词的谱系学研究[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版)，2006（4）
[48]秦桃姣,周静琼.论华裔文学身份的多重建构[J].嘉应学院学报(哲学社会科学)，2008（10）
[49]张龙海.属性和历史：解读美国华裔文学[M].厦门大学出版社,2004.8
[50]林涧.后现代创作语境下的种族历史书写《华人：金山勇士》与早期北美华人移民史[J].南开学报,2007(1)
[51]赵妍.寻找新的自我---伍惠明《骨》中莱拉的文化认同的解读[J].重庆文理学院学报(社会科学版),2008(3)