马链球菌兽疫亚种类M蛋白抗巨噬细胞吞噬机理研究
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摘要
马链球菌兽疫亚种(Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus,SEZ)属于兰氏分群的C群链球菌,可感染马,奶牛,猪,羊以及犬等,主要引起败血症、关节炎、心内膜炎以及脑膜炎等。在我国,该菌是猪链球菌病的主要病原之一。人食用被细菌污染的食物或是与患病动物有过密切接触亦可感染。病原微生物感染首先要突破宿主免疫系统,细菌表面的一些结构或成分可以帮助其逃逸宿主吞噬细胞的吞噬,本文对SEZ表面类M蛋白(SzP)抗巨噬细胞吞噬机理等进行了研究。
1、从巨噬细胞cDNA文库中筛选与SEZ SzP有相互作用的蛋白
巨噬细胞是机体重要的免疫细胞,在抗感染免疫中起重要作用。SEZ SzP具有抗巨噬细胞吞噬的功能,但具体机理不明。本实验从猪肺泡巨噬细胞中提取并纯化总RNA,合成First-strand cDNA,再通过PCR扩增出双链cDNA,同时在两端加上接头,用SfiI进行酶切后除去小片段cDNA,与pPR3-N载体连接,电转化入E.coli DH10B,建成原始文库,对原始文库进行扩增,PCR鉴定重组子插入片段大小。提取的总RNA分子完整,纯度高；成功合成双链cDNA,符合建库要求。原始文库滴度达到2×106CFU/mL,扩增后的文库滴度为1×109CFU/mL.插入片段大小分布在750-2500bp,平均长度约为1000bp,所构建文库的各项指标均达标。之后构建了SzP-pDHB1诱饵酵母株,在确定了SzP在诱饵株中的表达以及诱饵株的功能性正常之后,采用分离泛素酵母双杂交方法从文库中钓取与SzP有相互作用的蛋白质,经过营养缺陷筛选和β半乳糖甘酶活性分析,一共获得了12个可能与SzP有相互作用的候选蛋白,经过免疫共沉淀分析以及进一步的返板验证,最终筛选到了硫氧还蛋白与SzP之间的互作。这一发现有助于揭示SzP帮助SEZ逃逸巨噬细胞吞噬的分子机制。
2、SzP与硫氧还蛋白互作影响SEZ抵抗吞噬作用的机理
SzP是SEZ的重要毒力因子,与该菌的感染和抗吞噬等活动密切相关。该蛋白与硫氧还蛋白之间存在互作。还原态或氧化态的硫氧还蛋白都可以与SzP发生相互作用而不会影响到自身的活性与功能。经C3转化酶活性实验和H因子结合实验发现硫氧还蛋白不仅可以通过抑制C3转化酶的活性来调节补体途径,还对H因子具有亲和能力。硫氧还蛋白可以抑制C3分解成C3a和C3b,这一效果在H因子存在时会得到增益。C3b沉积实验发现硫氧还蛋白可以被募集到菌体表面而减少菌体表面的C3b沉积。通过对巨噬细胞中硫氧还蛋白进行RNA干扰,并在此基础上进行的吞噬试验发现SEZ可以通过菌体表面的SzP募集硫氧还蛋白从而增强自身的抗吞噬能力。这些发现说明SEZ通过菌体表面的SzP募集硫氧还蛋白来抑制补体途径,减少C3b沉积,从而达到抵抗宿主巨噬细胞的吞噬。
3、SzP在SEZ感染过程中对巨噬细胞的影响
为了阐明SzP在SEZ感染巨噬细胞过程中的作用,分别使用SEZ ATCC35246野生株和SzP缺失株对猪肺泡巨噬细胞进行感染,再用猪全基因组表达谱芯片(Roche NimbleGen)对处理后的细胞进行分析。结果发现两组不同处理的细胞中有446个基因的表达出现了差异,野生株处理组中134基因个表达量上调,312个基因表达量下调,下调基因中有许多与抗病原微生物感染相关的基因。采用GO聚类分析对基因的功能进行了归纳,这些基因分属于多种功能范畴,包括免疫反应,趋化因子的产生,信号转导以及细胞凋亡等。KEGG通路分析显示出多条与差异基因相关的信号通路,其中比较重要的三条包括Jak-STAT信号通路,Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction信号通路和Toll-like receptor信号通路。最后利用STRING分析对所得的差异基因之间的关系进行了解析。使用Real-time PCR对芯片结果的可靠性进行了验证。以上结果有助于更好的了解SzP在细菌感染过程中对巨噬细胞的影响。
4、SEZ UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因的分子克隆与分析
透明质酸是一种高分子生物合成物,由透明质酸构成的荚膜是链球菌的重要毒力因子。UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase,UGPase, EC2.7.7.9)在SEZ透明质酸荚膜的合成过程中起着至关重要的作用。本研究中,通过PCR扩增得到了UGPase的基因片段(789bp),采用基因步移技术对该基因在细菌基因组上进行了定位(GenBank No.GQ423507).对UGPase进行了表达与纯化,并利用Western-Blot技术鉴定了这一蛋白。UGPase的酶学分析显示其最适温度为37℃,最适pH7.5。该酶对UTP以及G1c-1-P的米氏常数(Km)和催化速度常数(Kcat)分别为8.5μM,69.05s-1和36.41μM,48.81s-1。另外还对UGPase做了同源建模,分析其活性中心。UGPase在SEZ中的过表达对其透明质酸合成和毒力都有影响。通过荧光定量PCR对UGPase的表达情况进行了监控,指数期表达到达峰值,进入衰亡期表达量减小。
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (SEZ), a member of the Lancifield's group C, is an pathogen that could infect a wide variety of species, including important domesticated animals such as horses, cows, swine, sheep, and dogs, causing septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis.. In China, SEZ is the major cause of diseases in swine. It can infect humans via zoonotic transmission from domesticated animals and cause invasive infections in humans. Pathogenic microorganisms in a host must evade from the immune system before the infection can be established. Our paper was about the mechanism of M-like protein facilitates antiphagocytosis and the relationship among UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase, hyaluronic acid capsule and bacterial virulence.
1. Screen the interacting protein of SEZ M-like protein in macrophage cDNA library
Macrophage plays an important role in the host immunity system. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus can resist macrophage phagocytize with the help of its surface M-like protein (SzP). In order to indicate the molecular mechanism of this antiphagocytosis, we constructed a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library from porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM). Total RNA was prepared from porcine PAM. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from the purified RNA. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified and ligated to adaptor, digested with Sfil enzyme and removed the small fragments, then cloned into the pPR3-N vector. The recombinant vector was electro-transformed into E. coli DH10B to obtain a primary cDNA library. The primary library was amplified and used to determine the size of cDNA inserts through enzyme digestion. The total RNA was good quality. The primary cDNA library titer was2×106CFU/mL and the amplified library titer was1×109CFU/mL. The size of the inserts varied from750to2500bp, with an average value of about1000bp. A yeast two-hybrid cDNA library has been successfully generated from porcine PAM and can be used for future screening of proteins interacting with M-like protein of SEZ. We constructed the SzP-pDHB1yeast bait strain and confirmed the expression of SzP and the function of this bait strain. After the heterotrophia selection and β-galactosidase activity analysis, we got12candidate proteins which maybe interact with SzP from the cDNA library of PAM with split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid system. The co-immunoprecipitation results showed that the thioredoxin of PAM interacted with SzP. Our findings could contribute to the general understanding on how SzP could confer phagocytosis resistance.
2. The mechanism of interaction between M-like protein and thioredoxin facilitates antiphagocytosis for SEZ
M-like protein (SzP) is an important virulence factor of SEZ and contributes to bacterial infection and antiphagocytosis. The interaction between SzP of SEZ and porcine thioredoxin (TRX) was revealed by Yeast Two-hybrid and further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. SzP interacted with both reduced and oxidized TRX without inhibiting TRX activity. We found that when TRX was recruited by SzP anchored on the surface of SEZ, it facilitated antiphagocytosis of the bacteria. Further experiments revealed that TRX regulated the alternative complement pathway by inhibiting the activity of C3convertase and had affinity to Factor H (FH). TRX alone inhibited C3cleavage and C3a production, the inhibitory effect was additive when FH was also present. TRX inhibited C3deposition on the bacterial surface when recruited by SzP of SEZ. These new findings indicated SEZ recruited TRX by SzP and regulated alternative complement pathways to evade host immune phagocytosis.
3. The effect of M-like protein in SEZ infecting macrophage
To increase our knowledge of the mechanism of SzP in infection, we profiled the response of porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) to infection of SEZ ATCC35246wild strain and SzP-knockout strain using the Roche NimbleGen Porcine Genome Expression Array. We found SzP contributed to differential expression (DE) of446genes, with upregulation of134genes and downregulation of312genes, some of these downregulated genes were related to defence pathogen infection. Gene Ontology category showed that these genes were represented in a variety of functional categories, including genes involved in immune response, regulation of chemokine production, signal transduction and regulation of apoptosis. Three important signal pathways were revealed by the KEGG pathway analysis, including Jak-STAT signal pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and Toll-like receptor signal pathway. STRING anlysis show the relationship among some of these DE genes. The reliability of the data obtained from the microarray was verified by performing quantitative real-time PCR on12representative genes. The data will contribute to understanding of SzP mediated mechanisms of SEZ pathogenesis.
4. Molecular cloning and analysis of the UDP-glucose gene pyrophosphorylase in SEZ
Capsula of hyaluronic acid (HA) is considered an important virulence factor in other streptococci. UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (EC2.7.7.9, UGPase) plays an important role in SEZ hyaluronic acid capsula biosynthesis and it is also recognized as a virulence determinant in several bacterial species. In this study, The UGPase gene fragment (789bp) obtained from previous research was amplified using PCR, and located by Genome walking technology (GenBank No.GQ423507). The UGPase was expressed, purified and identified using UGPase antibody. The enzyme kinetic parameters were determined, the temperature and pH of the highest activity for the cloned UGPase were37℃, pH7.5. The Km and Kcat value against UTP and G-1-P was8.5μM,69.05s-1and36.41uM,48.81s-1respectively. The homology-modeling was operated. Overexpression of the UGPase in SEZ, its virulence was affected. Real-Time PCR was carried out to determine the UGPase expression levels of both SEZp and SEZugp in different grow period, the level is high in logarithmic phase and low in Decline phase.
1、从巨噬细胞cDNA文库中筛选与SEZ SzP有相互作用的蛋白
巨噬细胞是机体重要的免疫细胞,在抗感染免疫中起重要作用。SEZ SzP具有抗巨噬细胞吞噬的功能,但具体机理不明。本实验从猪肺泡巨噬细胞中提取并纯化总RNA,合成First-strand cDNA,再通过PCR扩增出双链cDNA,同时在两端加上接头,用SfiI进行酶切后除去小片段cDNA,与pPR3-N载体连接,电转化入E.coli DH10B,建成原始文库,对原始文库进行扩增,PCR鉴定重组子插入片段大小。提取的总RNA分子完整,纯度高；成功合成双链cDNA,符合建库要求。原始文库滴度达到2×106CFU/mL,扩增后的文库滴度为1×109CFU/mL.插入片段大小分布在750-2500bp,平均长度约为1000bp,所构建文库的各项指标均达标。之后构建了SzP-pDHB1诱饵酵母株,在确定了SzP在诱饵株中的表达以及诱饵株的功能性正常之后,采用分离泛素酵母双杂交方法从文库中钓取与SzP有相互作用的蛋白质,经过营养缺陷筛选和β半乳糖甘酶活性分析,一共获得了12个可能与SzP有相互作用的候选蛋白,经过免疫共沉淀分析以及进一步的返板验证,最终筛选到了硫氧还蛋白与SzP之间的互作。这一发现有助于揭示SzP帮助SEZ逃逸巨噬细胞吞噬的分子机制。
2、SzP与硫氧还蛋白互作影响SEZ抵抗吞噬作用的机理
SzP是SEZ的重要毒力因子,与该菌的感染和抗吞噬等活动密切相关。该蛋白与硫氧还蛋白之间存在互作。还原态或氧化态的硫氧还蛋白都可以与SzP发生相互作用而不会影响到自身的活性与功能。经C3转化酶活性实验和H因子结合实验发现硫氧还蛋白不仅可以通过抑制C3转化酶的活性来调节补体途径,还对H因子具有亲和能力。硫氧还蛋白可以抑制C3分解成C3a和C3b,这一效果在H因子存在时会得到增益。C3b沉积实验发现硫氧还蛋白可以被募集到菌体表面而减少菌体表面的C3b沉积。通过对巨噬细胞中硫氧还蛋白进行RNA干扰,并在此基础上进行的吞噬试验发现SEZ可以通过菌体表面的SzP募集硫氧还蛋白从而增强自身的抗吞噬能力。这些发现说明SEZ通过菌体表面的SzP募集硫氧还蛋白来抑制补体途径,减少C3b沉积,从而达到抵抗宿主巨噬细胞的吞噬。
3、SzP在SEZ感染过程中对巨噬细胞的影响
为了阐明SzP在SEZ感染巨噬细胞过程中的作用,分别使用SEZ ATCC35246野生株和SzP缺失株对猪肺泡巨噬细胞进行感染,再用猪全基因组表达谱芯片(Roche NimbleGen)对处理后的细胞进行分析。结果发现两组不同处理的细胞中有446个基因的表达出现了差异,野生株处理组中134基因个表达量上调,312个基因表达量下调,下调基因中有许多与抗病原微生物感染相关的基因。采用GO聚类分析对基因的功能进行了归纳,这些基因分属于多种功能范畴,包括免疫反应,趋化因子的产生,信号转导以及细胞凋亡等。KEGG通路分析显示出多条与差异基因相关的信号通路,其中比较重要的三条包括Jak-STAT信号通路,Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction信号通路和Toll-like receptor信号通路。最后利用STRING分析对所得的差异基因之间的关系进行了解析。使用Real-time PCR对芯片结果的可靠性进行了验证。以上结果有助于更好的了解SzP在细菌感染过程中对巨噬细胞的影响。
4、SEZ UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因的分子克隆与分析
透明质酸是一种高分子生物合成物,由透明质酸构成的荚膜是链球菌的重要毒力因子。UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase,UGPase, EC2.7.7.9)在SEZ透明质酸荚膜的合成过程中起着至关重要的作用。本研究中,通过PCR扩增得到了UGPase的基因片段(789bp),采用基因步移技术对该基因在细菌基因组上进行了定位(GenBank No.GQ423507).对UGPase进行了表达与纯化,并利用Western-Blot技术鉴定了这一蛋白。UGPase的酶学分析显示其最适温度为37℃,最适pH7.5。该酶对UTP以及G1c-1-P的米氏常数(Km)和催化速度常数(Kcat)分别为8.5μM,69.05s-1和36.41μM,48.81s-1。另外还对UGPase做了同源建模,分析其活性中心。UGPase在SEZ中的过表达对其透明质酸合成和毒力都有影响。通过荧光定量PCR对UGPase的表达情况进行了监控,指数期表达到达峰值,进入衰亡期表达量减小。
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (SEZ), a member of the Lancifield's group C, is an pathogen that could infect a wide variety of species, including important domesticated animals such as horses, cows, swine, sheep, and dogs, causing septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis.. In China, SEZ is the major cause of diseases in swine. It can infect humans via zoonotic transmission from domesticated animals and cause invasive infections in humans. Pathogenic microorganisms in a host must evade from the immune system before the infection can be established. Our paper was about the mechanism of M-like protein facilitates antiphagocytosis and the relationship among UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase, hyaluronic acid capsule and bacterial virulence.
1. Screen the interacting protein of SEZ M-like protein in macrophage cDNA library
Macrophage plays an important role in the host immunity system. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus can resist macrophage phagocytize with the help of its surface M-like protein (SzP). In order to indicate the molecular mechanism of this antiphagocytosis, we constructed a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library from porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM). Total RNA was prepared from porcine PAM. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from the purified RNA. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified and ligated to adaptor, digested with Sfil enzyme and removed the small fragments, then cloned into the pPR3-N vector. The recombinant vector was electro-transformed into E. coli DH10B to obtain a primary cDNA library. The primary library was amplified and used to determine the size of cDNA inserts through enzyme digestion. The total RNA was good quality. The primary cDNA library titer was2×106CFU/mL and the amplified library titer was1×109CFU/mL. The size of the inserts varied from750to2500bp, with an average value of about1000bp. A yeast two-hybrid cDNA library has been successfully generated from porcine PAM and can be used for future screening of proteins interacting with M-like protein of SEZ. We constructed the SzP-pDHB1yeast bait strain and confirmed the expression of SzP and the function of this bait strain. After the heterotrophia selection and β-galactosidase activity analysis, we got12candidate proteins which maybe interact with SzP from the cDNA library of PAM with split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid system. The co-immunoprecipitation results showed that the thioredoxin of PAM interacted with SzP. Our findings could contribute to the general understanding on how SzP could confer phagocytosis resistance.
2. The mechanism of interaction between M-like protein and thioredoxin facilitates antiphagocytosis for SEZ
M-like protein (SzP) is an important virulence factor of SEZ and contributes to bacterial infection and antiphagocytosis. The interaction between SzP of SEZ and porcine thioredoxin (TRX) was revealed by Yeast Two-hybrid and further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. SzP interacted with both reduced and oxidized TRX without inhibiting TRX activity. We found that when TRX was recruited by SzP anchored on the surface of SEZ, it facilitated antiphagocytosis of the bacteria. Further experiments revealed that TRX regulated the alternative complement pathway by inhibiting the activity of C3convertase and had affinity to Factor H (FH). TRX alone inhibited C3cleavage and C3a production, the inhibitory effect was additive when FH was also present. TRX inhibited C3deposition on the bacterial surface when recruited by SzP of SEZ. These new findings indicated SEZ recruited TRX by SzP and regulated alternative complement pathways to evade host immune phagocytosis.
3. The effect of M-like protein in SEZ infecting macrophage
To increase our knowledge of the mechanism of SzP in infection, we profiled the response of porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) to infection of SEZ ATCC35246wild strain and SzP-knockout strain using the Roche NimbleGen Porcine Genome Expression Array. We found SzP contributed to differential expression (DE) of446genes, with upregulation of134genes and downregulation of312genes, some of these downregulated genes were related to defence pathogen infection. Gene Ontology category showed that these genes were represented in a variety of functional categories, including genes involved in immune response, regulation of chemokine production, signal transduction and regulation of apoptosis. Three important signal pathways were revealed by the KEGG pathway analysis, including Jak-STAT signal pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and Toll-like receptor signal pathway. STRING anlysis show the relationship among some of these DE genes. The reliability of the data obtained from the microarray was verified by performing quantitative real-time PCR on12representative genes. The data will contribute to understanding of SzP mediated mechanisms of SEZ pathogenesis.
4. Molecular cloning and analysis of the UDP-glucose gene pyrophosphorylase in SEZ
Capsula of hyaluronic acid (HA) is considered an important virulence factor in other streptococci. UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (EC2.7.7.9, UGPase) plays an important role in SEZ hyaluronic acid capsula biosynthesis and it is also recognized as a virulence determinant in several bacterial species. In this study, The UGPase gene fragment (789bp) obtained from previous research was amplified using PCR, and located by Genome walking technology (GenBank No.GQ423507). The UGPase was expressed, purified and identified using UGPase antibody. The enzyme kinetic parameters were determined, the temperature and pH of the highest activity for the cloned UGPase were37℃, pH7.5. The Km and Kcat value against UTP and G-1-P was8.5μM,69.05s-1and36.41uM,48.81s-1respectively. The homology-modeling was operated. Overexpression of the UGPase in SEZ, its virulence was affected. Real-Time PCR was carried out to determine the UGPase expression levels of both SEZp and SEZugp in different grow period, the level is high in logarithmic phase and low in Decline phase.
引文
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