立枯丝核菌AG1-IA诱导玉米差异蛋白的分析
摘要
纹枯病是玉米的一种重要病害,由立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani Kühn引起,由于该病害危害玉米近地面几节的叶鞘和茎杆,引起茎基腐败,破坏输导组织,影响水分和营养的输送,因此造成的损失较大。近年来在我国表现出加重和蔓延的趋势,目前该病已作为国内抗病育种的目标。利用常规育种方法选育抗病品种,不仅育种周期长,并且育种周期内由于病原菌的流行,生理小种致病性以及植物与病原菌的互作关系都容易改变。因此利用新技术深入研究玉米对纹枯病的感病和抗病机制,对于从机理上解决植物病害问题具有重要意义。
本研究采用本课题组多年筛选鉴定出的高耐玉米纹枯病材料R15和高感材料掖478,纹枯病菌为立枯丝核菌高致病性融合菌群AG1-IA。温室培育至拔节期,采用人工嵌入法将两粒布满菌丝的麦粒接种到植株下位第三叶鞘,分别取接种后12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h的玉米第三下位的叶片为处理材料,未接菌同位叶为对照材料,提取总蛋白。
接菌后的不同发病症状表明R15对病原菌具有较好的抵抗性,其侵染时间大约在接菌后24 h左右,大面积侵染时间大约在接菌后48 h左右。而掖478对病原菌抵抗力较差,在接菌后12 h之后就已经被侵染,并在24 h时已经表现出扩大侵染症状,36 h～48h是大面积侵染时期。这一结果与本课题组的其他研究结果基本一致。
本次试验对蛋白质双向电泳体系进行了部分优化:在裂解液中加入硫脲增强了蛋白的可溶性;反复的沉淀洗涤和盐桥的应用减少了盐分的影响:用梯度浓度的标准蛋白代替梯度体积进行定量减少了试验误差等。
经过电泳分析,从2—DE图谱上找到了15个感兴趣的差异表达蛋白点。通过基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术获得肽质量指纹图谱,数据库搜索比对后,初步鉴定出高于阈值的5个点和其他一些相关的有功能的点:增量表达的莽草酸激酶I、细胞分裂素受体组氨酸激酶、铁氧—硫氧蛋白还原酶催化亚基(FTR-C)和细胞分裂周期蛋白48(CDC48);减量表达的磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基、光合系统I反应中心N亚基和ATP合成酶CF_1-α亚基。
莽草酸激酶与芳香族氨基酸合成有关,其增量表达可以使玉米植株合成更多的类黄酮、木质素等物质,增强植株抗病性。细胞分裂素和乙烯信号传导途径存在部分重叠的通路,相信被侵染后,细胞分裂素的增加能引发部分乙烯抗病系统。FTR是一个普遍存在的氧化还原系统,在抗氧化和氧化还原调节中起关键作用,植物能通过增加FTR来清除病菌侵染后爆发的活性氧。因为这些蛋白在R15中的增量表达高于掖478,因此R15抗病性高于掖478。
CDC48参与内质网相关蛋白的降解,表明玉米在受侵染后细胞器开始被破坏。磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶是植物光合作用过程中固定CO_2的关键酶,参与植物体内的碳素循环;ATP合成酶参与电子传递,是细胞内能量转换的核心酶;光合系统I蛋白质分子负责利用光能把二氧化碳转变成碳和氧气,吸收光能传递电子。掖478中这些蛋白的减量表达趋势比R15明显,表明掖478在受立枯丝核菌AGI-IA侵染后,物质和能量代谢受到的抑制甚至破坏比R15严重,因此病情更重。
综上表明玉米在感病后,能增量表达某些抗病蛋白或诱导某些抗病系统的启动,但同时物质和能量代谢途径也有一定程度的抑制,细胞器被破坏。结合接菌后的病斑不断扩大的结果,可以知道感病玉米植株随着病症的加重,抗病能力的加强趋势不及代谢的减弱趋势,使植株衰弱而无法抵抗病原菌的侵染,最终导致植株感病死亡。
Maize banded leaf and sheath blight(BLSB) is caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and is the most destructive disease of Maize.The disease harms Maize near the ground sections of the leaf sheath and stem,causes corruption of caudex,ruins conductting tissue,affects the transportion of water and nutrition,so it results in significant yield loss.It increased and spreaded in recent years in China.And the disease has been the target of domestic disease resistance breeding.The breeding cycle of conventional methods to select resistant varieties is too long.With the prevalence of pathogens,the pathogenicity of physiological race and the interaction between pathogens with plants are easily changed.Therefore useing new technologies to in-depthly research the infection and resistant mechanisms is of great significance to solve the problem of plant diseases.
This research used high tolerance maize inbreed lines of R15 and high infection lines of ye478.The pathogen was high pathogenic fungus anastomosis groups AG1-IA of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.At the jointing stage in greenhouse,two wheat seeds colonized by AG1-IA were placed into the third sheath of the maize plants.At 12 hrs,24 hrs,36 hrs,48 hrs and 72 hrs of the post-inoculation,the third leaf was picked down to extract total proteins.The uninoculated leaf was the check materials.
The different symptoms showed that R15 had better resistance to AG1-IA.Its infection time was about 24 hrs after inoculation,and the large area infection time was about 48h after inoculation.Ye478 had poorer resistance to AG1-IA.About 12 hrs after inoculation it had been infected,24 hrs had shown symptoms of expanded infection,and 36 hrs～48 hrs was the larg area infection period.It was about the same with the other results in our research group.
The 2-DE system was part of optimized:lysis adding thiourea enhanced the solubility of proteins;repeated washing and precipitating,and salt bridge reduced the affection of the salt; concentration gradient of standard proteins instead of the volume gradient reduce experimental error.
15 differential protein spots was found from 2-DE map.Peptide mass fingerprintings had been got by MALDI-TOF/MS.After searching and comparing in database,five points higher than threshold and some points,which had function,was identifyed.Shikimate kinase I, cytokinin receptor histidine kinase,ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase catalytic chain(FTR-C) and CDC48 was increased expression;the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) large subunit,ATP synthase CF1-αsubunit and potosystem I reaction center subunit N was reduced expression.
Shikimate kinase was involved in the synthesis of aromatic amino acid,then its increased expression could synthesis more flavonoids and lignin to enhance plant resistant ability. Cytokininand ethylene signal transduction pathway exists some overlap,after infection, increased cytokinin could trigger part of ET resistant system.FTR was a common redox system.It played a key role in the regulation of anti-oxidation and reduction.Plants could increase the FTR to remove the outbreak reactive oxygen species after infection.These proteins in R15 were expressed more than ye478,so R15 showed haigher disease-resistant than ye478.
CDC48 involved in ER-associated protein degradation.It showed that after infection the cell of maize began to be destroyed.Rubisco was the key enzyme of CO_2 fixation in the process of photosynthesis,and involved in the carbon cycle in plants;ATPase involved in the electronic transmission of cells is the key enzyme of energy conversion;potosystem I protein molecules used the light,changed CO_2 to carbon and oxygen,absorpted the solar energy and transmited electrons.The trend of the reduced expression of these proteins in ye478 was haigher than R15.It showed that after infection by Rhizoctonia solani AGI-IA,the material and energy metabolism of ye478 was inhibited or even be destroyed more seriously than R15.
Comprehensively,after infection,maize increase expressed certain disease-resistant proteins or induced some resistance system,but material and energy metabolism at the same time was inhibited in a certain degree,and cell destructed.Integrated the results of expanded symptom,we could know that along with the aggravation,the trend of resistant proteins increased expression was inferior to the weakening trend of energy metabolism,then the plants was weaker and unable to resist the pathogen infection,leading to the death.
本研究采用本课题组多年筛选鉴定出的高耐玉米纹枯病材料R15和高感材料掖478,纹枯病菌为立枯丝核菌高致病性融合菌群AG1-IA。温室培育至拔节期,采用人工嵌入法将两粒布满菌丝的麦粒接种到植株下位第三叶鞘,分别取接种后12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h的玉米第三下位的叶片为处理材料,未接菌同位叶为对照材料,提取总蛋白。
接菌后的不同发病症状表明R15对病原菌具有较好的抵抗性,其侵染时间大约在接菌后24 h左右,大面积侵染时间大约在接菌后48 h左右。而掖478对病原菌抵抗力较差,在接菌后12 h之后就已经被侵染,并在24 h时已经表现出扩大侵染症状,36 h～48h是大面积侵染时期。这一结果与本课题组的其他研究结果基本一致。
本次试验对蛋白质双向电泳体系进行了部分优化:在裂解液中加入硫脲增强了蛋白的可溶性;反复的沉淀洗涤和盐桥的应用减少了盐分的影响:用梯度浓度的标准蛋白代替梯度体积进行定量减少了试验误差等。
经过电泳分析,从2—DE图谱上找到了15个感兴趣的差异表达蛋白点。通过基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术获得肽质量指纹图谱,数据库搜索比对后,初步鉴定出高于阈值的5个点和其他一些相关的有功能的点:增量表达的莽草酸激酶I、细胞分裂素受体组氨酸激酶、铁氧—硫氧蛋白还原酶催化亚基(FTR-C)和细胞分裂周期蛋白48(CDC48);减量表达的磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基、光合系统I反应中心N亚基和ATP合成酶CF_1-α亚基。
莽草酸激酶与芳香族氨基酸合成有关,其增量表达可以使玉米植株合成更多的类黄酮、木质素等物质,增强植株抗病性。细胞分裂素和乙烯信号传导途径存在部分重叠的通路,相信被侵染后,细胞分裂素的增加能引发部分乙烯抗病系统。FTR是一个普遍存在的氧化还原系统,在抗氧化和氧化还原调节中起关键作用,植物能通过增加FTR来清除病菌侵染后爆发的活性氧。因为这些蛋白在R15中的增量表达高于掖478,因此R15抗病性高于掖478。
CDC48参与内质网相关蛋白的降解,表明玉米在受侵染后细胞器开始被破坏。磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶是植物光合作用过程中固定CO_2的关键酶,参与植物体内的碳素循环;ATP合成酶参与电子传递,是细胞内能量转换的核心酶;光合系统I蛋白质分子负责利用光能把二氧化碳转变成碳和氧气,吸收光能传递电子。掖478中这些蛋白的减量表达趋势比R15明显,表明掖478在受立枯丝核菌AGI-IA侵染后,物质和能量代谢受到的抑制甚至破坏比R15严重,因此病情更重。
综上表明玉米在感病后,能增量表达某些抗病蛋白或诱导某些抗病系统的启动,但同时物质和能量代谢途径也有一定程度的抑制,细胞器被破坏。结合接菌后的病斑不断扩大的结果,可以知道感病玉米植株随着病症的加重,抗病能力的加强趋势不及代谢的减弱趋势,使植株衰弱而无法抵抗病原菌的侵染,最终导致植株感病死亡。
Maize banded leaf and sheath blight(BLSB) is caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and is the most destructive disease of Maize.The disease harms Maize near the ground sections of the leaf sheath and stem,causes corruption of caudex,ruins conductting tissue,affects the transportion of water and nutrition,so it results in significant yield loss.It increased and spreaded in recent years in China.And the disease has been the target of domestic disease resistance breeding.The breeding cycle of conventional methods to select resistant varieties is too long.With the prevalence of pathogens,the pathogenicity of physiological race and the interaction between pathogens with plants are easily changed.Therefore useing new technologies to in-depthly research the infection and resistant mechanisms is of great significance to solve the problem of plant diseases.
This research used high tolerance maize inbreed lines of R15 and high infection lines of ye478.The pathogen was high pathogenic fungus anastomosis groups AG1-IA of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.At the jointing stage in greenhouse,two wheat seeds colonized by AG1-IA were placed into the third sheath of the maize plants.At 12 hrs,24 hrs,36 hrs,48 hrs and 72 hrs of the post-inoculation,the third leaf was picked down to extract total proteins.The uninoculated leaf was the check materials.
The different symptoms showed that R15 had better resistance to AG1-IA.Its infection time was about 24 hrs after inoculation,and the large area infection time was about 48h after inoculation.Ye478 had poorer resistance to AG1-IA.About 12 hrs after inoculation it had been infected,24 hrs had shown symptoms of expanded infection,and 36 hrs～48 hrs was the larg area infection period.It was about the same with the other results in our research group.
The 2-DE system was part of optimized:lysis adding thiourea enhanced the solubility of proteins;repeated washing and precipitating,and salt bridge reduced the affection of the salt; concentration gradient of standard proteins instead of the volume gradient reduce experimental error.
15 differential protein spots was found from 2-DE map.Peptide mass fingerprintings had been got by MALDI-TOF/MS.After searching and comparing in database,five points higher than threshold and some points,which had function,was identifyed.Shikimate kinase I, cytokinin receptor histidine kinase,ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase catalytic chain(FTR-C) and CDC48 was increased expression;the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) large subunit,ATP synthase CF1-αsubunit and potosystem I reaction center subunit N was reduced expression.
Shikimate kinase was involved in the synthesis of aromatic amino acid,then its increased expression could synthesis more flavonoids and lignin to enhance plant resistant ability. Cytokininand ethylene signal transduction pathway exists some overlap,after infection, increased cytokinin could trigger part of ET resistant system.FTR was a common redox system.It played a key role in the regulation of anti-oxidation and reduction.Plants could increase the FTR to remove the outbreak reactive oxygen species after infection.These proteins in R15 were expressed more than ye478,so R15 showed haigher disease-resistant than ye478.
CDC48 involved in ER-associated protein degradation.It showed that after infection the cell of maize began to be destroyed.Rubisco was the key enzyme of CO_2 fixation in the process of photosynthesis,and involved in the carbon cycle in plants;ATPase involved in the electronic transmission of cells is the key enzyme of energy conversion;potosystem I protein molecules used the light,changed CO_2 to carbon and oxygen,absorpted the solar energy and transmited electrons.The trend of the reduced expression of these proteins in ye478 was haigher than R15.It showed that after infection by Rhizoctonia solani AGI-IA,the material and energy metabolism of ye478 was inhibited or even be destroyed more seriously than R15.
Comprehensively,after infection,maize increase expressed certain disease-resistant proteins or induced some resistance system,but material and energy metabolism at the same time was inhibited in a certain degree,and cell destructed.Integrated the results of expanded symptom,we could know that along with the aggravation,the trend of resistant proteins increased expression was inferior to the weakening trend of energy metabolism,then the plants was weaker and unable to resist the pathogen infection,leading to the death.
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