除草剂、种衣剂对玉米产量、品质和根际环境的影响
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摘要
本试验于2005～2006年在山东农业大学玉米科技园和作物生物学国家重点实验室进行。本研究采用田间试验和室内生理生化测定相结合的技术路线。共设除草剂和种衣剂两个试验,分别分析除草剂和种衣剂不同使用量对玉米产量、品质和根际土壤酶活性的影响以及除草剂残留消解规律,以期为无公害玉米生产、合理施药和减少环境污染提供理论支持和技术支撑。主要研究结果如下:
1除草剂、种衣剂对玉米产量、品质和生长发育的影响
1.1除草剂对玉米产量、品质和生长发育的影响
除草剂除草不增产,相对于人工除草,除草剂降低了玉米的产量、千粒重、穗粒数和单株生物产量,并且随着使用量的增加,降低越大。乙阿倍量、乙阿2倍量、乙阿3倍量、菜草通2倍量、菜草通3倍量和未除草分别减产9.9%、9.3%、12.8%、8.4%、10.6%和16.2%。相对于未除草,除草剂则有增产的作用;乙阿2倍量、乙阿3倍量、菜草通2倍量、菜草通3倍量和未除草千粒重分别下降4.7%、6.7%、14.3%、6.1%和11.2%,乙阿合剂的除草效果要优于菜草通,对玉米的减产作用大于菜草通。除草剂和未除草降低了玉米籽粒脂肪的含量。乙草胺和未除草降低显著;各除草剂之间差异不显著。乙阿合剂1倍量、2倍量和3倍量随着使用量的增大降低幅度增大,菜草通亦有此规律,但降低幅度小于乙阿合剂。对玉米籽粒可溶性糖的含量影响表现不一,乙阿合剂常量提高了籽粒可溶性糖的含量,倍量却降低了籽粒可溶性糖的含量,菜草通与之相反,未除草对籽粒可溶性糖含量的影响最大,阿特拉津有提高籽粒可溶性糖的含量作用。
除草剂和未除草,降低了玉米株高、穗位高和茎粗;高剂量使用时,对茎粗的影响较大,乙阿合剂3倍量、菜草通3倍量、未除草降低分别可达5.8%、4.5%和13.3%。除草剂和未除草抑制了玉米的叶面积,随着使用量的增大,抑制越明显,乙阿合剂的抑制作用大于菜草通,未除草降低叶面积最为严重。
1.2种衣剂对玉米产量、品质和生长发育的影响种衣剂降低了玉米的产量,15%种衣剂常量与对照无显著性差异,随着使用量的增大,产量降低越大。甲柳酮倍量减产幅度较大,达到7.63%,种衣剂3倍量降低最大,减产达到10.91%。
种衣剂常量提高了穗长,对穗行数、行粒数和穗粗的影响不明显。种衣剂降低了千粒重和穗粒数,甲柳酮倍量千粒重降低达6.9%。15%种衣剂3倍量显著降低了穗粒数、穗长、行粒数和千粒重。穗粒数和千粒重的降低是玉米产量降低的主要原因。甲柳酮常量提高了籽粒粗脂肪的含量,甲柳酮倍量降低了粗脂肪的含量,15%种衣剂降低了粗脂肪含量,15%种衣剂1倍量、2倍量、3倍量别降低19.68%、20.35%、24.32% ,差异显著,随着用量的增大,降低幅度越大。
种衣剂提高了籽粒可溶性糖的含量,在成熟期,分别提高13.46%、6.6%、10.3%和22.41%,差异显著。甲柳酮比15%种衣剂提高幅度更大。在拔节期,种衣剂显著降低了玉米的单株生物产量,分别达到30.24%、39.71%、22.09%和19.65%, 15%种衣剂效果更明显,并随着使用量的增加,作用越明显。
低剂量时,种衣剂对株高、茎粗没有显著的影响,降低了穗位高,但差异不显著。高剂量施用时,15%种衣剂2倍量和3倍量降低了株高、穗位高和茎粗, 3倍量降低显著,株高、穗位高和茎粗降低分别达到7.72%、12.98%和11.9%。主要是抑制了苗期的生长发育。低剂量时,种衣剂降低了叶面积指数,各处理之间差异不显著,甲柳酮倍量在后期下降速度较快。高剂量施用时,在苗期,种衣剂显著降低了玉米的叶面积指数,15%种衣剂1倍量、2倍量和3倍量分别达到17.8%、25.01%和55.64% ,并且用量越大,降低越明显。
2.除草剂、除草剂对玉米光合特性的影响
2.1除草剂对玉米光合特性的影响除草剂降低了叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量,高剂量处理降低更明显,未除草在玉米生育后期对叶绿素的影响大于除草剂。除草剂和未除草降低了叶片的光合速率,并且随着使用量的增加降低越大,乙阿合剂的降低幅度大于菜草通,除草剂降低幅度小于未除草。
2.2种衣剂对玉米光合特性的影响
15%种衣剂常量提高了叶绿素以及类胡萝卜素含量,其余各处理降低了叶绿素以及类胡萝卜含量,处理间差异不显著,在后期降低幅度增大。种衣剂对光合作用的影响不大,种衣剂降低了光合作用,15%种衣剂常量与对照差异不大,甚至超过对照。在开花期,15%种衣剂倍量、甲柳常量和甲柳倍量降低光合作用,降低幅度较大,影响了产量的形成。高剂量施用时,种衣剂降低光合速率,随着使用量的加大,降低幅度加大,15%种衣剂常量与对照无差异,15%种衣剂3倍量则显著降低了玉米的光合速率,降低达到17.88%。
3除草剂、种衣剂对玉米叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响
3.1除草剂对玉米叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响除乙阿合剂倍量和未除草外,其余处理在苗期均提高了玉米叶片SOD、POD、CAT的活性,在玉米的生育后期普遍下降,恢复到人工除草水平,乙阿合剂对酶活性的影响大于菜草通。
除草剂和未除草先升高了叶片MDA的含量后又恢复到人工除草水平。
除草剂和未除草都显著的降低了叶片可溶性蛋白的含量,随着剂量的增大,降低幅度越大,后期下降幅度逐渐减小。
3.2种衣剂对玉米活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响种衣剂在苗期提高了叶片SOD、POD、CAT的活性,在拔节期以后酶活性下降, 15%种衣剂常量逐渐恢复到对照水平,甚至超过对照,甲柳酮下降较为明显。
15%种衣剂常量降低了玉米的叶片MDA含量,无显著差异。在苗期,15%种衣剂倍量和甲柳酮常量降低了MDA含量,逐步恢复到对照水平,甲柳酮倍量在整个生育期都提高了MDA含量,但差异不显著。
种衣剂在苗期显著降低了叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白的含量,并随着使用量的增加,降低越明显。15%种衣剂常量与对照无显著差异。
4除草剂、种衣剂对土壤酶活性的影响
4.1除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响
乙阿合剂降低了土壤脲酶的活性,在开花期恢复后又逐渐降低,呈现抑制-恢复-抑制的趋势;菜草通处理一直处于抑制状态,在开花期降低幅度减小,菜草通常量对酶活性的抑制大于2倍量;未除草处理酶活性在前期一直处于抑制状态,开花期以后逐步恢复到人工除草水平,呈现出抑制-恢复的趋势。
乙阿合剂倍量降低了土壤过氧化氢酶的活性。未除草、菜草通都降低了过氧化氢酶的活性,菜草通常量的降低幅度大于倍量,且降低显著。
4.2种衣剂对土壤酶活性的影响
苗期前,15%种衣剂抑制了土壤过氧化氢酶的活性,15%种衣剂常量抑制程度大于倍量,而甲柳酮则相反,且15%种衣剂的抑制程度大于甲柳酮;拔节后,种衣剂常量超过对照后逐步恢复到对照水平, 15%种衣剂、甲柳酮常量呈现抑制-刺激-抑制-恢复的趋势,甲柳酮倍量呈现抑制-刺激-恢复的趋势。
高剂量施用时,拔节前,15%种衣剂1倍量和2倍量一直抑制土壤过氧化氢酶的活性,15%种衣剂3倍量则促进了酶的活性。15%种衣剂常量呈现抑制-刺激-恢复的趋势,15%种衣剂倍量呈现抑制-恢复的趋势,15%种衣剂3倍量则呈现刺激-恢复的趋势。
15%种衣剂和甲柳酮常量先是抑制了土壤脲酶的活性后逐渐恢复,呈现出抑制-刺激-恢复的趋势,甲柳酮倍量则是一直促进了酶的活性在后期恢复到对照水平,呈现出刺激-恢复的趋势。
5二甲戊乐灵的残留与消解
玉米生育末期,二甲戊乐灵3倍量在土壤中仍能检测到较高浓度的残留,其半衰期达到25-30天。
玉米籽粒中的残留常量、2倍量和3倍量之间在同一时期并未呈现量的规律性变化,在玉米收获期都小于0.02ppm。高剂量使用时在玉米中的残留依然很少。玉米籽粒中二甲戊乐灵的半衰期为5-8天。
The experiment was carried out in the Corn Research Garden of Shan-dong Agriculture University and in the Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of country from 2005 to 2006. Two experiments of herbicide and seedcoating were includeed, research the effects of different dosage of herbicide and seed-coating on yield and quality of maize and the root,Also and the residues of Pendim- ethalin these researches can offer bases and evidences for the produc-tion of hazard-free maize and to reduce the environment pollution .The main results were as follows:
1 Effects of herbicideand seedcoating on grains yield and growth,development of maize
1.1 Effects of herbicide on grains yield and growth,development of maize Herbicide and weeds decreased significantly grains yield of maize, the 1000 kernel weight, grains number and dry matter of per plant , and killed weeds. The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage.The yield of Yia 2 and weeds were decreased by 10.9%, The yield of Yi2,Yi 3 ,Cai 2, Cai 3 and weeds were decreased by9.3%,12.8%,14.3%,8.4%,10.6%and 16.25%.
The1 000 kernel weight of Yi2,Yi 3 ,Cai 2, Cai 3 and weeds were decreased by4.7%,6.7%,14.3%,6.1%and 11.2%. The effects of kill weeds of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was better than Pendimethalin, But the yield Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was decreased more than Pendimethalin’s. The yield of herbicide was increased were compared to weeds.
The ether extract contents of maize grains of herbicide and weeds was de-creased. The effect of acetochlor and weede was significant. Others had nosig-nificant effects on ether extract contents of maize grains. Except normal dos-gae of acetochlor , the normal dosgaeof herbicide had no significant effects on ether extract contents of maize grains were compaered to the twi-dosgaeof herbicide. The effects Yi1, Yi2,Yi 3 was increased with increasing of the dos-age.
The effect was differed with different dosgaeof herbicide on soluble sugar content of maize grains, soluble sugar content of maize grains of the normal dosage of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was increased but decreased by high- dosgae.The effects of Pendimethalin was contrary to that . The effects of weed was significant , soluble sugar content of maize grains of atrazine was increased.
Maize grains of the normal dosage of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was increased but decreased by high- dosgae.
The plant height,ear height and stem diameter of herbicide and weeds were decreased.,and the effect was not significant. The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage, The effects of the high dosgae of herbicide had significant effects on stem diameter, stem diameter of Yi 3, Cai 3 ang weeds were decreased by5.8%,4.5%and 13.3%. The herbicide and weeds inhibited the growth of leaf , leaf area index of herbicide and weeds was reduced, The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage. The effects of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was more significant than Pendimethalin’s. The effects of weeds was most significant.
1.2 Effects of seedcoating on grains yield and growth,development of maize
Seedcoating decreesed grains yield of maize. The effect of zhongyi1 Was not significantly,The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage.The yield of jialiu2 was decreased by 7.63%, The yield of zhong3 wasdecreased by 10.91%.
Seedcoating increased Ear length , and The effect ofzhongyi1Wasnot sig-nificantly on No. of rows per earNo. of kernels per row Ear diamete, Seedcoating decreased the 1000 kernel weigh, The 1000 kernel weight of jia liu 2 was decreased by6.9%,the effects of zhong 3 was significantly on No. of rows per ear,No. of kernels per row Ear diamete, the decrease of No. of rows per ear and1000 kernel weigh was the main factor .
Maize grains of jialiu1was increased. Jialiu2 decreased The ether extract contents.The ether extract contents of zhong1and zhong2 and zhong3were decreasedby19.68%,20.35%,24.32%.The effect of Seedcoating was increased with increasing of the dosage.
Seedcoating increased the soluble sugar content of maize grains, at matur-ity ,soluble sugar content of maize grains were increased by13.46% 6.6%,10.3% and 22.41%. the increase of jialiu was more than zhongyi. The plant height,ear height and stem diameter of seedcoating were de-creased.,and the effect was not significant. The effects was increased with in-creasing of the dosage, The effects of the high dosgae of seedcating had sig-nificant effects on stem diameter, stem diameter those were decreased by7.72%,12.98%and 11.9%.
The seedcoating inhibited the growth of leaf , leaf area index h was reduced, The effects was not significant , The decrease of jialiu2 was more. increased with increasing of the. The effects of seedcoating was more significant with high-dosage. leaf area index of zhong1 and zhong2 and zhong3 weredecreased by 17.8%,25.01and 55.64% , The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage.
2Effects of herbicide and Seedcoating on photosynthetic characteristics 2.1 Effects of herbicide on photosynthetic characteristics The herbicide and weeds inhibited the growth of of leaf, photosynthetic pigments content was reduced, the effect of high dosage was significant . At telophase of growth the effect of weeds was more significant than herbicide’s. the holdoing - time of photosynthetic pigments was shorter.
Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf were decreased by the herbicide and weeds. The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage, the effects of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was more significant than Pendimethalin’s, the effect of weeds was more significant than herbicide’s.
2.2 Effects of seedcoating on photosynthetic characteristics The photosynthetic pigments content was increased by zhongyi 1 , others decreased the t The photosynthetic pigments content , the effect was not sig-nificant.At telophase ,the decrease was more .
The effects of seedcoating was not significant on Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf , at Anthesis , Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf was de-creased by the zhongyi 2 and jialiu .The effects was significant. The effects of seedcoating was significant on Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf with high-dosage , it was decreased 17.88% by zhongyi 3 .
3.Effects of herbicide and seedcoating on active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid overoxidation in maize
3.1 Effects of herbicide on active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid overoxidation in maize
ExceptYi2 and weeds , SOD, POD, CAT activity were increased at seedlingstage , at telophase of maize SOD, POD, CAT activity were could renew to the level of control. the effects of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was more significant than Pendimethalin’s.
MDA content in maize ear leaf were decreased, then increased to the level of control.
Soluble protein content were decreased significant The effects was in-creased with increasing of the dosage, at telophase of maize ,the decrease be-came less.
3.2 Effects of seedcoating on active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid overoxidation in maize
SOD, POD, CAT activity were increased at seedlingstage , at telophase of maize SOD, POD, CAT activity of zhong1 were could renew to the level of control. the effects of jialiu was more significant .
MDA content in maize ear leaf were decreased by zhongyi 1. At seedling stage, MDA content of jiali1 and zhongyi 2 were were decreased then increa- sed to the level of control. MDA content of jialiu 2 was decreased in the whole stage.
Soluble protein content were decreased significant at seedlingstage, the effects was increased with increasing of the dosage. The effects of zongyi 1 was not significant.
4 Effects of herbicide and seedcoating on activity of soil enzyme
4. 1Effects of herbicide on activity of soil enzyme Soil urease activity of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was decreased .at flowering ,soil urease activity renew to the level of control.the rule of activity was inhibition-stimulation-resume; soil urease activity of Pendimethalin was inhibited at whole stage.at flowering, the inhibition became less. the inhibition of twi–dosage of Pendimethalin was less than normal dosage’s.at prophase, soil urease activity of weeds was inhibited ,after flowering, it renew to the level of control, the rule of activity was inhibition -resume.
Soil activity of twi -dosage of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was decreased , the effecet was not simplex. Weeds and Pendimethalin decreased soil hydrongen peroxidase activity, the inhibition of normal dosage of Pendi- methalin was more than l twi– dosage of Pendimethalin’s. the inhibition of normal dosage of Pendimethalin was significant. The effects of Pendimeth- alin’s was decreased with increasing of the dosage.
4.2 Effects of seedcoating on activity of soil enzyme
Before seedlingstage ,Soil hydrongen peroxidase activity of zhongyi 1 was decreased .Inhibition of zhongyi1was more than zongyi 2,the jialiu was contrary to it , Inhibition of zhongyi1 was more than jialiu ,zhongyi 1 was re- new to contral level ,the rule of zhongyi and jialiu 1 was inhibition- stimula-tion-inhibition-resume, the rule of jialiu2 of inhibition-stimulation–resume.
Before Jointing stage flowering ,soil hydrongen peroxidase activity of zhong1 angd zhong 2 was inhibited, activity of zhong3 was stimulated. the rule of zhong1 was inhibition-stimulation–resume, the rule of zhong2 was in-hibition–resume, the rule of zhong3 was stimulation–resume.
Soil Soil urease activity of zhongyi and jialiu1was inhibited at fist then renew to contral level,the rule of zhongyi and jialiu1was inhibition-stimulation–resume. activity of zhongyi and jialiu2 was stimulated at fist then renew to contral level, the rule of zhongyi and jialiu1was stimulation–resume.
5.the residue and degradation of Pendimethalin At telophase of maize ,the residues of trip-dosage of Pendimethalin was still detected more in soil, the half-time of Pendimethalin was 25-30days in soil.
The residues was differed with different dosgaeof herbicide of maize grains,it was ruleless, At maturity stage ,residues’concentration was less than 0.02ppm. residues of high-dosage was still little, the half-time of Pendime- thalin was5-8 days of maize grains.
1除草剂、种衣剂对玉米产量、品质和生长发育的影响
1.1除草剂对玉米产量、品质和生长发育的影响
除草剂除草不增产,相对于人工除草,除草剂降低了玉米的产量、千粒重、穗粒数和单株生物产量,并且随着使用量的增加,降低越大。乙阿倍量、乙阿2倍量、乙阿3倍量、菜草通2倍量、菜草通3倍量和未除草分别减产9.9%、9.3%、12.8%、8.4%、10.6%和16.2%。相对于未除草,除草剂则有增产的作用;乙阿2倍量、乙阿3倍量、菜草通2倍量、菜草通3倍量和未除草千粒重分别下降4.7%、6.7%、14.3%、6.1%和11.2%,乙阿合剂的除草效果要优于菜草通,对玉米的减产作用大于菜草通。除草剂和未除草降低了玉米籽粒脂肪的含量。乙草胺和未除草降低显著;各除草剂之间差异不显著。乙阿合剂1倍量、2倍量和3倍量随着使用量的增大降低幅度增大,菜草通亦有此规律,但降低幅度小于乙阿合剂。对玉米籽粒可溶性糖的含量影响表现不一,乙阿合剂常量提高了籽粒可溶性糖的含量,倍量却降低了籽粒可溶性糖的含量,菜草通与之相反,未除草对籽粒可溶性糖含量的影响最大,阿特拉津有提高籽粒可溶性糖的含量作用。
除草剂和未除草,降低了玉米株高、穗位高和茎粗;高剂量使用时,对茎粗的影响较大,乙阿合剂3倍量、菜草通3倍量、未除草降低分别可达5.8%、4.5%和13.3%。除草剂和未除草抑制了玉米的叶面积,随着使用量的增大,抑制越明显,乙阿合剂的抑制作用大于菜草通,未除草降低叶面积最为严重。
1.2种衣剂对玉米产量、品质和生长发育的影响种衣剂降低了玉米的产量,15%种衣剂常量与对照无显著性差异,随着使用量的增大,产量降低越大。甲柳酮倍量减产幅度较大,达到7.63%,种衣剂3倍量降低最大,减产达到10.91%。
种衣剂常量提高了穗长,对穗行数、行粒数和穗粗的影响不明显。种衣剂降低了千粒重和穗粒数,甲柳酮倍量千粒重降低达6.9%。15%种衣剂3倍量显著降低了穗粒数、穗长、行粒数和千粒重。穗粒数和千粒重的降低是玉米产量降低的主要原因。甲柳酮常量提高了籽粒粗脂肪的含量,甲柳酮倍量降低了粗脂肪的含量,15%种衣剂降低了粗脂肪含量,15%种衣剂1倍量、2倍量、3倍量别降低19.68%、20.35%、24.32% ,差异显著,随着用量的增大,降低幅度越大。
种衣剂提高了籽粒可溶性糖的含量,在成熟期,分别提高13.46%、6.6%、10.3%和22.41%,差异显著。甲柳酮比15%种衣剂提高幅度更大。在拔节期,种衣剂显著降低了玉米的单株生物产量,分别达到30.24%、39.71%、22.09%和19.65%, 15%种衣剂效果更明显,并随着使用量的增加,作用越明显。
低剂量时,种衣剂对株高、茎粗没有显著的影响,降低了穗位高,但差异不显著。高剂量施用时,15%种衣剂2倍量和3倍量降低了株高、穗位高和茎粗, 3倍量降低显著,株高、穗位高和茎粗降低分别达到7.72%、12.98%和11.9%。主要是抑制了苗期的生长发育。低剂量时,种衣剂降低了叶面积指数,各处理之间差异不显著,甲柳酮倍量在后期下降速度较快。高剂量施用时,在苗期,种衣剂显著降低了玉米的叶面积指数,15%种衣剂1倍量、2倍量和3倍量分别达到17.8%、25.01%和55.64% ,并且用量越大,降低越明显。
2.除草剂、除草剂对玉米光合特性的影响
2.1除草剂对玉米光合特性的影响除草剂降低了叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量,高剂量处理降低更明显,未除草在玉米生育后期对叶绿素的影响大于除草剂。除草剂和未除草降低了叶片的光合速率,并且随着使用量的增加降低越大,乙阿合剂的降低幅度大于菜草通,除草剂降低幅度小于未除草。
2.2种衣剂对玉米光合特性的影响
15%种衣剂常量提高了叶绿素以及类胡萝卜素含量,其余各处理降低了叶绿素以及类胡萝卜含量,处理间差异不显著,在后期降低幅度增大。种衣剂对光合作用的影响不大,种衣剂降低了光合作用,15%种衣剂常量与对照差异不大,甚至超过对照。在开花期,15%种衣剂倍量、甲柳常量和甲柳倍量降低光合作用,降低幅度较大,影响了产量的形成。高剂量施用时,种衣剂降低光合速率,随着使用量的加大,降低幅度加大,15%种衣剂常量与对照无差异,15%种衣剂3倍量则显著降低了玉米的光合速率,降低达到17.88%。
3除草剂、种衣剂对玉米叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响
3.1除草剂对玉米叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响除乙阿合剂倍量和未除草外,其余处理在苗期均提高了玉米叶片SOD、POD、CAT的活性,在玉米的生育后期普遍下降,恢复到人工除草水平,乙阿合剂对酶活性的影响大于菜草通。
除草剂和未除草先升高了叶片MDA的含量后又恢复到人工除草水平。
除草剂和未除草都显著的降低了叶片可溶性蛋白的含量,随着剂量的增大,降低幅度越大,后期下降幅度逐渐减小。
3.2种衣剂对玉米活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响种衣剂在苗期提高了叶片SOD、POD、CAT的活性,在拔节期以后酶活性下降, 15%种衣剂常量逐渐恢复到对照水平,甚至超过对照,甲柳酮下降较为明显。
15%种衣剂常量降低了玉米的叶片MDA含量,无显著差异。在苗期,15%种衣剂倍量和甲柳酮常量降低了MDA含量,逐步恢复到对照水平,甲柳酮倍量在整个生育期都提高了MDA含量,但差异不显著。
种衣剂在苗期显著降低了叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白的含量,并随着使用量的增加,降低越明显。15%种衣剂常量与对照无显著差异。
4除草剂、种衣剂对土壤酶活性的影响
4.1除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响
乙阿合剂降低了土壤脲酶的活性,在开花期恢复后又逐渐降低,呈现抑制-恢复-抑制的趋势;菜草通处理一直处于抑制状态,在开花期降低幅度减小,菜草通常量对酶活性的抑制大于2倍量;未除草处理酶活性在前期一直处于抑制状态,开花期以后逐步恢复到人工除草水平,呈现出抑制-恢复的趋势。
乙阿合剂倍量降低了土壤过氧化氢酶的活性。未除草、菜草通都降低了过氧化氢酶的活性,菜草通常量的降低幅度大于倍量,且降低显著。
4.2种衣剂对土壤酶活性的影响
苗期前,15%种衣剂抑制了土壤过氧化氢酶的活性,15%种衣剂常量抑制程度大于倍量,而甲柳酮则相反,且15%种衣剂的抑制程度大于甲柳酮;拔节后,种衣剂常量超过对照后逐步恢复到对照水平, 15%种衣剂、甲柳酮常量呈现抑制-刺激-抑制-恢复的趋势,甲柳酮倍量呈现抑制-刺激-恢复的趋势。
高剂量施用时,拔节前,15%种衣剂1倍量和2倍量一直抑制土壤过氧化氢酶的活性,15%种衣剂3倍量则促进了酶的活性。15%种衣剂常量呈现抑制-刺激-恢复的趋势,15%种衣剂倍量呈现抑制-恢复的趋势,15%种衣剂3倍量则呈现刺激-恢复的趋势。
15%种衣剂和甲柳酮常量先是抑制了土壤脲酶的活性后逐渐恢复,呈现出抑制-刺激-恢复的趋势,甲柳酮倍量则是一直促进了酶的活性在后期恢复到对照水平,呈现出刺激-恢复的趋势。
5二甲戊乐灵的残留与消解
玉米生育末期,二甲戊乐灵3倍量在土壤中仍能检测到较高浓度的残留,其半衰期达到25-30天。
玉米籽粒中的残留常量、2倍量和3倍量之间在同一时期并未呈现量的规律性变化,在玉米收获期都小于0.02ppm。高剂量使用时在玉米中的残留依然很少。玉米籽粒中二甲戊乐灵的半衰期为5-8天。
The experiment was carried out in the Corn Research Garden of Shan-dong Agriculture University and in the Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of country from 2005 to 2006. Two experiments of herbicide and seedcoating were includeed, research the effects of different dosage of herbicide and seed-coating on yield and quality of maize and the root,Also and the residues of Pendim- ethalin these researches can offer bases and evidences for the produc-tion of hazard-free maize and to reduce the environment pollution .The main results were as follows:
1 Effects of herbicideand seedcoating on grains yield and growth,development of maize
1.1 Effects of herbicide on grains yield and growth,development of maize Herbicide and weeds decreased significantly grains yield of maize, the 1000 kernel weight, grains number and dry matter of per plant , and killed weeds. The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage.The yield of Yia 2 and weeds were decreased by 10.9%, The yield of Yi2,Yi 3 ,Cai 2, Cai 3 and weeds were decreased by9.3%,12.8%,14.3%,8.4%,10.6%and 16.25%.
The1 000 kernel weight of Yi2,Yi 3 ,Cai 2, Cai 3 and weeds were decreased by4.7%,6.7%,14.3%,6.1%and 11.2%. The effects of kill weeds of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was better than Pendimethalin, But the yield Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was decreased more than Pendimethalin’s. The yield of herbicide was increased were compared to weeds.
The ether extract contents of maize grains of herbicide and weeds was de-creased. The effect of acetochlor and weede was significant. Others had nosig-nificant effects on ether extract contents of maize grains. Except normal dos-gae of acetochlor , the normal dosgaeof herbicide had no significant effects on ether extract contents of maize grains were compaered to the twi-dosgaeof herbicide. The effects Yi1, Yi2,Yi 3 was increased with increasing of the dos-age.
The effect was differed with different dosgaeof herbicide on soluble sugar content of maize grains, soluble sugar content of maize grains of the normal dosage of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was increased but decreased by high- dosgae.The effects of Pendimethalin was contrary to that . The effects of weed was significant , soluble sugar content of maize grains of atrazine was increased.
Maize grains of the normal dosage of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was increased but decreased by high- dosgae.
The plant height,ear height and stem diameter of herbicide and weeds were decreased.,and the effect was not significant. The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage, The effects of the high dosgae of herbicide had significant effects on stem diameter, stem diameter of Yi 3, Cai 3 ang weeds were decreased by5.8%,4.5%and 13.3%. The herbicide and weeds inhibited the growth of leaf , leaf area index of herbicide and weeds was reduced, The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage. The effects of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was more significant than Pendimethalin’s. The effects of weeds was most significant.
1.2 Effects of seedcoating on grains yield and growth,development of maize
Seedcoating decreesed grains yield of maize. The effect of zhongyi1 Was not significantly,The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage.The yield of jialiu2 was decreased by 7.63%, The yield of zhong3 wasdecreased by 10.91%.
Seedcoating increased Ear length , and The effect ofzhongyi1Wasnot sig-nificantly on No. of rows per earNo. of kernels per row Ear diamete, Seedcoating decreased the 1000 kernel weigh, The 1000 kernel weight of jia liu 2 was decreased by6.9%,the effects of zhong 3 was significantly on No. of rows per ear,No. of kernels per row Ear diamete, the decrease of No. of rows per ear and1000 kernel weigh was the main factor .
Maize grains of jialiu1was increased. Jialiu2 decreased The ether extract contents.The ether extract contents of zhong1and zhong2 and zhong3were decreasedby19.68%,20.35%,24.32%.The effect of Seedcoating was increased with increasing of the dosage.
Seedcoating increased the soluble sugar content of maize grains, at matur-ity ,soluble sugar content of maize grains were increased by13.46% 6.6%,10.3% and 22.41%. the increase of jialiu was more than zhongyi. The plant height,ear height and stem diameter of seedcoating were de-creased.,and the effect was not significant. The effects was increased with in-creasing of the dosage, The effects of the high dosgae of seedcating had sig-nificant effects on stem diameter, stem diameter those were decreased by7.72%,12.98%and 11.9%.
The seedcoating inhibited the growth of leaf , leaf area index h was reduced, The effects was not significant , The decrease of jialiu2 was more. increased with increasing of the. The effects of seedcoating was more significant with high-dosage. leaf area index of zhong1 and zhong2 and zhong3 weredecreased by 17.8%,25.01and 55.64% , The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage.
2Effects of herbicide and Seedcoating on photosynthetic characteristics 2.1 Effects of herbicide on photosynthetic characteristics The herbicide and weeds inhibited the growth of of leaf, photosynthetic pigments content was reduced, the effect of high dosage was significant . At telophase of growth the effect of weeds was more significant than herbicide’s. the holdoing - time of photosynthetic pigments was shorter.
Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf were decreased by the herbicide and weeds. The effects was increased with increasing of the dosage, the effects of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was more significant than Pendimethalin’s, the effect of weeds was more significant than herbicide’s.
2.2 Effects of seedcoating on photosynthetic characteristics The photosynthetic pigments content was increased by zhongyi 1 , others decreased the t The photosynthetic pigments content , the effect was not sig-nificant.At telophase ,the decrease was more .
The effects of seedcoating was not significant on Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf , at Anthesis , Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf was de-creased by the zhongyi 2 and jialiu .The effects was significant. The effects of seedcoating was significant on Photosynthetic rate of maize ear leaf with high-dosage , it was decreased 17.88% by zhongyi 3 .
3.Effects of herbicide and seedcoating on active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid overoxidation in maize
3.1 Effects of herbicide on active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid overoxidation in maize
ExceptYi2 and weeds , SOD, POD, CAT activity were increased at seedlingstage , at telophase of maize SOD, POD, CAT activity were could renew to the level of control. the effects of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was more significant than Pendimethalin’s.
MDA content in maize ear leaf were decreased, then increased to the level of control.
Soluble protein content were decreased significant The effects was in-creased with increasing of the dosage, at telophase of maize ,the decrease be-came less.
3.2 Effects of seedcoating on active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid overoxidation in maize
SOD, POD, CAT activity were increased at seedlingstage , at telophase of maize SOD, POD, CAT activity of zhong1 were could renew to the level of control. the effects of jialiu was more significant .
MDA content in maize ear leaf were decreased by zhongyi 1. At seedling stage, MDA content of jiali1 and zhongyi 2 were were decreased then increa- sed to the level of control. MDA content of jialiu 2 was decreased in the whole stage.
Soluble protein content were decreased significant at seedlingstage, the effects was increased with increasing of the dosage. The effects of zongyi 1 was not significant.
4 Effects of herbicide and seedcoating on activity of soil enzyme
4. 1Effects of herbicide on activity of soil enzyme Soil urease activity of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was decreased .at flowering ,soil urease activity renew to the level of control.the rule of activity was inhibition-stimulation-resume; soil urease activity of Pendimethalin was inhibited at whole stage.at flowering, the inhibition became less. the inhibition of twi–dosage of Pendimethalin was less than normal dosage’s.at prophase, soil urease activity of weeds was inhibited ,after flowering, it renew to the level of control, the rule of activity was inhibition -resume.
Soil activity of twi -dosage of Mixture of acetochlor and atrazine was decreased , the effecet was not simplex. Weeds and Pendimethalin decreased soil hydrongen peroxidase activity, the inhibition of normal dosage of Pendi- methalin was more than l twi– dosage of Pendimethalin’s. the inhibition of normal dosage of Pendimethalin was significant. The effects of Pendimeth- alin’s was decreased with increasing of the dosage.
4.2 Effects of seedcoating on activity of soil enzyme
Before seedlingstage ,Soil hydrongen peroxidase activity of zhongyi 1 was decreased .Inhibition of zhongyi1was more than zongyi 2,the jialiu was contrary to it , Inhibition of zhongyi1 was more than jialiu ,zhongyi 1 was re- new to contral level ,the rule of zhongyi and jialiu 1 was inhibition- stimula-tion-inhibition-resume, the rule of jialiu2 of inhibition-stimulation–resume.
Before Jointing stage flowering ,soil hydrongen peroxidase activity of zhong1 angd zhong 2 was inhibited, activity of zhong3 was stimulated. the rule of zhong1 was inhibition-stimulation–resume, the rule of zhong2 was in-hibition–resume, the rule of zhong3 was stimulation–resume.
Soil Soil urease activity of zhongyi and jialiu1was inhibited at fist then renew to contral level,the rule of zhongyi and jialiu1was inhibition-stimulation–resume. activity of zhongyi and jialiu2 was stimulated at fist then renew to contral level, the rule of zhongyi and jialiu1was stimulation–resume.
5.the residue and degradation of Pendimethalin At telophase of maize ,the residues of trip-dosage of Pendimethalin was still detected more in soil, the half-time of Pendimethalin was 25-30days in soil.
The residues was differed with different dosgaeof herbicide of maize grains,it was ruleless, At maturity stage ,residues’concentration was less than 0.02ppm. residues of high-dosage was still little, the half-time of Pendime- thalin was5-8 days of maize grains.
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