玉米DDGS家禽营养价值评定及其在蛋鸡日粮中的应用
|
摘要
本论文包含四个试验,试验一和试验二为玉米DDGS饲料概略成分分析和公鸡代谢试验,系统的评定了玉米DDGS的营养价值。试验三和试验四为蛋鸡饲养试验,研究产蛋后期玉米型和小麦型蛋鸡日粮中玉米DDGS的最适添加比例。(1)试验一应用强饲代谢法测定30种玉米DDGS的AME和TME。根据玉米DDGS的常规化学成分和色泽数据建立ME回归方程。试验分三期进行,每期强饲95只公鸡(2.00±0.1kg),90只强饲DDGS样品,5只进行绝食代谢测定内源能量。结果表明,玉米DDGS的表观代谢能值范围为5.93到12.19MJ/kg,真代谢能值范围为7.28到13.54MJ/kg；代谢能与粗纤维含量和黄度值呈显著相关(p<0.05)；AME的回归方程为AME=6.57111+0.51475GE-0.10003NDF+0.13380ADF+0.07057fat-0.57029ash-0.02437L(R2=0.70).。TME的回归方程为TME=7.92283+0.51475GE-0.10003NDF+0.13380ADF+0.07057fat-0.57029ash-0.02437L(R2=0.70)。(2)试验二应用强饲代谢法测定30种玉米DDGS的氨基酸表观消化率(AAAD)和真氨基酸消化率(TAAD)。试验设计与试验一相同。结果表明,DDGS家禽可利用Lys范围为0.31%到1.46%,家禽可利用Met范围为0.32%到0.92%,家禽可利用TSAA的范围为0.61%到1.96%；可利用Lys的含量与色泽指标呈显著相关(p<0.05)；Lys的回归方程为Lys=0.57592-0.04748EE+0.00993L-0.01939a+0.01142b(R2=0.66)。Met的回归方程为Met=-0.53401+0.03929CP+0.02773EE+0.00458a-0.00373b(R2=0.44)。TSAA的回归方程为TSAA=-1.46055+0.08833CP+0.03299EE+0.01888NDF-0.04286ADF-0.00734L (R2=0.40)。(3)试验三选用45周龄的京红蛋鸡675只(1.8±0.1kg),随机分为5组,每组9个重复,每个重复15只蛋鸡。五种小麦型日粮分别为对照组(0%DDGS)、6.05%DDGS、12.10%DDGS、18.15%DDGS和24.20%DDGS添加组。试验结果表明：小麦型日粮中添加玉米DDGS对蛋鸡产蛋率、产蛋量、采食量、饲料转化率、蛋鸡体重和鸡蛋哈氏单位没有影响。日粮中添加玉米DDGS会显著影响蛋均重,蛋壳强度,蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色(p<0.05)。随DDGS添加比例的提高：蛋均重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色呈线性变化。综上,小麦型日粮中添加玉米DDGS对蛋鸡生产性能没有显著影响,但会提高蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度。(4)试验四的试验设计与试验三相同。五种玉米型日粮分别为对照组(0%DDGS)、11.25%DDGS、22.50%DDGS、33.75%DDGS和45.00%DDGS添加组。试验结果表明：与其他试验组相比：玉米型日粮中添加45.00%玉米DDGS显著降低了蛋鸡产蛋率、合格蛋率、产蛋量、饲料转化率和蛋鸡体重,显著提高了料蛋比。添加11.25%和45.00%DDGS日粮显著降低了蛋均重。玉米型日粮中添加玉米DDGS会显着影响蛋壳强度和蛋黄颜色(p<0.05)。随DDGS添加比例的提高：蛋鸡产蛋率、合格蛋率、产蛋量、饲料转化率、体重、蛋壳强度和蛋黄色泽呈线性变化。综上,蛋鸡玉米型日粮中添加33.75%玉米DDGS对蛋鸡生产性能没有显著影响,但日粮中添加45.00%玉米DDGS会显著影响蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳强度。
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional values of corn DDGS in cockerels (Exp.1and2) and its optimum inclusion levels in corn-based or wheat-based layer diets (Exp.3and4). In Exp.1, this study was conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) contents in30sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in adult roosters, and establish the prediction equations to estimate the AME and TME value based on its chemical composition and color score. The experiment was conducted with3periods. Ninety-five adult roosters were used in each period, with90being fed the DDGS samples (50g) and5being fasted to estimate basal endogenous energy losses. Results showed that the AME ranged from5.93to12.19MJ/kg, TME ranged from7.28to13.54MJ/kg. Correlations were found between ME and ash content (-0.64, P<0.01) and between ME and yellowness score (P<0.05) of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for AME content of DDGS based on chemical composition and color score was AME=6.57111+0.51475GE-0.10003NDF+0.13380ADF+0.07057fat-0.57029ash-0.02437L (R2=0.70). The best-fit regression equation for TME content of DDGS was TME=7.92283+0.51475GE-0.10003NDF+0.13380ADF+0.07057fat-0.57029ash-0.02437L (R2=0.70).In Exp.2, this study was conducted to evaluate the apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD) and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) contents in30sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in adult roosters. The experiment design was same as the experiment1. The results suggested that the bioavailability Lys ranged from0.31%to1.46%, the bioavailability Met ranged from0.32%to0.92%, the range of bioavailability TSAA was0.61%to1.96%. Correlations were found between bioavailability Lys and lightness score and yellowness score (P<0.05) of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for bioavailability Lys content of DDGS based on0.01142b (R2=0.66)(R2=0.66). The best-fit regression equation for Met content of DDGS was Met=chemical composition and color score was Lys=0.57592-0.04748EE+0.00993L-0.01939a+-0.53401+0.03929CP+0.02773EE+0.00458a-0.00373b (R2=0.44)(R2=0.44).The equation for TSAA was TSAA=-1.46055+0.08833CP+0.03299EE+0.01888NDF-0.04286ADF-0.00734L (R2=0.40). Exp.3was conducted to determine the effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in wheat-based diets on egg production and the internal quality of eggs from laying hens. A total of six hundred and seventy-five45-wk-old Jing-hong laying hens (initial BW of1.80±0.1kg) were randomly allotted to3birds per cage with5consecutive cages representing an experimental unit. Five wheat-soybean diets were formulated to contain0,6.05,12.10,18.15or24.20%corn DDGS. The results suggested that no differences in egg production, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion, body weight change and Haugh unit among DDGS treatments were found. The DDGS diets significantly (p<0.05) affected the egg weight, shell breaking strength, shell thickness and yolk color. A linear change in egg weight, shell breaking strength, shell thickness and yolk color as DDGS levels increased was observed. It was concluded that up to24.20%of DDGS could be included in the wheat-soybean diet without affecting on laying performance, and with no apparent adverse effects on egg quality. Exp.4was conducted to determine the effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in corn-based diets on egg production and the internal quality of eggs from laying hens. A total of six hundred and seventy-five45-wk-old Jing-hong laying hens (initial BW of1.80±0.1kg) were randomly allotted to3birds per cage with5consecutive cages representing an experimental unit. Five corn-soybean diets were formulated to contain0,11.25,22.50,33.75or45.00%corn DDGS. The results suggested that, the45.00%DDGS diets significantly (p<0.05) decreased the egg production, egg mass, feed intake, body weight change and significantly (p<0.05) increased feed conversion. The11.25%and45.00%DDGS diets significantly (p<0.05) decreased the egg weight. A linear change in egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, body weight change, shell breaking strength and yolk color as DDGS levels increased was observed. It was concluded that up to33.75%of DDGS could be included in the corn-soybean diet without affecting on laying performance, and with no apparent adverse effects on egg quality. But corn-based diet was contain45.00%corn DDGS significantly decreased laying performance and increase shell breaking strength.
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional values of corn DDGS in cockerels (Exp.1and2) and its optimum inclusion levels in corn-based or wheat-based layer diets (Exp.3and4). In Exp.1, this study was conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) contents in30sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in adult roosters, and establish the prediction equations to estimate the AME and TME value based on its chemical composition and color score. The experiment was conducted with3periods. Ninety-five adult roosters were used in each period, with90being fed the DDGS samples (50g) and5being fasted to estimate basal endogenous energy losses. Results showed that the AME ranged from5.93to12.19MJ/kg, TME ranged from7.28to13.54MJ/kg. Correlations were found between ME and ash content (-0.64, P<0.01) and between ME and yellowness score (P<0.05) of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for AME content of DDGS based on chemical composition and color score was AME=6.57111+0.51475GE-0.10003NDF+0.13380ADF+0.07057fat-0.57029ash-0.02437L (R2=0.70). The best-fit regression equation for TME content of DDGS was TME=7.92283+0.51475GE-0.10003NDF+0.13380ADF+0.07057fat-0.57029ash-0.02437L (R2=0.70).In Exp.2, this study was conducted to evaluate the apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD) and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) contents in30sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in adult roosters. The experiment design was same as the experiment1. The results suggested that the bioavailability Lys ranged from0.31%to1.46%, the bioavailability Met ranged from0.32%to0.92%, the range of bioavailability TSAA was0.61%to1.96%. Correlations were found between bioavailability Lys and lightness score and yellowness score (P<0.05) of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for bioavailability Lys content of DDGS based on0.01142b (R2=0.66)(R2=0.66). The best-fit regression equation for Met content of DDGS was Met=chemical composition and color score was Lys=0.57592-0.04748EE+0.00993L-0.01939a+-0.53401+0.03929CP+0.02773EE+0.00458a-0.00373b (R2=0.44)(R2=0.44).The equation for TSAA was TSAA=-1.46055+0.08833CP+0.03299EE+0.01888NDF-0.04286ADF-0.00734L (R2=0.40). Exp.3was conducted to determine the effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in wheat-based diets on egg production and the internal quality of eggs from laying hens. A total of six hundred and seventy-five45-wk-old Jing-hong laying hens (initial BW of1.80±0.1kg) were randomly allotted to3birds per cage with5consecutive cages representing an experimental unit. Five wheat-soybean diets were formulated to contain0,6.05,12.10,18.15or24.20%corn DDGS. The results suggested that no differences in egg production, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion, body weight change and Haugh unit among DDGS treatments were found. The DDGS diets significantly (p<0.05) affected the egg weight, shell breaking strength, shell thickness and yolk color. A linear change in egg weight, shell breaking strength, shell thickness and yolk color as DDGS levels increased was observed. It was concluded that up to24.20%of DDGS could be included in the wheat-soybean diet without affecting on laying performance, and with no apparent adverse effects on egg quality. Exp.4was conducted to determine the effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in corn-based diets on egg production and the internal quality of eggs from laying hens. A total of six hundred and seventy-five45-wk-old Jing-hong laying hens (initial BW of1.80±0.1kg) were randomly allotted to3birds per cage with5consecutive cages representing an experimental unit. Five corn-soybean diets were formulated to contain0,11.25,22.50,33.75or45.00%corn DDGS. The results suggested that, the45.00%DDGS diets significantly (p<0.05) decreased the egg production, egg mass, feed intake, body weight change and significantly (p<0.05) increased feed conversion. The11.25%and45.00%DDGS diets significantly (p<0.05) decreased the egg weight. A linear change in egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, body weight change, shell breaking strength and yolk color as DDGS levels increased was observed. It was concluded that up to33.75%of DDGS could be included in the corn-soybean diet without affecting on laying performance, and with no apparent adverse effects on egg quality. But corn-based diet was contain45.00%corn DDGS significantly decreased laying performance and increase shell breaking strength.
引文
鲍淑青,王敏,史宝军.2011.复合酶对DDGS的粗蛋白、能量和干物质利用率的影响.饲料工业,29：15-19
郭福存.2007.DDGS的营养价值及限制因素.中国家禽,29：43-44.
雷元培,马秋刚,谢实勇,赵丽红,范或,李笑樱,王梁,谯仕彦,云鹏,计成.2012.抽样调查北京地区猪场饲料及饲料原料玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况.动物营养学报,24(5)：905-910
齐广海.2008.要重视酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)作为饲料原料的开发利用.饲料于畜牧,9：2-3.
王金荣,马鹏,黄亚宽,陈诚,吴天存,谢石力.2011.2010年上半年DDGS常规养分含量差异及霉菌毒素污染状况调查.饲料工业.17：61-64
王修启,郑海刚,安汝义.1999.影响蛋壳质量的因素及改善措施[J].中国家禽,7(21)：39-41.
张天国.DDGS的营养价值评定及在肉鸡日粮中的应用：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2009.
赵叶.菌体蛋白安全性、营养价值评定及其在生长肥育猪上的应用效果研究：[硕士学位论文].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
AAFCO.2007. Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. Oxford, IN.
Adedokun, S. A., and O. Adeola.2005. Apparent metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for White Pekin ducks. Poult. Sci.84:1539-1546.
Adeola, O., D. Ragland, and D. King.1997. Feeding and excreta collection techniques in metabolizable energy assays for ducks. Poult. Sci.76:728-732.
Akiba, Y., Jensen, L.S., Barb, C.R., and Kraeling, R.R.1982. Plasma estradiol, thyroid hormones, and liver lipid content in laying hens fed different isocaloric diets. J. Nutr.112:299-308.
Alejandro, K.J.M., Mateo, C.D., Acorda, J.A.2009. Effect of high quality corn distiller's dried grains with solubles on the production performance of layers. Philip. J. Vet.Anim. Sci.35(1): 59-68.
Alenier, J.C., and Combs, G.F.1981. Effects on feed palatability of ingredients believed to contain unidentified growth factors for poultry. Poult. Sci.60:215-244.
Anderson, J L., Schingoethe D. J., Kalscheur K. F.2006. Evaluation of dried and wet distillers grains included at two concentrations in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Dairy Sci.89:3133-3142.
Aneja, V.P., Schlesinger, W.H., Niyogi, D., Jennings, G., Gilliam, W. Knighton, R.E. Duke,C.S. Blunden, J. and Krishnan, S.2006. Emerging national research needs for agricultural air quality. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union.87:25-29.
AOAC.2000. Official Methods of Analysis.17th ed. AOAC Int.,Gaithersburg, MD. Augspurger, N. R., Petersen G. I., Spencer J. D., and Parr E. N.2008. Alternating dietary inclusion of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) did not impact growth performance of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.86(Suppl 1):523.
Babcock, B.A., Hays, D.J., and Lawrence J.D.2008. Using distillers grains in the U.S. and international livestock and poultry industries. Midwest agribusiness trade research and information center. First edition. Ames, Iowa, USA.
Bandegan, A., W. Guenter, D. Hoehler, G. H. Crow and C. M. Nyachoti.2009. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for broilers. Poult. Sci. 88:2692-2599.
Batal, A, and Dale, N.M.2006. True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. J. App. Poult. Res.15:89-93.
Batal, A.B., and Dale, N.M.2003. Mineral composition of distillers dried grains with solubles. J. App. Poult. Res.12:400-403.
Batal, A.B., and Parsons, C.M.2002a. Effects of age on development of digestive organs and performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal versus a crystalline amino acid diet. Poult. Sci.81:1338-1341.
Batal, A.B., and Parsons, C.M.2002b. Effects of age on nutrient digestibility in chicks fed different diets. Poult. Sci.81:400-407.
Belyea R. L., K. D. Rausch, T. E. Clevengerc, V. Singh, D. B. Johnston, and M. E. Tumbleson. 2010. Sources of variation in composition of DDGS. J. Anim. Feed Sci.159:122-130
Belyea, R.L., Rausch, K.D., and Tumbleson, M.E.2004. Composition of corn and distillers dried grains with solubles from dry grind ethanol processing. Bioresource Tech.94:293-298.
Benke, M.B, X. Hao, Caffyn, P. J. Schoenau. McAllister, T.A.2010. Using manure from cattle fed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as fertilizer:Effects on nutrient accumulation in soil and uptake by barley. Ag. Eco. Environ.139:720-727.
Bonora, A., Pancaldi, S. Gualandri, R., and Fasulo, M. P.2000. Carotenoid and ultrastructure variations in plastids of Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening. J. Exp. Bot.346:873-884.
Bothast, R.J., and M. A. Schlicher.2005. Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.67:19-25.
Bregendahl, K., Roberts, S.A., Kerr, B., and Hoehler, D.2008. Ideal rations of isoleucine, methionine, methionine plus cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine relative to lysine for white leghorn-type laying hens of twenty-eight to thirty-four weeks of age. Poult. Sci.87: 744-758.
Cantor, A.H., and Johnson, T.H.1983. Effects of unidentified growth factor sources on feed preference of chicks. Poult. Sci.62:1281-1286.
Carlile, F.S.1984. Ammonia in poultry houses:A literature review. World's Poult. Sci. J.40: 99-113.
Carpenter, L.E.1970. Nutrient composition of distillers feeds. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Research Council, Cincinnati, OH.25:54-61.
Cheon, Y.J., Lee, H.L., Shin, M.H., Jang, A., Lee, S.K., Lee, J.H., Lee, B.D, and Son, C.K.2008. Effect of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles on production and egg quality in laying hens. Asian-Asut. J. Anim. Sci.21(9):1318-1323.
Choi, H.S., Lee, H.L., Shin, M.H., Cheorun, J., Lee, S.K., and Lee, B.D.2008. Nutritive and economic values of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles in broiler diets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.21(3):414-419.
Coates, B. J., S. J. Slinger, J. D. Summers, and H. S. Bayley.1977. Metabolizable energy values and chemical and physical characteristics of wheat and barley. Can. J. Anim. Sci.57:195-207
Combs, G.F., and Bossard, E.H.1969. Further studies on available amino acids content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Proceedings of distillers feed research council conference: 53-58.
Cook, D. Paton N., and Gibson M.2005. Effect of dietary level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, mortality, and carcass characteristics of grow-finish barrows and gilts. J. Anim. Sci.83(Suppl.1):335.
Corzo, A., Schilling, M.W., Loar Ⅱ, R.E., Jackson, V., Kin, S., and Radhakrishnan, V.2009.The effects of feeding distillers dried grains with soluble on broiler meat quality. Poult. Sci.88: 432-439.
Couch, J.R., Kurnick, A.A., Svacha, R.L., and Reid, B.L.1957. Corn distillers dried solubles in turkey feed summary and new developments. Proce. Distillers Feed Res. Council Conf. 71-81.
Cozannet P., M. Lessire, C. Gady, J. P. Metayer, Y. Primot, F. Skiba, and J. Noblet.2010b. Energy value of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles in roosters, broilers, layers, and turkeys. Poult. Sci.89:2230-2241.
Cozannet, P., Y. Primot, C. Gady, J. P. Metayer, P. Callu, M. Lessire, F. Skiba, and J. Noblet.2010a. Heal digestibility of amino acids in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.04.009
Creswell, D. C.2006. DDGS:Benefits and limitations. Asian Poultry Magazine, pp.22-24. Jan/Feb.
Cromwell, G.L., Herkelman, K.L., and Stahly, T.S.1993. Physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs. J. Anim. Sci.71:679-686.
Cromwell, G. L., Stahly,T. S. Monegue H. J., and Overfield J. R..1983. Distillers dried grains with solubles for grower-finisher swine. Page 30-32 in Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn. Progress Rep. 274. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
D' Ercole, L.E., Esselen, Jr. W.B., and Fellers, C.R.1939. The nutritive value of distiller's by-products. Poult. Sci.18:89-95.
Dale, N., and Batal, A.B.2005. Distiller's grains:focusing on quality control. Poultry Science department. University of Georgia. Athens, WATT poultry USA.
Day, E.J., Dilworth, B.C., and Mcnaughton, J.1973. Unidentified growth factor sources in poultry diets. Proceedings of distillers feed research council conference:40-45.
Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and Lott, B.D.1984. Effect of atmospheric ammonia on pullets at point of lay. Poult. Sci.63:384-385.
Dicostanzo A.2004. Considerations in feeding distillers grains discussed. Feed stuffs.8:12-14
Dugan M.E. Aldai N. Kramer J.K.and Gibb D.J.2010. Feeding wheat dried distillers grains with solubles improves beef trans and conjugated linoleic acid profiles J. Anim.Sci.88(5) 1842-1847
EPA.2004. National emission inventory-ammonia emissions from animal husbandry operations. Draft rep. US Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC.
Ergul, T., Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., Walters, B., Brannon, J., and Noll, S.L.2003. Amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poul. Sci.82 (Suppl.1): 70. (Abstr.)
Evans, R. J., and H. A. Butts.1948. Studies on the heat inactivation of lysine in soybean oil meal. J.Biol. Chem.175:15-20.
Fastinger, N. D. and D. C. Mahan.2006a. Determination of the ileal AA and energy digestibilities of corn distillers dried grains with solubes using grower-finisher pigs. J. Anim.Sci. 84:1722-1728.
Fastinger, N.D., Latshaw, J.D., and Mahan, D.C.2006. Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters. Poult. Sci.85:1212-1216.
Fastinger, N.D., Wiseman, T.G., and Mahan, D.C.2002. Feeding high levels of natural or synthetic vitamin E to grower-finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci.80(Suppl.2):69. (Abstr.)
Fathi, M.M. and Aflfl, Y.K.2008. Quality characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles: wheat and corn DDGS comparison. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl.1):26. (Abstr.)
Fiene, S.P., T. W. York, and C.S. Schasteen,2006. Correlation of DDGS Idea digestibility assay for poultry with cockerel true amino acid digestibility. Proceedings of the 4th Mid-atlantic nutrition conference. Maryland; Timonium, pp 82-89.
F.O. Licht.2008,2009 and 2010. World Fuel Ethanol Production by Country. Cited in Renewable Fuels Association, Ethanol industry overlook, p16,19, and 22.
Fontaine, J., Zimer, U., Moughan, P.J., and Rutherfurd, S.M.2007. Effect of heat damage in an autoclave on the reactive lysine contents of soy products and corn distillers dried grains with solubles:use of the results to check on lysine damage in common qualities of these ingredients. J. Agri. Food. Chem.55:10737-10743.
Food Safety and Inspection Service.1998. Appendix I:U.S. residue limits for compounds in meat and poultry. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/red98/appendixlc.pdf
Friedman, M.1982. Chemically reactive and unreactive lysine as an index of browning. Diabetes 31:5-14.
Fu, S. X., Johnston M., Fent R. W, Kendall D. C., Usry J. L., Boyd R. D., and Allee G. L.2004. Effect of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, carcass characteristics, and fecal volume in growing finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.82(Suppl.2):80.
Gao C. Q., Q. G Ma, C. Ji, X. G. Lou, H. F. Tang and Y. M. Wei. Evaluation of the compositional and nutritional values of phytase transgenic corn to conventional corn in roosters. Poult. Sci. 91:1142-1148.2012.
Gaines, A., Ratliff B. Srichana P., and Allee G.2006. Use of corn distiller's dried grains and solubles in late nursery pig diets. J. Anim. Sci.84(Suppl.2):120.
Goodwin, T.W.1984. The biochemistry of the carotenoids,2nd Ed., Vol.2. Animals. Chapman & Hall, London.
Greiner, L. Wang L. X., Allee G. and Connor J.2008. The feeding of dry distillers grain with solubles to lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci.86(Suppl.2):63.
Guirguis, N.1975. Evaluating poultry feedstuff's in terms of their metabolizable energy content and chemical composition. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb.15:773-779.
Handelman, GJ., Nightingale, Z.D., Lichtenstein, A.H., Schaefer, E.J., and Blumberg, J.B.1999. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.70:247-251.
Harms, R. H., R. S. Moreno, and B. L. Damron.1969. Evaluation of distiller's dried grain with solubles in diets of laying hens. Poult. Sci.48:1652-1654.
Hassan, A. S., and P. Delpech.1986. Energie metabolisable et digestibilite azotee chez les poulets en croissance:Influence du genotype, de l'age et du regime. Genet. Sel. Evol.18:225-236.
Henry, R.J.1990. Barley quality:an Australian perspective. Asp. Appl. Bio.25:5-14.
Hill, G.M., J. E. Link, M. J. Rincker, D. L. Kirkpatrick, M. L. Gibson, and K. Karges.2008. Utilization of distillers dried grains with solubles and phytase in sow lactationdiets to meet the phosphorus requirement of the sow and reduce fecal phosphorusconcentration. J.Anim. Sci.86:112-118.
Hinson R., Allee G., Grinstead G., Corrigan B., and Less J.2007. Effect of amino acid program (Low vs. High) and dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics. J.Anim. Sci.85(Suppl.1):437.
Hughes, C. W., and Hauges, S. M.1945. Nutritive value of distillers'dried solubles as a source of protein. J. Nutr.30:245-258.
Hurrell, R. F.1983. Maillard reaction in flavour Browning reaction.Dev. Food Sci.3:399-437.
Hurrell, R. F., and K. J. Carpenter.1981. The estimation of available lysine in foodstuffs after Maillard reactions. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci.5:159-176.
Jensen, L.S., Falen, L., and Chang, C.H.1974. Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles on reproduction and liver fat accumulation in laying hens. Poult. Sci.53:5.86-592.
Jung B. and A. Batal.2009 The nutrient digestibility of high-protein corn distillers dried grains and the effect of feeding various levels on the performance of laying hens J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:741-751
Jung, B.Y., Sedlacek, P., and Batal, A.B.2008. Effect of high-protein distillers dried grains at various levels on performance of laying hens. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl.1):28. (Abstr.)
Kalscheur, K.F., Baldwin, R.L., Glenn, B.P., and Kohn, R.A.2006. J. Dairy. Sci.89(1):249-259.
Karrer, P. and Schopp, K.1934. Isolation of lyochrome from egg yolk (Ovoflavin g), Helv. Chim. Acta.17,735.
Kerrer, P. and Jucker, E.1950. Carotenoids. Elsevier publishing company, Inc. New Yolk.
Kim E. J., C. Martinez Amezcua, P. L. Utterback, and C. M. Parsons.2008. Phosphorus bioavailability, true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of high protein corn distillers dried grains and dehydrated Corn Germ. Poult. Sci.87:700-705.
Kim, E. J., C. M. Parsons, R. Srinivasan, and V. Singh.2010. Nutritional composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of new corn distillers dried grains with solubles produced by new fractionation processes. Poult. Sci. 89:44-51
Kittiporn. H.,2009. Effect of different sources and levels of distillers dried grains with solubles on production performance, serum biochemistry, bone parameters, carcass quality, and properties of myofibers of broilers. PhD Diss. Univ. China agriculture, China.
Klasing, K.C, and Austic, R.E.2003. Nutritional diseases. Diseases of poultry,11th ed., pp. 1027-1053. (Y.M. Saif, ed. Ames, IA:Iowa State Press).
Klopfenstein, T.J., and Erickson, GE., and Bremer, V.R.2008. Use of distillers by-products in the beef cattle feeding industry. J. Anim. Sci.86(5):1223-1231.
Kluth, H. and M. Rodehutscord.2010. Effect of the duration of pre-feeding on amino acid digestibility of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler chicken. Poult. Sci.89: 681-687.
Leeson, S., and Caston, L.2004. Enrichment of eggs with lutein. Poult. Sci.83:1709-1712.
Leeson, S., and Summers, J.D.2005. Commercial poultry nutrition,3rd ed, University books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Leeson, S. Diaz, G., and Summers, J.D.1995. Poultry metabolic disorders and mycotoxins. University books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Leske, K.L., Akavanichan, O., Cheng, T.K., and Coon, C.N.1991. Effect of ethanol extract on nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy for soybean-meal with broilers and roosters. Poult. Sci.70(4):892-895.
Leupp J.L. Lardy G.P. Karges K. Gibson M.L. and Caton J.S.2009.Effects of increasing level of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in steers fed seventy percent concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci,87; 2906-2912
Liburn, M. S., and L. S. Jensen.1984. Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles as a feed ingredient for laying hens. Poult. Sci.63:542-547.
Lilburn, M.S., and Jensen, L.S.1984. Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles as a feed ingredient for laying hens. Poult. Sci.63:542-547.
Linneen, S. K., Steidiger M. U., Tokach M. D., DeRouchy J. M., Goodband R.D., Dritz S. S, and Nelssen J. L.2006. Effects ofdried distillers grain with solubles on nursery pig performance. Page 100-102 in Kansas State Univ. Swine Day Rep. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan
Liu. K.,2008. Particle size distribution of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and relationships to compositional and color properties. Biores. Technol.99:8421-8428
Liu, C., Scinngoethe D. J., Stegeman G. A.2000. Cron distillers grains versus a blend of protein supplements with or without ruminally protected atllino acids for lactating cows. Dairy Sci.83:2075-2084.
Loar, R.E., Mayo, K.J., Srinivasan, R. Kidd, M.T., Dozier, W.A., and Corzo, A.2008. Impact of fiber separation on the nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler diets. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl.1):28. (Abstr.)
Loar, R. E., M. W. Schilling, C. D. C. D. Coufal,McDaniel S. F. Rogers, K. Karges and A. Corzo.2010 Effect of dietary inclusion level of distillers dried grains with solubles on layer performance, egg characteristics, and consumer acceptability. J. Appl. Poult. Res.19:30-37
Lumpkins, B.S, and Batal, A.B.2005. The bioavailability of lysine and phosphorus in distiller's dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci.84:581-586.
Lumpkins, B.S, Batal, A.B., and Dale, N.M.2004. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci.83:1891-1896.
Lumpkins, B.S, Batal, A.B., and Dale, N.M.2005. Use of distillers dried grains plus solubles in laying hen diets. J. App. Poult. Res.14:25-31.
Manley, J.M., Voitle, R.A., and Harms, R.H.1978. The influence of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of turkey breeder hens. Poult. Sci.57:726-728.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., and Baker, D.H.2006. Effect of microbial phytase and citric acid on phosphorus bioavailability, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks. Poutl. Sci.85:470-475.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., and Noll, S.L.2004. Content and relative bioavailability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks. Poult. Sci.83:971-976.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., and Parsons, C.M.2007. Effect of increased heat processing and particle size on phosphorus bioavailability on corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci.86: 331-337.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., Singh, V., Srinivasan, R. and Murthy, G.S.2007. Nutritional characteristics of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as affected by the amount of grains versus solubles and different processing techniques. Poult. Sci.86: 2624-2630.
Masa'deh M. K., S. E. Purdum, and K. J. Hanford.2011. Dried distillers grains with solubles in laying hen diets. Poult. Sci.90:1960-1966.
Matterson, L.D., Tlustohowicz, J.J., and Singsen, E.P.1966. Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in rations for high producing hens. Poult. Sci.45:147-151.
McGinnis, J. and R.J. Evans.1947. Amino acid deficiencies of raw and over-heated soybean oil meal for chicks. J. Nutr.34:725-732.
McNab, J. M. and Blair, J. C.1988. Modified assay for true and apparent metabolisable energy based on tube feeding. Br. Poult. Sci.29,697-707
Moeller, S.M., Jacques, P.F., Blumberg, J.B.2000. The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.19(5):522S-527S.
Morrison, F.B.1954. Feeds and feeding:a handbook for the student and stockman.21th ed. Ithaca. New Yolk. The Morrison Publishing Company.
Nagaraja, K.V., Emery, D.A., Jordan, K.A., Newman, J.A., and Pomeroy, B.S.1983. Scanning electron microscopic studies of adverse effects of ammonia on tracheal tissues of turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res.44:1530-1536.
Nam, K.C., Du, M., Jo, C., and Ahn, D.U.2001. Cholesterol oxidation products in irradiated raw meat with different packaging and storage time. Meat Sci.58:431-435.
National Research Council.1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry.9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
Nichols, J. R., Schingoethe, D. J., Maiga, H..A. Brouk M.J. Piepenbrink M.S.1998. Evaluation of Com Distillers Grains and Rumninally Protected Lysine and Methionme for Lactating Dairy Cows. Dairy Sci.81:482-491.
Noll, S.L., Stangeland, V., Speers, G., Parsons, C, and Brannon, J.2002. Utilization of canola meal and distillers grains with solubles in market turkey diets. Poult. Sci.81 (Suppl.1):92. (Abstr.)
Noll, S.L., Brannon, J., and Stangeland, V.2004. Market tom turkey performance and inclusion level of corn distillers dried grains with soluble. Poult. Sci.83 (Suppl.1):321. (Abstr.)
Noll, S.L., Brannon, J., and Parsons, C.2007. Nutritional value of corn distiller dried grains with solubles (DDGS):influence of solubles addition. Poult. Sci.86 (Suppl.1):68. (Abstr.)
Noll, S.L., Stangeland, V., Speers, G., and Brannon, J.2001. Distillers grains in poultry diets.62nd Minnesota nutrition conference and Minnesota corn growers association technical symposium, Bloomington, MN. September 11-12.
Noll, S.L., and Brannon, J.2008. Response of market turkey toms to diets containing high levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl):100. (Abstr.)
NRC.1980. The need for a multipurpose cadastre. National Academy Press.Washington, D.C.
NRC.1998. Nutrient requirements of swine.10th rev.ed. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.
Official Journal of the European Union.2003. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Official Journal of the European Union. L 123:42-46.
Olentine, C.1986. Ingredient profile:distillers feed. Proceeding of the distillers feed conference, Cincinnati, OH.41:13-24.
Omland,O.2002. Exposure and respiratory health in farming in temperate zones-a review of the literature. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med.9:119-136.
Oryschak, M., D. Korver, M. Zuidhof, X. Meng and E. Beltranena.2010. Comparative feeding value of extruded and non-extruded wheat and corn distillers grains with solubles for broilers. Poult. Sci.89:2183-2196.
Pahm, A.A., Scherer, C.S., Pettigrew, J.E., Baker, D.H., Parsons, C.M.2009. Standardized amino acid digestibility in cecectomized roosters and lysine bioavailability in chicks fed distillers dried grains with soluble. Poult. Sci.88:571-578.
Parsons, C. M.2006. Nutritional value of DDGS processed using conventional and modified methods for poultry. Pages 90-96 in Proc.4th Mid-Atlantic Nutr. Conf. Timonium, MD. Univ. Maryland,CoIlege Park.
Parsons, C.M., Baker, D.H., and Harter, J.M.1983. Distillers dried grains with solubles as a protein source for the chick. Poult. Sci.62:2445-2451.
Parsons, C.M., K. Hashimoto, K. J. Wedekind, Y. Han, and D.H. Baker.1992. Effect of overprocessing on availability of amino acids and energy in soybean meal. Poult. Sci.71:133-140.
Parsons, C.M., Martinez, C., Singh, V., Radhakrishman, S., and Noll, S.L.2006. Nutritional value of conventional and modified DDGS for poultry. Presented at the multi state poultry nutrition and feeding conference, Indianapolis, IN.
Perez-Vendrell, J., Hernandez, M., Llaurado, L., Schierle, J., and Brufau. J.2001. Influence of source and ratio of xanthophylls pigments on broiler chicken pigmentation and performance. Poult. Sci.80:320-326.
Pineda, L., Roberts, S., Kerr, B., Kwakkel, R. Verstegen, M. and Bregendahl, K.2008. Maximum dietary content of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles in diets for laying hens. Effects on nitrogen balance, manure excretion, egg production, and egg quality. A.S. Leaflet R2334, Iowa State University Animal Industry Report 2008 (AS 654 CD). Iowa State University.
Potter, L.M.1996. Studies with distillers feed in turkey rations. Proceedings of the distinguished feed research council.21:47-51.
Reese, D.E., and Lewis, A.J.1989. Nutrient content of Nebraska corn. Nebraska Cooperation Extension Service EC 89-219, pp.5-7.
Renewable Fuels Association.2011. Industry resources:Co-products. Accessed Mar.2011. http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/industryresources-coproducts.
Ritz, C.W., Fairchild, B.D., and Lacy, M.P.2004. Implications of ammonia production and emissions from commercial poultry facilities:a review. J. Appl. Poult. Res.13:684-692.
Roberson, K.D., Kalbfleisch, J.L., Pan, W., and Charbeneau, R.A.2005. Effect of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles at various levels on performance of laying hens and egg yolk color. Int. J. Poult. Sci.4:44-51.
Roberson, K.D.2003. Use of dried distillers grains with solubles in growing-finishing diets of turkey hens. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.2:389-393.
Roberts, S. A., H. Xin, B. J. Kerr, J. R. Russell, and K. Bregendahl.2007. Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on ammonia emission from laying-hen manure. Poult. Sci. 86:1625-1632.
Roberts, S.A., Xin, H., Kerr, B.J., Russell, J.R., and Bregendahl, K.2007b. Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 86:1716-1725.
Rochell S. J., B. J. Kerr, and W. A. Dozier.2011 Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poult. Sci.90:1999-2007
Romanoff, A.L. and Romanoff, A.J.,1949. Chemical Composition in The Avian Egg, John Wiley & Sons, New York, P311.
Romero C., M. E. Abdallh, W. Powers, R. Angel, T. J. Applegate 2012 Effect of dietary adipic acid and corn dried distillers grains with solubles on laying hen performance and nitrogen loss from stored excreta with or without sodium bisulfate
Poult. Sci.91:1149-1157
Rosentrater, K. A.2005. Expanding the role of systems modeling:considering byproduct generation from biofuel production. Ecol. Soc.11(1):r2. [online] URL:http://www.ecology andsociety.org/vo111/iss1/resp2/
Rosentrater, K. A.,2006. Some physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Appl. Eng. Agric.22:589-595.
Roush, W. B.1981. T 159 calculator program for Haugh unit calculation Poult. Sci.60:1086-1088.
Salim, H.M., Kruk, Z.A., and Lee, B.D.2010. Nutritive value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as an ingredient of poultry diets:a review. World's Poult. Sci. J.66:411-432.
SAS Institute.2003. SAS User's Guide:Statistics. Version.9.1 ed. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Scheideler, S.E., Masa'dah, H., and Roberson, K.2008. Dried distillers grains with solubles in laying hens ration and notes about mycotoxins in DDGS. International pre-show nutrition symposium, Midwest Poultry Federation Convention, March 18-20, St. Paul, MN.
Shalash, S. M. M., El-Wafa, S. A., Hassan, R. A., Ramadan, N. A., Mohamed, M.S., and EI Gabry, H.E.2010. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as feed ingredient in laying hen diets. Int. J. Poult. Sci.9(6):537-545.
Shaw, G.M., Carmichael, S.L., Yang, W., Selvin, S., Schaffer, D.M.2004. Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspring. Am. J. Epid.160 (2): 102-109.
Sibbald, I. R.1976. A bioassay for ture metabolisable energy in feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci. 55:303-308.
Sibbald, I. R.1986. The T.M.E. system of feed evaluation:Methodology, feed consumption data and bibliography. Tech. Bull.1986-4E. Agric. Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Sibbald, I. R., J. Czarecki, S. J. Slinger, and G.C. Ashton.1963. The prediction of metabolizable energy content of poultry feeding stuffs from a knowledge of their chemical composition. Poult. Sci.42:486-492.
Singh, V., D. B. Johnston, K. Naidu, K. D. Rausch, R. L. Belyea, and M. E. Tumbleson,2005. Comparison of modified dry-grind corn processes for fermentation characteristics and DDGS composition. Cereal Chem.82:187-190.
Sloan, H.J.1941. The use of distillers'by-products in poultry rations. Poult. Sci.20:83-96.
Song, M., S. K. Baidoo, G.C. Shurson, M. H. Whitney, L. J. Johnston, and D. D.Gallaher.2010. Dietary effects of dried distiller's grains with solubles on performance of lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci.88:3313-3319.
Spiehs, M.J., Whitney, M.H., and Shurson, GC.2002. Nutrient database for distiller's dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2639-2645
Stalcup,B.L.2005. Attack aflatioxin. Corn and Soybean.10:125-128
Stein, H.2009. Energy and nutrient digestibility in four sources of distillers dried grains with solubles produced from corn grown within a narrow geographical area and fed to growing pigs. Asi-Aust J. Anim. Sci.22(7):1011-1016.
Stein, H.H., and Shurson, G.C.2009. The use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci.87:1292-1303.
Stein, H.H., Gibson, M.L., Pedersen, C., and Boersma, M.G.2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.84:853-860.
Sun.H., E. J. Lee, H. Samaraweera, M. Persia, H. S. Ragheb and Dong. U. Ahn.2012 Effects of increasing concentrations of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on the egg production and internal quality of eggs. Poult. Sci.91:3236-3246.
Swiatkiewicz, S. and Koreleski, J.2006. Effect of maize distillers dried grains with soluble and dietary enzyme supplementation on the performance of laying hens. J. Anim. Feed. Sci.5: 252-260.
SWIATKIEWICZ, S. and KORELESKI, J. (2006b) Evaluation of nutritional value of rye distillers dried grains with solubles for laying hens. Polish Journal of Natural Science suppl.3: 541-547.
Swiatkiewicz, S., and Koreleski, J.2007. Medycyna Weterynaryjna.63(1):99-103. Thacker, P.A., and Widyaratne, G.P.2007. Nutritional value of diets containing graded levels of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to broiler chicks. J. Sci. Food. Agi.87:1386-1390.
Thacker, P.A.2006. Nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing dried wheat distillers grains with solubles. Can. J. Anim. Sci.86: 527-529.
The third China DDGS conference.2012. Industry resources:Co-products.http:// www.foodchina.com.cn/fcc_website/ad/2012ddgs/2012ddgs-home.html.Accessed July 2012.
Tsang, S.T.L., and Schaible, P.J. 1960. The value of corn fermentation soluble in poultry nutrition. Poult. Sci.39:251-257.
Underwood, E.J., and Suttle, N.S.1999. The mineral nutrition of livestock.3rd(Eds), pp.614, New Yolk, CABI Publishing.
United Nations Environment Programme. Towards sustainable production and use of resources: assessing biofuels.,2009-10-24. http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf
University of Minnesota. Department of Animal Science.2008a. Overview. Distillers Grains By-Products in Livestock and Poultry Feeds Web site, [online] URL:http://www.ddgs.umn. edu/overview.htm (accessed May 13,2008).
University of Minnesota.2008b. "Proximate Analysis of Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). Nutrient Profiles—Comparison Tables. Distillers Grains By-Products in Livestock and Poultry Feeds Web site, [online] URL:http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/profiles/us-profile%20comparison%20tables%20July%202008.pdf (accessed September 2,2008).
U.S. Grains Council.2008. DDGS User Handbook, [online] URL:http://www.grains.org/galleries/ DDGS%20User%20Handbook/DDGS%20Handbook%20FULL.pdf (accessed June 17, 2008).
Waldo G., O. Nuez and P. Q. Yu.2009. Nutrient variation and availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants. J. Sci. Food Agric.89:1754-1761
Waldroup, P.W., Owen, J.A., Ramsey, B.E., and Whelchel, D.L.1981. The use of high levels of distillers dried grains plus solubles in broiler diets. Poult. Sci.60:1479-1484.
Waldroup, P.W., Wang, Z., Coto, C., Cerrate, S. and Yan, F.2007. Development of a standardized nutrient matrix for corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6:478-783.
Wang, Z., Cerrate, S., Coto, C., Yan, F., and Waldroup, P.W.2007a. Effect of rapid and multiple changes in level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets on performance and carcass characteristics. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6:725-731.
Wang, Z., Cerrate, S., Coto, C, Yan, F., and Waldroup, P.W.2007b. Use of constant or increasing levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6: 501-507.
Wang, Z., Cerrate, S., Coto, C., Yan, F., and Waldroup, P.W.2007c. Utilization of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets using a standardized nutrient matrix. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6:470-477.
Warnick, R.E., and Anderson, J.O.1968. Limiting essential amino acid in soybean meal for growing chickens and effects of heat upon availability of essential amino acids. Poult. Sci. 47:281-288.
Weigel, J.C., Loy, D., and Kilmer, L.1997. Feed co-products of the dry corn milling process. Renewable fuels association and national corn growers association. Washington, D.C. and St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Weimer D., Stevens J. A, Schinckel, M. Latour, and Richert B.2008. Effects of feeding increasing levels of distillers dried grains with solubles to grow-finish pigs on growth performance and carcass quality. J. Anim. Sci.86(Suppl.2):51.
Whitney, M.H., Shurson, G.C., and Guedes, R.C.2006. Effect of including distillers dried grains with solubles in the diet, with or without antimicrobial regimen, on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge. J. Anim. Sci.84:1870-1879.
Whitney, M.H., and Shurson G.C.2004. Growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant. J. Anim. Sci.82:122-128.
Worldwatch Institute and Center for American Progress.2006. American energy:The renewable path to energy security.
Wu-Haan W., W. Powers, R. Angel and T. J. Applegate.2010 The use of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a feed ingredient on air emissions and performance from laying hens Poult. Sci.89:1355-1359.
Xu, X., Gammon, M.D., Zeisel, S.H.2008. Choline metabolism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based study. FASEB J.22 (6):2045-52.
Xu, X., Gammon, M.D., Zeisel, S.H.2009. High intakes of choline and betaine reduce breast cancer mortality in a population-based study. FASEB J.23 (11):4022-4028.
郭福存.2007.DDGS的营养价值及限制因素.中国家禽,29：43-44.
雷元培,马秋刚,谢实勇,赵丽红,范或,李笑樱,王梁,谯仕彦,云鹏,计成.2012.抽样调查北京地区猪场饲料及饲料原料玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况.动物营养学报,24(5)：905-910
齐广海.2008.要重视酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)作为饲料原料的开发利用.饲料于畜牧,9：2-3.
王金荣,马鹏,黄亚宽,陈诚,吴天存,谢石力.2011.2010年上半年DDGS常规养分含量差异及霉菌毒素污染状况调查.饲料工业.17：61-64
王修启,郑海刚,安汝义.1999.影响蛋壳质量的因素及改善措施[J].中国家禽,7(21)：39-41.
张天国.DDGS的营养价值评定及在肉鸡日粮中的应用：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2009.
赵叶.菌体蛋白安全性、营养价值评定及其在生长肥育猪上的应用效果研究：[硕士学位论文].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
AAFCO.2007. Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. Oxford, IN.
Adedokun, S. A., and O. Adeola.2005. Apparent metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for White Pekin ducks. Poult. Sci.84:1539-1546.
Adeola, O., D. Ragland, and D. King.1997. Feeding and excreta collection techniques in metabolizable energy assays for ducks. Poult. Sci.76:728-732.
Akiba, Y., Jensen, L.S., Barb, C.R., and Kraeling, R.R.1982. Plasma estradiol, thyroid hormones, and liver lipid content in laying hens fed different isocaloric diets. J. Nutr.112:299-308.
Alejandro, K.J.M., Mateo, C.D., Acorda, J.A.2009. Effect of high quality corn distiller's dried grains with solubles on the production performance of layers. Philip. J. Vet.Anim. Sci.35(1): 59-68.
Alenier, J.C., and Combs, G.F.1981. Effects on feed palatability of ingredients believed to contain unidentified growth factors for poultry. Poult. Sci.60:215-244.
Anderson, J L., Schingoethe D. J., Kalscheur K. F.2006. Evaluation of dried and wet distillers grains included at two concentrations in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Dairy Sci.89:3133-3142.
Aneja, V.P., Schlesinger, W.H., Niyogi, D., Jennings, G., Gilliam, W. Knighton, R.E. Duke,C.S. Blunden, J. and Krishnan, S.2006. Emerging national research needs for agricultural air quality. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union.87:25-29.
AOAC.2000. Official Methods of Analysis.17th ed. AOAC Int.,Gaithersburg, MD. Augspurger, N. R., Petersen G. I., Spencer J. D., and Parr E. N.2008. Alternating dietary inclusion of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) did not impact growth performance of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.86(Suppl 1):523.
Babcock, B.A., Hays, D.J., and Lawrence J.D.2008. Using distillers grains in the U.S. and international livestock and poultry industries. Midwest agribusiness trade research and information center. First edition. Ames, Iowa, USA.
Bandegan, A., W. Guenter, D. Hoehler, G. H. Crow and C. M. Nyachoti.2009. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for broilers. Poult. Sci. 88:2692-2599.
Batal, A, and Dale, N.M.2006. True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. J. App. Poult. Res.15:89-93.
Batal, A.B., and Dale, N.M.2003. Mineral composition of distillers dried grains with solubles. J. App. Poult. Res.12:400-403.
Batal, A.B., and Parsons, C.M.2002a. Effects of age on development of digestive organs and performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal versus a crystalline amino acid diet. Poult. Sci.81:1338-1341.
Batal, A.B., and Parsons, C.M.2002b. Effects of age on nutrient digestibility in chicks fed different diets. Poult. Sci.81:400-407.
Belyea R. L., K. D. Rausch, T. E. Clevengerc, V. Singh, D. B. Johnston, and M. E. Tumbleson. 2010. Sources of variation in composition of DDGS. J. Anim. Feed Sci.159:122-130
Belyea, R.L., Rausch, K.D., and Tumbleson, M.E.2004. Composition of corn and distillers dried grains with solubles from dry grind ethanol processing. Bioresource Tech.94:293-298.
Benke, M.B, X. Hao, Caffyn, P. J. Schoenau. McAllister, T.A.2010. Using manure from cattle fed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as fertilizer:Effects on nutrient accumulation in soil and uptake by barley. Ag. Eco. Environ.139:720-727.
Bonora, A., Pancaldi, S. Gualandri, R., and Fasulo, M. P.2000. Carotenoid and ultrastructure variations in plastids of Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening. J. Exp. Bot.346:873-884.
Bothast, R.J., and M. A. Schlicher.2005. Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.67:19-25.
Bregendahl, K., Roberts, S.A., Kerr, B., and Hoehler, D.2008. Ideal rations of isoleucine, methionine, methionine plus cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine relative to lysine for white leghorn-type laying hens of twenty-eight to thirty-four weeks of age. Poult. Sci.87: 744-758.
Cantor, A.H., and Johnson, T.H.1983. Effects of unidentified growth factor sources on feed preference of chicks. Poult. Sci.62:1281-1286.
Carlile, F.S.1984. Ammonia in poultry houses:A literature review. World's Poult. Sci. J.40: 99-113.
Carpenter, L.E.1970. Nutrient composition of distillers feeds. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Research Council, Cincinnati, OH.25:54-61.
Cheon, Y.J., Lee, H.L., Shin, M.H., Jang, A., Lee, S.K., Lee, J.H., Lee, B.D, and Son, C.K.2008. Effect of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles on production and egg quality in laying hens. Asian-Asut. J. Anim. Sci.21(9):1318-1323.
Choi, H.S., Lee, H.L., Shin, M.H., Cheorun, J., Lee, S.K., and Lee, B.D.2008. Nutritive and economic values of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles in broiler diets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.21(3):414-419.
Coates, B. J., S. J. Slinger, J. D. Summers, and H. S. Bayley.1977. Metabolizable energy values and chemical and physical characteristics of wheat and barley. Can. J. Anim. Sci.57:195-207
Combs, G.F., and Bossard, E.H.1969. Further studies on available amino acids content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Proceedings of distillers feed research council conference: 53-58.
Cook, D. Paton N., and Gibson M.2005. Effect of dietary level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, mortality, and carcass characteristics of grow-finish barrows and gilts. J. Anim. Sci.83(Suppl.1):335.
Corzo, A., Schilling, M.W., Loar Ⅱ, R.E., Jackson, V., Kin, S., and Radhakrishnan, V.2009.The effects of feeding distillers dried grains with soluble on broiler meat quality. Poult. Sci.88: 432-439.
Couch, J.R., Kurnick, A.A., Svacha, R.L., and Reid, B.L.1957. Corn distillers dried solubles in turkey feed summary and new developments. Proce. Distillers Feed Res. Council Conf. 71-81.
Cozannet P., M. Lessire, C. Gady, J. P. Metayer, Y. Primot, F. Skiba, and J. Noblet.2010b. Energy value of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles in roosters, broilers, layers, and turkeys. Poult. Sci.89:2230-2241.
Cozannet, P., Y. Primot, C. Gady, J. P. Metayer, P. Callu, M. Lessire, F. Skiba, and J. Noblet.2010a. Heal digestibility of amino acids in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.04.009
Creswell, D. C.2006. DDGS:Benefits and limitations. Asian Poultry Magazine, pp.22-24. Jan/Feb.
Cromwell, G.L., Herkelman, K.L., and Stahly, T.S.1993. Physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs. J. Anim. Sci.71:679-686.
Cromwell, G. L., Stahly,T. S. Monegue H. J., and Overfield J. R..1983. Distillers dried grains with solubles for grower-finisher swine. Page 30-32 in Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn. Progress Rep. 274. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
D' Ercole, L.E., Esselen, Jr. W.B., and Fellers, C.R.1939. The nutritive value of distiller's by-products. Poult. Sci.18:89-95.
Dale, N., and Batal, A.B.2005. Distiller's grains:focusing on quality control. Poultry Science department. University of Georgia. Athens, WATT poultry USA.
Day, E.J., Dilworth, B.C., and Mcnaughton, J.1973. Unidentified growth factor sources in poultry diets. Proceedings of distillers feed research council conference:40-45.
Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and Lott, B.D.1984. Effect of atmospheric ammonia on pullets at point of lay. Poult. Sci.63:384-385.
Dicostanzo A.2004. Considerations in feeding distillers grains discussed. Feed stuffs.8:12-14
Dugan M.E. Aldai N. Kramer J.K.and Gibb D.J.2010. Feeding wheat dried distillers grains with solubles improves beef trans and conjugated linoleic acid profiles J. Anim.Sci.88(5) 1842-1847
EPA.2004. National emission inventory-ammonia emissions from animal husbandry operations. Draft rep. US Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC.
Ergul, T., Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., Walters, B., Brannon, J., and Noll, S.L.2003. Amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poul. Sci.82 (Suppl.1): 70. (Abstr.)
Evans, R. J., and H. A. Butts.1948. Studies on the heat inactivation of lysine in soybean oil meal. J.Biol. Chem.175:15-20.
Fastinger, N. D. and D. C. Mahan.2006a. Determination of the ileal AA and energy digestibilities of corn distillers dried grains with solubes using grower-finisher pigs. J. Anim.Sci. 84:1722-1728.
Fastinger, N.D., Latshaw, J.D., and Mahan, D.C.2006. Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters. Poult. Sci.85:1212-1216.
Fastinger, N.D., Wiseman, T.G., and Mahan, D.C.2002. Feeding high levels of natural or synthetic vitamin E to grower-finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci.80(Suppl.2):69. (Abstr.)
Fathi, M.M. and Aflfl, Y.K.2008. Quality characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles: wheat and corn DDGS comparison. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl.1):26. (Abstr.)
Fiene, S.P., T. W. York, and C.S. Schasteen,2006. Correlation of DDGS Idea digestibility assay for poultry with cockerel true amino acid digestibility. Proceedings of the 4th Mid-atlantic nutrition conference. Maryland; Timonium, pp 82-89.
F.O. Licht.2008,2009 and 2010. World Fuel Ethanol Production by Country. Cited in Renewable Fuels Association, Ethanol industry overlook, p16,19, and 22.
Fontaine, J., Zimer, U., Moughan, P.J., and Rutherfurd, S.M.2007. Effect of heat damage in an autoclave on the reactive lysine contents of soy products and corn distillers dried grains with solubles:use of the results to check on lysine damage in common qualities of these ingredients. J. Agri. Food. Chem.55:10737-10743.
Food Safety and Inspection Service.1998. Appendix I:U.S. residue limits for compounds in meat and poultry. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/red98/appendixlc.pdf
Friedman, M.1982. Chemically reactive and unreactive lysine as an index of browning. Diabetes 31:5-14.
Fu, S. X., Johnston M., Fent R. W, Kendall D. C., Usry J. L., Boyd R. D., and Allee G. L.2004. Effect of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, carcass characteristics, and fecal volume in growing finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.82(Suppl.2):80.
Gao C. Q., Q. G Ma, C. Ji, X. G. Lou, H. F. Tang and Y. M. Wei. Evaluation of the compositional and nutritional values of phytase transgenic corn to conventional corn in roosters. Poult. Sci. 91:1142-1148.2012.
Gaines, A., Ratliff B. Srichana P., and Allee G.2006. Use of corn distiller's dried grains and solubles in late nursery pig diets. J. Anim. Sci.84(Suppl.2):120.
Goodwin, T.W.1984. The biochemistry of the carotenoids,2nd Ed., Vol.2. Animals. Chapman & Hall, London.
Greiner, L. Wang L. X., Allee G. and Connor J.2008. The feeding of dry distillers grain with solubles to lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci.86(Suppl.2):63.
Guirguis, N.1975. Evaluating poultry feedstuff's in terms of their metabolizable energy content and chemical composition. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb.15:773-779.
Handelman, GJ., Nightingale, Z.D., Lichtenstein, A.H., Schaefer, E.J., and Blumberg, J.B.1999. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.70:247-251.
Harms, R. H., R. S. Moreno, and B. L. Damron.1969. Evaluation of distiller's dried grain with solubles in diets of laying hens. Poult. Sci.48:1652-1654.
Hassan, A. S., and P. Delpech.1986. Energie metabolisable et digestibilite azotee chez les poulets en croissance:Influence du genotype, de l'age et du regime. Genet. Sel. Evol.18:225-236.
Henry, R.J.1990. Barley quality:an Australian perspective. Asp. Appl. Bio.25:5-14.
Hill, G.M., J. E. Link, M. J. Rincker, D. L. Kirkpatrick, M. L. Gibson, and K. Karges.2008. Utilization of distillers dried grains with solubles and phytase in sow lactationdiets to meet the phosphorus requirement of the sow and reduce fecal phosphorusconcentration. J.Anim. Sci.86:112-118.
Hinson R., Allee G., Grinstead G., Corrigan B., and Less J.2007. Effect of amino acid program (Low vs. High) and dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics. J.Anim. Sci.85(Suppl.1):437.
Hughes, C. W., and Hauges, S. M.1945. Nutritive value of distillers'dried solubles as a source of protein. J. Nutr.30:245-258.
Hurrell, R. F.1983. Maillard reaction in flavour Browning reaction.Dev. Food Sci.3:399-437.
Hurrell, R. F., and K. J. Carpenter.1981. The estimation of available lysine in foodstuffs after Maillard reactions. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci.5:159-176.
Jensen, L.S., Falen, L., and Chang, C.H.1974. Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles on reproduction and liver fat accumulation in laying hens. Poult. Sci.53:5.86-592.
Jung B. and A. Batal.2009 The nutrient digestibility of high-protein corn distillers dried grains and the effect of feeding various levels on the performance of laying hens J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:741-751
Jung, B.Y., Sedlacek, P., and Batal, A.B.2008. Effect of high-protein distillers dried grains at various levels on performance of laying hens. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl.1):28. (Abstr.)
Kalscheur, K.F., Baldwin, R.L., Glenn, B.P., and Kohn, R.A.2006. J. Dairy. Sci.89(1):249-259.
Karrer, P. and Schopp, K.1934. Isolation of lyochrome from egg yolk (Ovoflavin g), Helv. Chim. Acta.17,735.
Kerrer, P. and Jucker, E.1950. Carotenoids. Elsevier publishing company, Inc. New Yolk.
Kim E. J., C. Martinez Amezcua, P. L. Utterback, and C. M. Parsons.2008. Phosphorus bioavailability, true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of high protein corn distillers dried grains and dehydrated Corn Germ. Poult. Sci.87:700-705.
Kim, E. J., C. M. Parsons, R. Srinivasan, and V. Singh.2010. Nutritional composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of new corn distillers dried grains with solubles produced by new fractionation processes. Poult. Sci. 89:44-51
Kittiporn. H.,2009. Effect of different sources and levels of distillers dried grains with solubles on production performance, serum biochemistry, bone parameters, carcass quality, and properties of myofibers of broilers. PhD Diss. Univ. China agriculture, China.
Klasing, K.C, and Austic, R.E.2003. Nutritional diseases. Diseases of poultry,11th ed., pp. 1027-1053. (Y.M. Saif, ed. Ames, IA:Iowa State Press).
Klopfenstein, T.J., and Erickson, GE., and Bremer, V.R.2008. Use of distillers by-products in the beef cattle feeding industry. J. Anim. Sci.86(5):1223-1231.
Kluth, H. and M. Rodehutscord.2010. Effect of the duration of pre-feeding on amino acid digestibility of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler chicken. Poult. Sci.89: 681-687.
Leeson, S., and Caston, L.2004. Enrichment of eggs with lutein. Poult. Sci.83:1709-1712.
Leeson, S., and Summers, J.D.2005. Commercial poultry nutrition,3rd ed, University books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Leeson, S. Diaz, G., and Summers, J.D.1995. Poultry metabolic disorders and mycotoxins. University books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Leske, K.L., Akavanichan, O., Cheng, T.K., and Coon, C.N.1991. Effect of ethanol extract on nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy for soybean-meal with broilers and roosters. Poult. Sci.70(4):892-895.
Leupp J.L. Lardy G.P. Karges K. Gibson M.L. and Caton J.S.2009.Effects of increasing level of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in steers fed seventy percent concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci,87; 2906-2912
Liburn, M. S., and L. S. Jensen.1984. Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles as a feed ingredient for laying hens. Poult. Sci.63:542-547.
Lilburn, M.S., and Jensen, L.S.1984. Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles as a feed ingredient for laying hens. Poult. Sci.63:542-547.
Linneen, S. K., Steidiger M. U., Tokach M. D., DeRouchy J. M., Goodband R.D., Dritz S. S, and Nelssen J. L.2006. Effects ofdried distillers grain with solubles on nursery pig performance. Page 100-102 in Kansas State Univ. Swine Day Rep. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan
Liu. K.,2008. Particle size distribution of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and relationships to compositional and color properties. Biores. Technol.99:8421-8428
Liu, C., Scinngoethe D. J., Stegeman G. A.2000. Cron distillers grains versus a blend of protein supplements with or without ruminally protected atllino acids for lactating cows. Dairy Sci.83:2075-2084.
Loar, R.E., Mayo, K.J., Srinivasan, R. Kidd, M.T., Dozier, W.A., and Corzo, A.2008. Impact of fiber separation on the nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler diets. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl.1):28. (Abstr.)
Loar, R. E., M. W. Schilling, C. D. C. D. Coufal,McDaniel S. F. Rogers, K. Karges and A. Corzo.2010 Effect of dietary inclusion level of distillers dried grains with solubles on layer performance, egg characteristics, and consumer acceptability. J. Appl. Poult. Res.19:30-37
Lumpkins, B.S, and Batal, A.B.2005. The bioavailability of lysine and phosphorus in distiller's dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci.84:581-586.
Lumpkins, B.S, Batal, A.B., and Dale, N.M.2004. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci.83:1891-1896.
Lumpkins, B.S, Batal, A.B., and Dale, N.M.2005. Use of distillers dried grains plus solubles in laying hen diets. J. App. Poult. Res.14:25-31.
Manley, J.M., Voitle, R.A., and Harms, R.H.1978. The influence of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of turkey breeder hens. Poult. Sci.57:726-728.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., and Baker, D.H.2006. Effect of microbial phytase and citric acid on phosphorus bioavailability, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks. Poutl. Sci.85:470-475.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., and Noll, S.L.2004. Content and relative bioavailability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks. Poult. Sci.83:971-976.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., and Parsons, C.M.2007. Effect of increased heat processing and particle size on phosphorus bioavailability on corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci.86: 331-337.
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., Singh, V., Srinivasan, R. and Murthy, G.S.2007. Nutritional characteristics of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as affected by the amount of grains versus solubles and different processing techniques. Poult. Sci.86: 2624-2630.
Masa'deh M. K., S. E. Purdum, and K. J. Hanford.2011. Dried distillers grains with solubles in laying hen diets. Poult. Sci.90:1960-1966.
Matterson, L.D., Tlustohowicz, J.J., and Singsen, E.P.1966. Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in rations for high producing hens. Poult. Sci.45:147-151.
McGinnis, J. and R.J. Evans.1947. Amino acid deficiencies of raw and over-heated soybean oil meal for chicks. J. Nutr.34:725-732.
McNab, J. M. and Blair, J. C.1988. Modified assay for true and apparent metabolisable energy based on tube feeding. Br. Poult. Sci.29,697-707
Moeller, S.M., Jacques, P.F., Blumberg, J.B.2000. The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.19(5):522S-527S.
Morrison, F.B.1954. Feeds and feeding:a handbook for the student and stockman.21th ed. Ithaca. New Yolk. The Morrison Publishing Company.
Nagaraja, K.V., Emery, D.A., Jordan, K.A., Newman, J.A., and Pomeroy, B.S.1983. Scanning electron microscopic studies of adverse effects of ammonia on tracheal tissues of turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res.44:1530-1536.
Nam, K.C., Du, M., Jo, C., and Ahn, D.U.2001. Cholesterol oxidation products in irradiated raw meat with different packaging and storage time. Meat Sci.58:431-435.
National Research Council.1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry.9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
Nichols, J. R., Schingoethe, D. J., Maiga, H..A. Brouk M.J. Piepenbrink M.S.1998. Evaluation of Com Distillers Grains and Rumninally Protected Lysine and Methionme for Lactating Dairy Cows. Dairy Sci.81:482-491.
Noll, S.L., Stangeland, V., Speers, G., Parsons, C, and Brannon, J.2002. Utilization of canola meal and distillers grains with solubles in market turkey diets. Poult. Sci.81 (Suppl.1):92. (Abstr.)
Noll, S.L., Brannon, J., and Stangeland, V.2004. Market tom turkey performance and inclusion level of corn distillers dried grains with soluble. Poult. Sci.83 (Suppl.1):321. (Abstr.)
Noll, S.L., Brannon, J., and Parsons, C.2007. Nutritional value of corn distiller dried grains with solubles (DDGS):influence of solubles addition. Poult. Sci.86 (Suppl.1):68. (Abstr.)
Noll, S.L., Stangeland, V., Speers, G., and Brannon, J.2001. Distillers grains in poultry diets.62nd Minnesota nutrition conference and Minnesota corn growers association technical symposium, Bloomington, MN. September 11-12.
Noll, S.L., and Brannon, J.2008. Response of market turkey toms to diets containing high levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci.87(Suppl):100. (Abstr.)
NRC.1980. The need for a multipurpose cadastre. National Academy Press.Washington, D.C.
NRC.1998. Nutrient requirements of swine.10th rev.ed. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.
Official Journal of the European Union.2003. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Official Journal of the European Union. L 123:42-46.
Olentine, C.1986. Ingredient profile:distillers feed. Proceeding of the distillers feed conference, Cincinnati, OH.41:13-24.
Omland,O.2002. Exposure and respiratory health in farming in temperate zones-a review of the literature. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med.9:119-136.
Oryschak, M., D. Korver, M. Zuidhof, X. Meng and E. Beltranena.2010. Comparative feeding value of extruded and non-extruded wheat and corn distillers grains with solubles for broilers. Poult. Sci.89:2183-2196.
Pahm, A.A., Scherer, C.S., Pettigrew, J.E., Baker, D.H., Parsons, C.M.2009. Standardized amino acid digestibility in cecectomized roosters and lysine bioavailability in chicks fed distillers dried grains with soluble. Poult. Sci.88:571-578.
Parsons, C. M.2006. Nutritional value of DDGS processed using conventional and modified methods for poultry. Pages 90-96 in Proc.4th Mid-Atlantic Nutr. Conf. Timonium, MD. Univ. Maryland,CoIlege Park.
Parsons, C.M., Baker, D.H., and Harter, J.M.1983. Distillers dried grains with solubles as a protein source for the chick. Poult. Sci.62:2445-2451.
Parsons, C.M., K. Hashimoto, K. J. Wedekind, Y. Han, and D.H. Baker.1992. Effect of overprocessing on availability of amino acids and energy in soybean meal. Poult. Sci.71:133-140.
Parsons, C.M., Martinez, C., Singh, V., Radhakrishman, S., and Noll, S.L.2006. Nutritional value of conventional and modified DDGS for poultry. Presented at the multi state poultry nutrition and feeding conference, Indianapolis, IN.
Perez-Vendrell, J., Hernandez, M., Llaurado, L., Schierle, J., and Brufau. J.2001. Influence of source and ratio of xanthophylls pigments on broiler chicken pigmentation and performance. Poult. Sci.80:320-326.
Pineda, L., Roberts, S., Kerr, B., Kwakkel, R. Verstegen, M. and Bregendahl, K.2008. Maximum dietary content of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles in diets for laying hens. Effects on nitrogen balance, manure excretion, egg production, and egg quality. A.S. Leaflet R2334, Iowa State University Animal Industry Report 2008 (AS 654 CD). Iowa State University.
Potter, L.M.1996. Studies with distillers feed in turkey rations. Proceedings of the distinguished feed research council.21:47-51.
Reese, D.E., and Lewis, A.J.1989. Nutrient content of Nebraska corn. Nebraska Cooperation Extension Service EC 89-219, pp.5-7.
Renewable Fuels Association.2011. Industry resources:Co-products. Accessed Mar.2011. http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/industryresources-coproducts.
Ritz, C.W., Fairchild, B.D., and Lacy, M.P.2004. Implications of ammonia production and emissions from commercial poultry facilities:a review. J. Appl. Poult. Res.13:684-692.
Roberson, K.D., Kalbfleisch, J.L., Pan, W., and Charbeneau, R.A.2005. Effect of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles at various levels on performance of laying hens and egg yolk color. Int. J. Poult. Sci.4:44-51.
Roberson, K.D.2003. Use of dried distillers grains with solubles in growing-finishing diets of turkey hens. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.2:389-393.
Roberts, S. A., H. Xin, B. J. Kerr, J. R. Russell, and K. Bregendahl.2007. Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on ammonia emission from laying-hen manure. Poult. Sci. 86:1625-1632.
Roberts, S.A., Xin, H., Kerr, B.J., Russell, J.R., and Bregendahl, K.2007b. Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 86:1716-1725.
Rochell S. J., B. J. Kerr, and W. A. Dozier.2011 Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poult. Sci.90:1999-2007
Romanoff, A.L. and Romanoff, A.J.,1949. Chemical Composition in The Avian Egg, John Wiley & Sons, New York, P311.
Romero C., M. E. Abdallh, W. Powers, R. Angel, T. J. Applegate 2012 Effect of dietary adipic acid and corn dried distillers grains with solubles on laying hen performance and nitrogen loss from stored excreta with or without sodium bisulfate
Poult. Sci.91:1149-1157
Rosentrater, K. A.2005. Expanding the role of systems modeling:considering byproduct generation from biofuel production. Ecol. Soc.11(1):r2. [online] URL:http://www.ecology andsociety.org/vo111/iss1/resp2/
Rosentrater, K. A.,2006. Some physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Appl. Eng. Agric.22:589-595.
Roush, W. B.1981. T 159 calculator program for Haugh unit calculation Poult. Sci.60:1086-1088.
Salim, H.M., Kruk, Z.A., and Lee, B.D.2010. Nutritive value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as an ingredient of poultry diets:a review. World's Poult. Sci. J.66:411-432.
SAS Institute.2003. SAS User's Guide:Statistics. Version.9.1 ed. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Scheideler, S.E., Masa'dah, H., and Roberson, K.2008. Dried distillers grains with solubles in laying hens ration and notes about mycotoxins in DDGS. International pre-show nutrition symposium, Midwest Poultry Federation Convention, March 18-20, St. Paul, MN.
Shalash, S. M. M., El-Wafa, S. A., Hassan, R. A., Ramadan, N. A., Mohamed, M.S., and EI Gabry, H.E.2010. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as feed ingredient in laying hen diets. Int. J. Poult. Sci.9(6):537-545.
Shaw, G.M., Carmichael, S.L., Yang, W., Selvin, S., Schaffer, D.M.2004. Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspring. Am. J. Epid.160 (2): 102-109.
Sibbald, I. R.1976. A bioassay for ture metabolisable energy in feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci. 55:303-308.
Sibbald, I. R.1986. The T.M.E. system of feed evaluation:Methodology, feed consumption data and bibliography. Tech. Bull.1986-4E. Agric. Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Sibbald, I. R., J. Czarecki, S. J. Slinger, and G.C. Ashton.1963. The prediction of metabolizable energy content of poultry feeding stuffs from a knowledge of their chemical composition. Poult. Sci.42:486-492.
Singh, V., D. B. Johnston, K. Naidu, K. D. Rausch, R. L. Belyea, and M. E. Tumbleson,2005. Comparison of modified dry-grind corn processes for fermentation characteristics and DDGS composition. Cereal Chem.82:187-190.
Sloan, H.J.1941. The use of distillers'by-products in poultry rations. Poult. Sci.20:83-96.
Song, M., S. K. Baidoo, G.C. Shurson, M. H. Whitney, L. J. Johnston, and D. D.Gallaher.2010. Dietary effects of dried distiller's grains with solubles on performance of lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci.88:3313-3319.
Spiehs, M.J., Whitney, M.H., and Shurson, GC.2002. Nutrient database for distiller's dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2639-2645
Stalcup,B.L.2005. Attack aflatioxin. Corn and Soybean.10:125-128
Stein, H.2009. Energy and nutrient digestibility in four sources of distillers dried grains with solubles produced from corn grown within a narrow geographical area and fed to growing pigs. Asi-Aust J. Anim. Sci.22(7):1011-1016.
Stein, H.H., and Shurson, G.C.2009. The use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci.87:1292-1303.
Stein, H.H., Gibson, M.L., Pedersen, C., and Boersma, M.G.2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci.84:853-860.
Sun.H., E. J. Lee, H. Samaraweera, M. Persia, H. S. Ragheb and Dong. U. Ahn.2012 Effects of increasing concentrations of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on the egg production and internal quality of eggs. Poult. Sci.91:3236-3246.
Swiatkiewicz, S. and Koreleski, J.2006. Effect of maize distillers dried grains with soluble and dietary enzyme supplementation on the performance of laying hens. J. Anim. Feed. Sci.5: 252-260.
SWIATKIEWICZ, S. and KORELESKI, J. (2006b) Evaluation of nutritional value of rye distillers dried grains with solubles for laying hens. Polish Journal of Natural Science suppl.3: 541-547.
Swiatkiewicz, S., and Koreleski, J.2007. Medycyna Weterynaryjna.63(1):99-103. Thacker, P.A., and Widyaratne, G.P.2007. Nutritional value of diets containing graded levels of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to broiler chicks. J. Sci. Food. Agi.87:1386-1390.
Thacker, P.A.2006. Nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing dried wheat distillers grains with solubles. Can. J. Anim. Sci.86: 527-529.
The third China DDGS conference.2012. Industry resources:Co-products.http:// www.foodchina.com.cn/fcc_website/ad/2012ddgs/2012ddgs-home.html.Accessed July 2012.
Tsang, S.T.L., and Schaible, P.J. 1960. The value of corn fermentation soluble in poultry nutrition. Poult. Sci.39:251-257.
Underwood, E.J., and Suttle, N.S.1999. The mineral nutrition of livestock.3rd(Eds), pp.614, New Yolk, CABI Publishing.
United Nations Environment Programme. Towards sustainable production and use of resources: assessing biofuels.,2009-10-24. http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf
University of Minnesota. Department of Animal Science.2008a. Overview. Distillers Grains By-Products in Livestock and Poultry Feeds Web site, [online] URL:http://www.ddgs.umn. edu/overview.htm (accessed May 13,2008).
University of Minnesota.2008b. "Proximate Analysis of Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). Nutrient Profiles—Comparison Tables. Distillers Grains By-Products in Livestock and Poultry Feeds Web site, [online] URL:http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/profiles/us-profile%20comparison%20tables%20July%202008.pdf (accessed September 2,2008).
U.S. Grains Council.2008. DDGS User Handbook, [online] URL:http://www.grains.org/galleries/ DDGS%20User%20Handbook/DDGS%20Handbook%20FULL.pdf (accessed June 17, 2008).
Waldo G., O. Nuez and P. Q. Yu.2009. Nutrient variation and availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants. J. Sci. Food Agric.89:1754-1761
Waldroup, P.W., Owen, J.A., Ramsey, B.E., and Whelchel, D.L.1981. The use of high levels of distillers dried grains plus solubles in broiler diets. Poult. Sci.60:1479-1484.
Waldroup, P.W., Wang, Z., Coto, C., Cerrate, S. and Yan, F.2007. Development of a standardized nutrient matrix for corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6:478-783.
Wang, Z., Cerrate, S., Coto, C., Yan, F., and Waldroup, P.W.2007a. Effect of rapid and multiple changes in level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets on performance and carcass characteristics. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6:725-731.
Wang, Z., Cerrate, S., Coto, C, Yan, F., and Waldroup, P.W.2007b. Use of constant or increasing levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6: 501-507.
Wang, Z., Cerrate, S., Coto, C., Yan, F., and Waldroup, P.W.2007c. Utilization of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets using a standardized nutrient matrix. Inter. J. Poult. Sci.6:470-477.
Warnick, R.E., and Anderson, J.O.1968. Limiting essential amino acid in soybean meal for growing chickens and effects of heat upon availability of essential amino acids. Poult. Sci. 47:281-288.
Weigel, J.C., Loy, D., and Kilmer, L.1997. Feed co-products of the dry corn milling process. Renewable fuels association and national corn growers association. Washington, D.C. and St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Weimer D., Stevens J. A, Schinckel, M. Latour, and Richert B.2008. Effects of feeding increasing levels of distillers dried grains with solubles to grow-finish pigs on growth performance and carcass quality. J. Anim. Sci.86(Suppl.2):51.
Whitney, M.H., Shurson, G.C., and Guedes, R.C.2006. Effect of including distillers dried grains with solubles in the diet, with or without antimicrobial regimen, on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge. J. Anim. Sci.84:1870-1879.
Whitney, M.H., and Shurson G.C.2004. Growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant. J. Anim. Sci.82:122-128.
Worldwatch Institute and Center for American Progress.2006. American energy:The renewable path to energy security.
Wu-Haan W., W. Powers, R. Angel and T. J. Applegate.2010 The use of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a feed ingredient on air emissions and performance from laying hens Poult. Sci.89:1355-1359.
Xu, X., Gammon, M.D., Zeisel, S.H.2008. Choline metabolism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based study. FASEB J.22 (6):2045-52.
Xu, X., Gammon, M.D., Zeisel, S.H.2009. High intakes of choline and betaine reduce breast cancer mortality in a population-based study. FASEB J.23 (11):4022-4028.