国产不同生产工艺玉米DDGS生长猪能量与氨基酸消化率研究
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摘要
本论文通过对国产玉米酒糟(distillers dried grains with solubles, DDGS)进行生产实地调研、营养成分化学分析及动物试验,得到其猪有效能和氨基酸消化率的实测值,建立以DDGS营养成分与有效能值及氨基酸消化率动态预测方程,填补和完善了猪饲料原料数据库,为准确快速配制猪饲料提供理论数据和方程。本研究对中国玉米DDGS生产现状及生产工艺进行实地参观调研,从动物营养学角度综合考虑玉米DDGS不同生产工艺、地域、规模、设备等因素采集共计30个玉米DDGS样品,共进行营养成分测定,生长猪消化能和代谢能测定,氨基酸消化率测定,净能测定及消化能代谢能预测方程验证4个试验。试验一比较了25种玉米DDGS的营养组成及其变异,结果表明,粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维等常规指标,氨基酸中赖氨酸、色氨酸等,色度中的红度(a*)和黄度(b*)的变异系数均大于10%,且大多指标与其对应生产工艺密切相关。试验二选用78头三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪(初始体重为42.6±6.2kg),采用全收粪尿法对25种玉米DDGS进行连续2期(n=6)消化代谢试验,得到其消化能和代谢能值,并建立回归预测方程。结果表明,DDGS生长猪的消化能和代谢能与其生产工艺密切相关。25种玉米DDGS可粗略划分为全油和提油两类,也可细分为普通全油、加皮全油、部分提油、部分去胚芽粕提油和普通提油5类,其平均消化能和平均代谢能分别为3,838、3,307、3,955、3,913、3,464kcal/kg(干物质基础)和3,641、3,092、3,798、3,830、3,216kcal/kg(干物质基础)。同时发现,提油工艺导致DDGS油脂含量的明显差异,并对全油和提油两类玉米DDGS的化学组成及消化能和代谢能有较大影响。因此,分别对全部DDGS(全类)和全油、提油两类DDGS分别建立回归方程并进行比较,发现全油类和提油类方程的预测效果较全类方程更佳。全类、全油类和提油类DDGS消化能最优方程(干物质基础)分别为：DE=1,874-(21.35×%NDF)+(0.65×%GE)-(99.84×%CF)[R2=0.86,SE=99.94],DE=-643-(94.52x%CF)+(1.14×%GE)-(22.89×%NDF)[R2=0.83,SE=112.79]和DE=4,338-(36.75×%NDF)+(32.99×%CP)-(67.10×%CF)[R2=0.95,SE=62.08]。全类、全油类和提油类DDGS代谢能最优方程(干物质基础)分别为：ME=1,463-(32.43×%NDF)+(0.79×%GE)-(54.52×%ash)-(68.82×%CF)[R2=0.87,SE=115.09],ME=7,898-(42.08×%NDF)-(136.17×%ash)+(101.19×%EE)-(103.83×%CP)[R2=0.90,SE=100.70]和ME=4,066-(46.30×%NDF)+(45.80×%CP)-(106.19×%ash)[R2=0.94,SE=86.20]。试验三选用12头三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪(初始体重为29.6±2.3kg),采用6×6双拉丁方设计,每个拉丁方包含1种无氮日粮和5种玉米DDGS试验日粮。以无氮日粮测定内源粗蛋白质与氨基酸损失,以三氧化二铬为指示剂,玉米DDGS(占日粮比例为62%)作为唯一的蛋白质和氨基酸来源配制试验日粮,测定了10种玉米DDGS粗蛋白质和氨基酸表观和标准回肠末端消化率,并建立氨基酸消化率的预测方程。结果表明,10种玉米DDGS之间,除苏氨酸和甘氨酸外,其余的氨基酸及粗蛋白质的表观及标准回肠末端消化率有显著差异(P<0.05),4种普通全油DDGS的表观及标准氨基酸消化率显著高于4种普通提油DDGS(P<0.01),部分提油和去部分胚芽粕提油DDGS的氨基酸消化率介于普通全油和普通提油DDGS之间。试验四选用12头三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪(初始体重为37.1±4.7kg),通过开放式呼吸测热装置,采用全收粪尿法对新选取的5种玉米DDGS进行连续6期(n=6)消化代谢试验,得到其消化能、代谢能、净能值及净能预测方程,并通过新测得的消化能与代谢能值对试验二得到的预测方程进行验证与分析。结果表明,普通全油类比普通提油类DDGS的净能值高约450kcal/kgDM,而与部分提油DDGS净能值基本相当。生长猪玉米DDGS净能最优预测方程为：NE(kcal/kgDM)=-740.49-%43.82×CF+161.98×%ash+0.765×DE(R2=1.00,RSD=1.25)通过将试验四测定的5种玉米DDGS消化能与代谢能值,与试验二得到的预测方程代入值对比,发现对提油类DDGS的预测效果优于全油类DDGS。综上所述,国产玉米DDGS的营养成分、有效能值和氨基酸消化率均存在较大变异,与其生产工艺密切相关。本研究结合DDGS的生产工艺进行了分类研究,得到玉米DDGS化学成分、有效能和氨基酸消化率较为精准的静态分类值和动态预测方程,为其在猪营养领域的高效利用提供了理论依据和参考数据。
In this study, we want to find the relationship between processing and available energy and amino acids quality of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Exp.1and2, the study was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of25samples of corn dried distillers grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs and to generate prediction equations for DE and ME based on chemical analysis. The25corn DDGS samples included15full-oil (no oil extracted) DDGS and10de-oiled (oil extracted) DDGS collected from17ethanol plants in China. A corn-soybean meal diet constituted the basal diet and the other25diets replaced a portion of the corn, soybean meal and lysine of the basal diet with28.8%of one of the25corn DDGS. Seventy-eight barrows (Duroc×Large White×Landrace, initial BW=42.6±6.2kg) were used in the experiment conducted over2consecutive periods (n=6) using a randomized complete design. Based on EE content and processing, the25samples were divided into full-oil and de-oiled DDGS classes. Using a stepwise regression analysis, a series of DE and ME prediction equations were developed not only among the25DDGS but also within the15full-oil DDGS and10de-oiled DDGS samples. The best fit equations of DE (kcal/kg DM) for the complete set of25DDGS,15full-oil DDGS and10de-oiled DDGS were DE=1,874-(21.35×%NDF)+(0.65×%GE)-(99.84×%CF)[R2=0.86, SE=99.94], DE=-643-(94.52×%CF)+(1.14×%GE)-(22.89×%NDF)[R2=0.83, SE=112.79] and DE=4,338-(36.75×%NDF)+(32.99×%CP)-(67.10×%CF)[R2=0.95, SE=62.08]. The best fit equations for ME (kcal/kg DM) for the complete set of25DDGS,15full-oil DDGS and10de-oiled DDGS were ME=1,463-(32.43×%NDF)+(0.79×%GE)-(54.52×%ash)-(68.82×%CF)[R2=0.87, SE=115.09], ME=7,898-(42.08×%NDF)-(136.17×%ash)+(101.19×%EE)-(103.83×%CP)[R2=0.90, SE=100.70] and ME=4,066-(46.30×%NDF)+(45.80×%CP)-(106.19×%ash)[R2=0.94, SE=86.20]. Using the sum of squared residuals (Q) to compare the accuracy of the3groups of prediction equations, it was found that equations for full-oil DDGS and de-oiled DDGS were better than those based on the entire set of DDGS and should be used when it was possible to partition the sample set. Exp.3, the experiment was to determine and compare the digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in full-oil DDGS and de-oiled DDGS and with different condensed distillers solubles (CDS) ratios.12barrows (Duroc×Large White×Landrace, initial BW=29.6±2.3kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into two6×6Latin square designs. Each period comprised a5-d adaption period followed by a2-d collection of ileal digesta. The five test diets contained62%DDGS as the sole source of AA. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. The results showed that SID CP and SID AA of full-oil DDGS were higher (P<0.01) than the de-oiled DDGS, but the partly de-oiled DDGS and partly germ meal DDGS had no difference with the full-oil DDGS. In exp.4, Twelve barrows (Duroc x Large White x Landrace, initial BW=37.1±4.7kg) were used to determine the net energy (NE) value of5corn DDGS, and establish prediction equations for NE content of ingredients. Pigs received one corn-soybean meal basal diet and five experimental diets containing5different DDGS, respectively. Measurements were conducted on6pigs per experimental diets. The average NE values for the5DDGS were2,733,2,935,2,803,2,446and2,317kcal/kg DM, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis performed by the chemical composition and the NE value of the ingredients, the NE values could be accurately predicted from the chemical characteristics. The best fit equations were as follows:NE (kcal/kg DM)=-740-(43.82×%CF)+(161.98×%ash)+(0.765×DE), with R2=1.00, residual standard deviation (RSD)=1.25, and P<0.01. Exp.4also test and verified the prediction equations made in exp.2using the new5DDGS, the results showed that it's good for predict the de-oiled DDGS, but not very well for the full-oil DDGS. Above all, the corn DDGS produced in China had big variations in chemical composition, DE and ME and NE, SID values of CP and amino acids, but be classified by their processing and do experiments, it was better to achieve more accurate data and predictions.
In this study, we want to find the relationship between processing and available energy and amino acids quality of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Exp.1and2, the study was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of25samples of corn dried distillers grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs and to generate prediction equations for DE and ME based on chemical analysis. The25corn DDGS samples included15full-oil (no oil extracted) DDGS and10de-oiled (oil extracted) DDGS collected from17ethanol plants in China. A corn-soybean meal diet constituted the basal diet and the other25diets replaced a portion of the corn, soybean meal and lysine of the basal diet with28.8%of one of the25corn DDGS. Seventy-eight barrows (Duroc×Large White×Landrace, initial BW=42.6±6.2kg) were used in the experiment conducted over2consecutive periods (n=6) using a randomized complete design. Based on EE content and processing, the25samples were divided into full-oil and de-oiled DDGS classes. Using a stepwise regression analysis, a series of DE and ME prediction equations were developed not only among the25DDGS but also within the15full-oil DDGS and10de-oiled DDGS samples. The best fit equations of DE (kcal/kg DM) for the complete set of25DDGS,15full-oil DDGS and10de-oiled DDGS were DE=1,874-(21.35×%NDF)+(0.65×%GE)-(99.84×%CF)[R2=0.86, SE=99.94], DE=-643-(94.52×%CF)+(1.14×%GE)-(22.89×%NDF)[R2=0.83, SE=112.79] and DE=4,338-(36.75×%NDF)+(32.99×%CP)-(67.10×%CF)[R2=0.95, SE=62.08]. The best fit equations for ME (kcal/kg DM) for the complete set of25DDGS,15full-oil DDGS and10de-oiled DDGS were ME=1,463-(32.43×%NDF)+(0.79×%GE)-(54.52×%ash)-(68.82×%CF)[R2=0.87, SE=115.09], ME=7,898-(42.08×%NDF)-(136.17×%ash)+(101.19×%EE)-(103.83×%CP)[R2=0.90, SE=100.70] and ME=4,066-(46.30×%NDF)+(45.80×%CP)-(106.19×%ash)[R2=0.94, SE=86.20]. Using the sum of squared residuals (Q) to compare the accuracy of the3groups of prediction equations, it was found that equations for full-oil DDGS and de-oiled DDGS were better than those based on the entire set of DDGS and should be used when it was possible to partition the sample set. Exp.3, the experiment was to determine and compare the digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in full-oil DDGS and de-oiled DDGS and with different condensed distillers solubles (CDS) ratios.12barrows (Duroc×Large White×Landrace, initial BW=29.6±2.3kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into two6×6Latin square designs. Each period comprised a5-d adaption period followed by a2-d collection of ileal digesta. The five test diets contained62%DDGS as the sole source of AA. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. The results showed that SID CP and SID AA of full-oil DDGS were higher (P<0.01) than the de-oiled DDGS, but the partly de-oiled DDGS and partly germ meal DDGS had no difference with the full-oil DDGS. In exp.4, Twelve barrows (Duroc x Large White x Landrace, initial BW=37.1±4.7kg) were used to determine the net energy (NE) value of5corn DDGS, and establish prediction equations for NE content of ingredients. Pigs received one corn-soybean meal basal diet and five experimental diets containing5different DDGS, respectively. Measurements were conducted on6pigs per experimental diets. The average NE values for the5DDGS were2,733,2,935,2,803,2,446and2,317kcal/kg DM, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis performed by the chemical composition and the NE value of the ingredients, the NE values could be accurately predicted from the chemical characteristics. The best fit equations were as follows:NE (kcal/kg DM)=-740-(43.82×%CF)+(161.98×%ash)+(0.765×DE), with R2=1.00, residual standard deviation (RSD)=1.25, and P<0.01. Exp.4also test and verified the prediction equations made in exp.2using the new5DDGS, the results showed that it's good for predict the de-oiled DDGS, but not very well for the full-oil DDGS. Above all, the corn DDGS produced in China had big variations in chemical composition, DE and ME and NE, SID values of CP and amino acids, but be classified by their processing and do experiments, it was better to achieve more accurate data and predictions.
引文
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Le Goff G., Noblet J. Comparative total tract digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients in growing pigs and adult sows. Journal of Animal Science,2001.79(9):2418-2427.
Lenis N. P., Bikker P., van der Meulen J., et al. Effect of dietary neutral detergent fiber on ileal digestibility and portal flux of nitrogen and amino acids and on nitrogen utilization in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,1996.74(11):2687-2699.
Liu K., Han J. Changes in mineral concentrations and phosphorus profile during dry-grind processing of corn into ethanol. Bioresource Technology,2011.102(3):3110-3118.
Liu K. Chemical composition of distillers grains, a review. J Agric Food Chem,2011.59(5):1508-1526.
Livingstone R. M., Livingston D. M. S. A note on the use of distillers'by-products in diets for growing pigs. Animal Science,1969.11(02):259-261.
Martinez-Amezcua C., Parsons C. M., Singh V., et al. Nutritional characteristics of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as affected by the amounts of grains versus solubles and different processing techniques. Poult Sci,2007.86(12):2624-2630.
Mendoza O. F. Development of equations to predict the metabolizable energy content of distillers dried grians with soluble (DDGS) samples from a wide variety of sources. Journal of Animal Science, 2010.88 (E-Suppl.3):54.
Morgan C. A., Whittemore C. T., Phillips P., et al. The prediction of the energy value of compounded pig foods from chemical analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology,1987.17(2):81-107.
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NRC. NRC.2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine,11th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nuez Ortin W. G., Yu P. Nutrient variation and availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2009. 89(10):1754-1761.
Pahm A. A., Pedersen C., Hoehler D., et al. Factors affecting the variability in Deal amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2008.86(9):2180-2189.
Pahm A. A., Pedersen C., Stein H. H. Application of the Reactive Lysine Procedure To Estimate Lysine Digestibility in Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Fed to Growing Pigs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008.56(20):9441-9446.
Park C. S., Son A. R., Kim B. G. Prediction of gross energy and digestible energy in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2012.90(Supplement 4):221-223.
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Rojas O. J., Liu Y., Stein H. H. Phosphorus digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2013.91(11):5326-5335.
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Song R., Shurson G. C. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation level in corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Journal of Animal Science,2013.91:4383-4388.
Spiehs M. J., Whitney M. H., Shurson G. C. Nutrient database for distiller's dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science, 2002.80(10):2639-2645.
Stein H. H., Gibson M. L., Pedersen C., et al Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of distillers dried grain with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2006. 84(4):853-860.
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Weber T. E., Trabue S. L., Ziemer C. J., et al. Evaluation of elevated dietary corn fiber from corn germ meal in growing female pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2010.88(1):192-201.
Widmer M. R., McGinnis L. M., Stein H. H. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2007.85(11):2994-3003.
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Kingsly A. R. P., Ileleji K. E., Clementson C. L., et al. The effect of process variables during drying on the physical and chemical characteristics of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-Plant scale experiments. Bioresource Technology,2010.101(1):193-199.
Le Goff G., Noblet J. Comparative total tract digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients in growing pigs and adult sows. Journal of Animal Science,2001.79(9):2418-2427.
Lenis N. P., Bikker P., van der Meulen J., et al. Effect of dietary neutral detergent fiber on ileal digestibility and portal flux of nitrogen and amino acids and on nitrogen utilization in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,1996.74(11):2687-2699.
Liu K., Han J. Changes in mineral concentrations and phosphorus profile during dry-grind processing of corn into ethanol. Bioresource Technology,2011.102(3):3110-3118.
Liu K. Chemical composition of distillers grains, a review. J Agric Food Chem,2011.59(5):1508-1526.
Livingstone R. M., Livingston D. M. S. A note on the use of distillers'by-products in diets for growing pigs. Animal Science,1969.11(02):259-261.
Martinez-Amezcua C., Parsons C. M., Singh V., et al. Nutritional characteristics of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as affected by the amounts of grains versus solubles and different processing techniques. Poult Sci,2007.86(12):2624-2630.
Mendoza O. F. Development of equations to predict the metabolizable energy content of distillers dried grians with soluble (DDGS) samples from a wide variety of sources. Journal of Animal Science, 2010.88 (E-Suppl.3):54.
Morgan C. A., Whittemore C. T., Phillips P., et al. The prediction of the energy value of compounded pig foods from chemical analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology,1987.17(2):81-107.
Noblet J., Fortune H., Shi X. S., et al. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,1994.72(2):344-354.
Noblet J., Le Goff G. Effect of dietary fibre on the energy value of feeds for pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology,2001.90(1-2):35-52.
Noblet J., Perez J. M. Prediction of digestibility of nutrients and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis. J Anim Sci,1993.71:3389-3398.
Noblet J., van Milgen J. Energy value of pig feeds:Effect of pig body weight and energy evaluation system. Journal of Animal Science,2004.82(13 suppl):E229-E238.
NRC. NRC.2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine,11th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nuez Ortin W. G., Yu P. Nutrient variation and availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2009. 89(10):1754-1761.
Pahm A. A., Pedersen C., Hoehler D., et al. Factors affecting the variability in Deal amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2008.86(9):2180-2189.
Pahm A. A., Pedersen C., Stein H. H. Application of the Reactive Lysine Procedure To Estimate Lysine Digestibility in Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Fed to Growing Pigs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008.56(20):9441-9446.
Park C. S., Son A. R., Kim B. G. Prediction of gross energy and digestible energy in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2012.90(Supplement 4):221-223.
Pedersen C., Boersma M. G., Stein H. H. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2007. 85(5):1168-1176.
Powers W. J., van Horn H. H., Harris Jr. B., et al. Effects of Variable Sources of Distillers Dried Grains Plus Solubles on Milk Yield and Composition. Journal of Dairy Science,1995.78(2):388-396.
Powles J., Wiseman J., Cole D. J. A., et al Prediction of the apparent digestible energy value of fats given to pigs. Animal Science,1995.61(01):149-154.
Ren P., Zhu Z. P., Dong B., et al. Determination of energy and amino acid digestibility in growing pigs fed corn distillers' dried grains with solubles containing different lipid levels. Archives of Animal Nutrition,2011.65(4):303-319.
Rojas O. J., Liu Y., Stein H. H. Phosphorus digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2013.91(11):5326-5335.
Schulze H., van Leeuwen P., Verstegen M. W., et al. Effect of level of dietary neutral detergent fiber on ileal apparent digestibility and ileal nitrogen losses in pigs. Journal of Animal Science,1994. 72(9):2362-2368.
Soares J. A., Stein H. H., Singh V., et al. Amino acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles, liquid condensed solubles, pulse dried thin stillage, and syrup balls fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2012. (90):1255-1261.
Song R., Shurson G. C. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation level in corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Journal of Animal Science,2013.91:4383-4388.
Spiehs M. J., Whitney M. H., Shurson G. C. Nutrient database for distiller's dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science, 2002.80(10):2639-2645.
Stein H. H., Gibson M. L., Pedersen C., et al Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of distillers dried grain with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2006. 84(4):853-860.
Stein H. H., Seve B., Fuller M. F., et al. Invited review:Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients:Terminology and application. Journal of Animal Science,2007. 85(1):172-180.
Stein H. H., Shipley C. F., Easter R. A. Technical note:a technique for inserting a T-cannula into the distal ileum of pregnant sows. Journal of Animal Science,1998.76(5):1433-1436.
Stein H. H., Shurson G. C. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW:The use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets. Journal of Animal Science,2009.87(4):1292-1303.
Stein H. H. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus,2007.1:6.
Stein H. H., Connot S. P., Pedersen C. Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Four Sources of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Produced from Corn Grown within a Narrow Geographical Area and Fed to Growing Pigs. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences,2009.22(7):1016-1025.
Urriola P. E., Hoehler D., Pedersen C., et al. Amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles, produced from sorghum, a sorghum-corn blend, and corn fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2009.87(8):2574-2580.
Urriola P. E., Johnston L. J., Stein H. H., et al. Prediction of the concentration of standardized ileal digestible amino acids in distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of Animal Science,2013. 91(9):4389-4396.
Weber T. E., Trabue S. L., Ziemer C. J., et al. Evaluation of elevated dietary corn fiber from corn germ meal in growing female pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2010.88(1):192-201.
Widmer M. R., McGinnis L. M., Stein H. H. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2007.85(11):2994-3003.
Xue P. C., B. Dong, J. J. Zang, et al. Energy and standardized ileal amino acid digestibilities of Chinese distillers dried grains, produced from different regions and grains fed to growing pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.,2012.25(1):104-113.