合成孔径雷达成像技术研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar，简称SAR)是五十年代发展起来的一种新型雷达体制，它利用合成孔径原理，突破了实孔径天线对分辨率的限制，并结合脉冲压缩技术，可以对远距离目标进行距离向和方位向两维高分辨成像。SAR能全天候、全天时地提供高分辨率的雷达图像。SAR成像已经广泛应用于军事及国民经济的许多领域。
本文研究合成孔径雷达的成像算法。论文对SAR的空间几何模型进行了分析，详细推导了SAR的距离多普勒算法、ω-k算法、Chirp Scaling算法和阶梯变换算法，并分析了各种算法的成像性能。论文主要内容概括为：
论文介绍了SAR的发展历史、现状和趋势，讲述了SAR成像算法的发展概况，分析了SAR的基本原理，包括SAR分辨特性，回波数据和回波信号的数学模型，成像处理方法以及距离徙动。
论文给出了SAR的四种距离模型，然后根据四种距离模型推导出四种RD算法、四种ω-k算法和两种CS算法，首次提出了等效斜视RD算法和单色斜视ω-k算法，最后对各种算法的性能进行了分析。
论文论述了SPECAN算法，然后针对SPECAN算法的缺陷，分析了阶梯变换算法的原理，接着详细讲解了一种适合大斜视成像的改进阶梯变换算法，即时变阶梯变换算法，最后对时变阶梯变换算法进行了仿真。
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a new type of radar system developed since 1950's.With the principle of synthetic aperture and the pulse compression technology, it breaksthrough the resolution limitation imposed by the real aperture and two-dimensional highresolution to distant targets can be realized. SAR has evolved to satisfy a variety ofapplications for both civilian and military with its high resolution capability and possibilityof day and night operation in all weather.
This thesis focused on the imaging algorithms of SAR. First, we make researches onthe imaging geographical model of SAR, and then the Range Doppler algorithm, theω-kalgorithm, the Chirp Scaling algorithm and the Step Transform algorithm are analyzedcarefully in theory. The performances of different imaging algorithms are studied. The maincontents of the thesis are described as following:
The history, the present and the future of SAR is provided and the history of SARimaging algorithms is discussed. Then we introduced the basic principle of SAR whichincludes: the resolution theory, the mathematics model of the echo data and the echo signal,the imaging methods and the range migration.
Four range models are given, and four RD algorithms, fourω-k algorithms, two CSalgorithms are presented with the four models. Equivalent squint RD algorithm andmonochromatic squintω-k algorithm are provided by the author for the first time.Finally, the performances of these imaging algorithms are analyzed.
SPECAN algorithm is introduced. Then we discuss the Step Transform algorithmwhich can modify the deficiency of the SPECAN algorithm. Finally, the time varying StepTransform algorithm is presented which can accommodate to the high squint SAR imagingand its simulation is given.
本文研究合成孔径雷达的成像算法。论文对SAR的空间几何模型进行了分析，详细推导了SAR的距离多普勒算法、ω-k算法、Chirp Scaling算法和阶梯变换算法，并分析了各种算法的成像性能。论文主要内容概括为：
论文介绍了SAR的发展历史、现状和趋势，讲述了SAR成像算法的发展概况，分析了SAR的基本原理，包括SAR分辨特性，回波数据和回波信号的数学模型，成像处理方法以及距离徙动。
论文给出了SAR的四种距离模型，然后根据四种距离模型推导出四种RD算法、四种ω-k算法和两种CS算法，首次提出了等效斜视RD算法和单色斜视ω-k算法，最后对各种算法的性能进行了分析。
论文论述了SPECAN算法，然后针对SPECAN算法的缺陷，分析了阶梯变换算法的原理，接着详细讲解了一种适合大斜视成像的改进阶梯变换算法，即时变阶梯变换算法，最后对时变阶梯变换算法进行了仿真。
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a new type of radar system developed since 1950's.With the principle of synthetic aperture and the pulse compression technology, it breaksthrough the resolution limitation imposed by the real aperture and two-dimensional highresolution to distant targets can be realized. SAR has evolved to satisfy a variety ofapplications for both civilian and military with its high resolution capability and possibilityof day and night operation in all weather.
This thesis focused on the imaging algorithms of SAR. First, we make researches onthe imaging geographical model of SAR, and then the Range Doppler algorithm, theω-kalgorithm, the Chirp Scaling algorithm and the Step Transform algorithm are analyzedcarefully in theory. The performances of different imaging algorithms are studied. The maincontents of the thesis are described as following:
The history, the present and the future of SAR is provided and the history of SARimaging algorithms is discussed. Then we introduced the basic principle of SAR whichincludes: the resolution theory, the mathematics model of the echo data and the echo signal,the imaging methods and the range migration.
Four range models are given, and four RD algorithms, fourω-k algorithms, two CSalgorithms are presented with the four models. Equivalent squint RD algorithm andmonochromatic squintω-k algorithm are provided by the author for the first time.Finally, the performances of these imaging algorithms are analyzed.
SPECAN algorithm is introduced. Then we discuss the Step Transform algorithmwhich can modify the deficiency of the SPECAN algorithm. Finally, the time varying StepTransform algorithm is presented which can accommodate to the high squint SAR imagingand its simulation is given.
引文
[1] 张澄波，综合孔径雷达原理、系统分析与应用，科学出版社，1989
[2] 刘永坦，雷达成像技术，哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1999
[3] 袁孝康，星载合成孔径雷达导论，国防工业出版社，2003
[4] 魏钟铨，合成孔径雷达卫星，科学出版社，2001
[5] John C.Curlander, Robert N.McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems and Signal Processing, 1991
[6] 禹卫东，合成孔径雷达信号处理研究，南京航空航天大学博士学位论文，1997
[7] 张润宁，星载合成孔径雷达的几个发展方向，航天器工程，Vol．9，No．2，2000．6，18-23
[8] C.Y.Chang, M.Jin, J.C.Curlander, Squint Mode SAR Processing Algorithms, IGARSS, 1989, 1702-1706
[9] Yulong Shao, Zhaoda Zhu, Squint Mode Airborne SAR Processing Using RD Algorithm, IEEE, 1997, 1024-1029
[10] C.Cafforio, C.Prati, F.Rocca, SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration Techniques, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.27, No.2, 1991.5, 194-207
[11] R.Bamler, A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wave-number domain SAR Focusing Algotithm, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.30, No.4, 1992.7, 706-713
[12] T.E.Scheuer, F.H.Wong, Comparison of SAR Processors Based on a Wave Equation Formulation, IGARSS, 1991, 635-639
[13] R.K.Raney, H.Runge, R.Bamler, I.G.Cumming, EH.Wong, Precision SAR Processing UsingChirpScaling, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.32, No.4, 1994.7, 786-799
[14] H.Runge, R.Bamler, A Novel High Precision SAR Focussing Algorithm Based On Cbirp Scaling, IGARSS, 1992, 372-375
[15] A.Moreira, J.Mittermayer, R.Scheiber, Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Air-and Spaceborne SAR Data Processing in Stripmap and ScanSAR Imaging Modes, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.34, No.5, 1996.9, 1123-1136
[16] G.W.Davidson, I.G.Cumming, M.R.Ito, A Chirp Scaling Approch for Processing Squint Mode SAR Data, IEEE, Trans. AES, Vol.32, No.1, 1996.1, 121-133
[17] G.Franceschetti, R.Lanari, E.S.Marzouk, Efficent and High Precision Space-Variant Processing of SAR Data, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.31, No.1, 1995.1, 227-237
[18] Mittermayer, A.Moreira, A Spotlight SAR data processing using the frequency scaling algorithm, IEEE, Trans.GE, 1999, 2198-2214
[19] 郭华东，雷达对地观测理论与应用，科学出版社，2000
[20] Yiho Na, Hongho Sun, Yee Hui Lee, Ling Chiat Tai, Hian Lim Chan, Performance Evaluation of Back-Projection and range migration algorithms in foliage penetration radar imaging, IEEE, 2004, 21-24
[21] 王盛利，于立，倪晋麟，张光义，高分辨SAR的距离-多普勒-距离成像方法，系统工程与电子技术，Vol．25，No．8，2003，1012-1014
[22] W.L.Van Rossum, M.P.G.Otten, R.J.P.Van Bree, Extended PGA for Range Migration Algorithms, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.42, No.2, 2006.4, 478-488
[23] Knut Eldhusef, A new Fourth-Order Processing Algorithms for Spaceborne SAR, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.34, 1998.6, 824-835
[24] 袁孝康，星载合成孔径雷达的分辨特性，中国空间科学技术，Vol．1，1999．2，19-25
[25] 马德保，李武皋，勒中鑫，星载合成孔径雷达的数字成像处理数学模型的探讨，信息工程大学学报，Vol．1，No．1，2000．3，27-30
[26] Jiang Hui, Hou Chao Huan, Range migration correction of spaceborne SAR, IEEE, 1993, 477-480
[27] 雷万明，刘光炎，黄顺吉，基于RD算法的星载SAR斜视成像，信号处理，2002．4 Vol．18．No．2，172-176
[28] 禹卫东，吴淑梅，距离．多普勒方法中的几种插值算法比较，电子与信息学报，Vol．23，No．3，2001．3，308-312
[29] 王小宁，刘鹏，许家栋，雷达成像中插值算法的比较，现代雷达，Vol．23，No．4，2001．8，59-61
[30] 李树，赵亦工，冯伍伍，王佳玮，Chirp-Scaling算法中的方位傅里叶变换，空军工程大学学报，Vol．5，No．3，2004．6，87-91
[31] 林幼权，倪晋麟，张光义，SAR成像中R-D方法与信号带宽之间的关系，电子与信息学报，Vol．23，No．4，2001．4，373-378
[32] 刘利国，周荫清，星载SAR等效斜视波数域算法的实现方法，现代雷达，Vol．26，No．11，2004．11，34-37
[33] 黄岩，李春升，陈杰，周荫清，高分辨星载SAR改进Chirp Scaling成像算法，电子学报，Vol．28，No．3，2000．3，35-38
[34] 李春升，黄岩，王璇，周荫清，基于Chirp Scaling算法的星载SAR成像处理实现方法，电子学报，Vol．24，No．6，1996．6，20-24
[35] Zang Tie-fei, Li Fang-hui, Long Teng, Image Combination Analysis in SPECAN Algorithm of Spaceborne SAR, Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, Vol.12, No.3, 2003, 251-254
[36] Neeraj Magotra, Monica M.Puri, Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Formation, IEEE, 1990, 1869-1872
[37] Xiao bing Sun, Tat Soon Yeo, Chengbo Zhang, Yihui Lu, Pang Shyan Koo. Time-Varying Step-Transform Algorithm for High Squint SAR Imaging, IEEE, Trans.G, Vol.37, No.6, 1999.11, 2668-2677
[38] Tat Soon Yeo, Ngee Leng Tan, Cheng Bo Zhang, Yi Hui Lu, A New Subapertu Approach to High Squint SAR Processing, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.39, No.5,2001.5,954-96
[39] Tan NL, Yeo TS, Lu YH, Zhang CB, SAR Data Processing at High Squint, IEEE 1999, 561-563
[2] 刘永坦，雷达成像技术，哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1999
[3] 袁孝康，星载合成孔径雷达导论，国防工业出版社，2003
[4] 魏钟铨，合成孔径雷达卫星，科学出版社，2001
[5] John C.Curlander, Robert N.McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems and Signal Processing, 1991
[6] 禹卫东，合成孔径雷达信号处理研究，南京航空航天大学博士学位论文，1997
[7] 张润宁，星载合成孔径雷达的几个发展方向，航天器工程，Vol．9，No．2，2000．6，18-23
[8] C.Y.Chang, M.Jin, J.C.Curlander, Squint Mode SAR Processing Algorithms, IGARSS, 1989, 1702-1706
[9] Yulong Shao, Zhaoda Zhu, Squint Mode Airborne SAR Processing Using RD Algorithm, IEEE, 1997, 1024-1029
[10] C.Cafforio, C.Prati, F.Rocca, SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration Techniques, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.27, No.2, 1991.5, 194-207
[11] R.Bamler, A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wave-number domain SAR Focusing Algotithm, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.30, No.4, 1992.7, 706-713
[12] T.E.Scheuer, F.H.Wong, Comparison of SAR Processors Based on a Wave Equation Formulation, IGARSS, 1991, 635-639
[13] R.K.Raney, H.Runge, R.Bamler, I.G.Cumming, EH.Wong, Precision SAR Processing UsingChirpScaling, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.32, No.4, 1994.7, 786-799
[14] H.Runge, R.Bamler, A Novel High Precision SAR Focussing Algorithm Based On Cbirp Scaling, IGARSS, 1992, 372-375
[15] A.Moreira, J.Mittermayer, R.Scheiber, Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Air-and Spaceborne SAR Data Processing in Stripmap and ScanSAR Imaging Modes, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.34, No.5, 1996.9, 1123-1136
[16] G.W.Davidson, I.G.Cumming, M.R.Ito, A Chirp Scaling Approch for Processing Squint Mode SAR Data, IEEE, Trans. AES, Vol.32, No.1, 1996.1, 121-133
[17] G.Franceschetti, R.Lanari, E.S.Marzouk, Efficent and High Precision Space-Variant Processing of SAR Data, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.31, No.1, 1995.1, 227-237
[18] Mittermayer, A.Moreira, A Spotlight SAR data processing using the frequency scaling algorithm, IEEE, Trans.GE, 1999, 2198-2214
[19] 郭华东，雷达对地观测理论与应用，科学出版社，2000
[20] Yiho Na, Hongho Sun, Yee Hui Lee, Ling Chiat Tai, Hian Lim Chan, Performance Evaluation of Back-Projection and range migration algorithms in foliage penetration radar imaging, IEEE, 2004, 21-24
[21] 王盛利，于立，倪晋麟，张光义，高分辨SAR的距离-多普勒-距离成像方法，系统工程与电子技术，Vol．25，No．8，2003，1012-1014
[22] W.L.Van Rossum, M.P.G.Otten, R.J.P.Van Bree, Extended PGA for Range Migration Algorithms, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.42, No.2, 2006.4, 478-488
[23] Knut Eldhusef, A new Fourth-Order Processing Algorithms for Spaceborne SAR, IEEE, Trans.AES, Vol.34, 1998.6, 824-835
[24] 袁孝康，星载合成孔径雷达的分辨特性，中国空间科学技术，Vol．1，1999．2，19-25
[25] 马德保，李武皋，勒中鑫，星载合成孔径雷达的数字成像处理数学模型的探讨，信息工程大学学报，Vol．1，No．1，2000．3，27-30
[26] Jiang Hui, Hou Chao Huan, Range migration correction of spaceborne SAR, IEEE, 1993, 477-480
[27] 雷万明，刘光炎，黄顺吉，基于RD算法的星载SAR斜视成像，信号处理，2002．4 Vol．18．No．2，172-176
[28] 禹卫东，吴淑梅，距离．多普勒方法中的几种插值算法比较，电子与信息学报，Vol．23，No．3，2001．3，308-312
[29] 王小宁，刘鹏，许家栋，雷达成像中插值算法的比较，现代雷达，Vol．23，No．4，2001．8，59-61
[30] 李树，赵亦工，冯伍伍，王佳玮，Chirp-Scaling算法中的方位傅里叶变换，空军工程大学学报，Vol．5，No．3，2004．6，87-91
[31] 林幼权，倪晋麟，张光义，SAR成像中R-D方法与信号带宽之间的关系，电子与信息学报，Vol．23，No．4，2001．4，373-378
[32] 刘利国，周荫清，星载SAR等效斜视波数域算法的实现方法，现代雷达，Vol．26，No．11，2004．11，34-37
[33] 黄岩，李春升，陈杰，周荫清，高分辨星载SAR改进Chirp Scaling成像算法，电子学报，Vol．28，No．3，2000．3，35-38
[34] 李春升，黄岩，王璇，周荫清，基于Chirp Scaling算法的星载SAR成像处理实现方法，电子学报，Vol．24，No．6，1996．6，20-24
[35] Zang Tie-fei, Li Fang-hui, Long Teng, Image Combination Analysis in SPECAN Algorithm of Spaceborne SAR, Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, Vol.12, No.3, 2003, 251-254
[36] Neeraj Magotra, Monica M.Puri, Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Formation, IEEE, 1990, 1869-1872
[37] Xiao bing Sun, Tat Soon Yeo, Chengbo Zhang, Yihui Lu, Pang Shyan Koo. Time-Varying Step-Transform Algorithm for High Squint SAR Imaging, IEEE, Trans.G, Vol.37, No.6, 1999.11, 2668-2677
[38] Tat Soon Yeo, Ngee Leng Tan, Cheng Bo Zhang, Yi Hui Lu, A New Subapertu Approach to High Squint SAR Processing, IEEE, Trans.GE, Vol.39, No.5,2001.5,954-96
[39] Tan NL, Yeo TS, Lu YH, Zhang CB, SAR Data Processing at High Squint, IEEE 1999, 561-563