汉英企业篇章的跨文化对比分析及山东企业篇章的英语翻译策略
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摘要
本论文试图将篇章对比分析理论与山东企业篇章的汉译英结合，以探讨山东企业篇章跨文化翻译的有效途径，以加强山东企业在新的国内国外形势下的对外宣传。首先，中国的篇章对比分析起源于80年代，而其活跃期却在90年代末期，因此本论文处在最前沿的理论研究范围之内。与此同时，在越来越多的翻译学者例如奈达，许渊冲，谭载喜等重视文化因素，翻译研究的文化学派异军突起的形势下，本论文所探讨的跨文化导向的翻译策略顺应了这一新的翻译研究趋势。其次，本文篇章分析所应用的Hatim的语境理论出现于90年代末，它以一个理论模式为核心，从规约性交际、语用行为和符号互动三个层次，逐层推进的展开分析，具有很强的系统性。这个理论框架源自对英语和阿拉伯语两种不同语系的翻译的对比分析，它的研究角度和方法对于分析英语和汉译英篇章具有极强的可操作性。目前国内外还未出现将此理论框架应用于英语和汉译英篇章分析的文章。最后，论文将山东企业英语篇章和英语企业篇章作为分析的素材，以实际语料所做出的翻译策略将更有针对性和有效性，论文的研究成果不仅能促进山东企业的对外宣传，而且能为翻译提供科学的参照，使翻译理论与实践更加科学，更加系统。本论文的创新性正在于以上三个方面。
论文共分为四章：
第一章共分为两部分。第一部分简要追溯了国内篇章对比分祈的研穴
成果。目前国内的研究主要集中在衔接现象、文化与语篇结构和语篇修辞
模式三个方面。对于其他的研究领域，论文主要介绍了彭宣维的《英汉语
篇综合对比入 许余龙的《对比语言学概论凡 胡曙中的《英汉修辞比较研
究》、Ron Scollon的 Con”astive Discourse in Chin“e and Eglish一 A Critical
App raltral以及柯平的《对比语言学入第二部分是对篇章对比分析理论的综
述。论文首先简要介绍了 Schiffrin、Eggins＆Slade和 van Djk的篇章研究
的方法，然后分别介绍了系统功能语法理论、篇章语义学理论和语境理论。
语境理论是篇章对比分析的一个重要理论，此理论可以考察不同因素对篇；
章形成和发展所起到的制约作用。论文进而对语境理论进行了综述。论文
介绍了Malinowski、Firth、Hallidny以及Martin的语境理论。与这些理论
相比，作者认为Hatim的语境理论更有系统性，并将此理论应用于山东企
业英语篇章的跨文化对比分析。
第二章是对文化翻译理论的研究。第一部分主要从Culturalist Phase。
St。ctUrallst Phase、Post－structUrallst Phase 以及 Internationalist Phase四个阶
段对国外的文化翻译理论进行了系统论述，其中的主要理论家有：Bassnet、
Nida、Lefevere和 Even－Zoha等。第H部分介绍了国内的文化翻译理论。
国内的翻译理论家如王佐良、杨仕章、张泽乾、刘亦庆等都提到了翻译过
程中的文化因素，论文重点介绍了刘娃庆的文化翻译理论框架。作者还从
文化翻译理论的角度探讨了直译与意译、异化和归化的翻译策略。如果考
虑到翻译的目的、读者的对象和要求、文本类型、作者意图等因素，上述
翻译策略都是可行的。
第三章首先探讨了山东企业英语篇章的定义，然后对所收集的篇章样
水进厅了分类，谛后主要以 Hatim的语境理论从规约性变际Knstitutional
V
Cornmunlcatlve Transaction）、语用行为（Pragmatic Action）和符号互动
旧emiotic Interaction）三个层次，从语场、语旨、语式、合作原则、礼貌
原则、话语、语篇和语类八个方面对山东企业英语篇章和英语企业篇章进
行了对比分析。作者发现山东企业英语篇章和英语企业篇章在上述几个方
面具有不同之处：山东企业英语篇章大多为正式的书面语体，缺少关联词，
无法保证篇章的连贯性；篇章所涉及的产品信息和企业信息多数不符合国
际标准；企业的所有信息大都用一篇综合详细的文章来介绍；有些篇章还
违反了合作原则和礼貌原则。英语企业篇章多为非正式的书面语体而且连
贯；篇章都根据国际标准来制定；英语企业语篇章还十分重视读者反映，其
语言都遵循了合作原则和礼貌原则；企业的信息大都用多个栏目分别来介
绍。
第四章首先综述了企业翻译在中国的发展。结合文化翻译理论以及第
三章对山东企业英语篇章的跨文化对比分析所得出的结论，作者提出了简
化、深化、重构、省略和增加五个翻译策略。深化的翻译策略要求译者透
彻地理解原文进而使译文在深层次上达到对应；简化的翻译策略就是用通
俗、易懂的语言来翻译文化词语和固定搭配居多，且枯燥难懂的篇章；省
略的翻译策略就是将原文中多余的、没有实际意义的表达略去不译；增加
的翻译策略就是对译文中不明确的信息进行补充说明；重构的翻译策略要
求译者根据原语的内容和目的语的语言规范和篇章结构重些安排章节段
落。其中，重构被视为企业篇章翻译的主要方法。
The present thesis is intended to clarify the theories of textual contrastive analysis and cultranslation and apply them to the translation practice of
Shandong corporate texts. In China the studies of textual contrastive analysis began in the 1980's, reached its booming period in at the end of 1990's. At the same time the school of cultranslation studies came into being and began to exert tremendous influence on the whole translation studies. Consequently, this thesis conforms to the present leading trend of such studies, on the one hand; and the outcome of the study of the thesis, on the other hand, would contribute a lot to the enrichment of cultranslation theory and to the perfection of the English translation of the Shandong corporate texts. The innovativeness of this thesis can be seen in these two aspects.
Chapter One is a retrospection of the development of textual contrastive analysis theories. In China, such studies began in the early years of 1980's and were mainly focused on the field of coherence phenomenon, culture and structure of text as well as textual rhetoric mode. The chapter presents several textual contrastive analysis theories, such as the systematic functional grammar theory, the textual semantics theory, and the context theories, which might be employed in textual contrastive analysis. Compared with the other two theories,
the context theories are more systematic. And the context theories have become the focus in textual contrastive analysis studies; the theories hereby are discussed in this chapter. The context theories of Malinowski, Halliday, Martin, Firth and Hatim are presented, and the context theory of Hatim is adopted in the thesis. Hatim's framework roots in the contrastive analysis of English texts and Arabic texts. Its perspectives and methods of studies are applied to the textual analysis of the English version of Shandong corporate texts in contrast with the English corporate texts.
Chapter Two deals with the development of cultranslation theories. The cultranslation studies abroad are discussed from four phases: Culturalist Phase, Structuralist Phase, Post-structuralist Phase and Internationalist Phase. Scholars like Bassnet, Nida, Lefevere and Even-Zoha enriched the cultranslation theories. In China, scholars like Wang Zuoliang, Zhang Zeqian, Yang Shizhang and Liu Miqing all attach great importance to the cultural factors in the process of translation. Liu Miqing for the first time formulated the theoretical framework, which is designed to solve the problems caused by cultural discrepancies. This chpater also deals with the debate on literary translation and free translation, and on foreignization and domestication. According to the cultranslation theories, all these strategies are feasible, for the aims of translation, target readers, types of texts, the cultural position of the source language within the target language and the intention of authors, etc. will determine different strategies in the process of translation.
Chapter Three is focused on the textual analysis of the English version of Shandong corporate texts in contrast with the English corporate texts so as to
detect the distinct features of the two kinds of texts. After a brief clarification of the definition of corporate texts and the classification of the samples concerned in the present thesis, the paper makes a textual analysis of the English version of Shandong corporate texts in contrast with the English corporate texts at three levels: Institutional Communicative Transaction, Pragmatic Action and Semiotic Interaction. The English version of Shandong corporate texts and the English corporate texts are different in terms of field, tenor, mode, the Cooperative Principle, the Politeness Principle, generic constraints, discoursal constraints and textual constraints. It is found that the English version of Shandong corporate texts shares such features: it is written in literary words, which accentuates its local and national advantages, the praise of the leaders and its
论文共分为四章：
第一章共分为两部分。第一部分简要追溯了国内篇章对比分祈的研穴
成果。目前国内的研究主要集中在衔接现象、文化与语篇结构和语篇修辞
模式三个方面。对于其他的研究领域，论文主要介绍了彭宣维的《英汉语
篇综合对比入 许余龙的《对比语言学概论凡 胡曙中的《英汉修辞比较研
究》、Ron Scollon的 Con”astive Discourse in Chin“e and Eglish一 A Critical
App raltral以及柯平的《对比语言学入第二部分是对篇章对比分析理论的综
述。论文首先简要介绍了 Schiffrin、Eggins＆Slade和 van Djk的篇章研究
的方法，然后分别介绍了系统功能语法理论、篇章语义学理论和语境理论。
语境理论是篇章对比分析的一个重要理论，此理论可以考察不同因素对篇；
章形成和发展所起到的制约作用。论文进而对语境理论进行了综述。论文
介绍了Malinowski、Firth、Hallidny以及Martin的语境理论。与这些理论
相比，作者认为Hatim的语境理论更有系统性，并将此理论应用于山东企
业英语篇章的跨文化对比分析。
第二章是对文化翻译理论的研究。第一部分主要从Culturalist Phase。
St。ctUrallst Phase、Post－structUrallst Phase 以及 Internationalist Phase四个阶
段对国外的文化翻译理论进行了系统论述，其中的主要理论家有：Bassnet、
Nida、Lefevere和 Even－Zoha等。第H部分介绍了国内的文化翻译理论。
国内的翻译理论家如王佐良、杨仕章、张泽乾、刘亦庆等都提到了翻译过
程中的文化因素，论文重点介绍了刘娃庆的文化翻译理论框架。作者还从
文化翻译理论的角度探讨了直译与意译、异化和归化的翻译策略。如果考
虑到翻译的目的、读者的对象和要求、文本类型、作者意图等因素，上述
翻译策略都是可行的。
第三章首先探讨了山东企业英语篇章的定义，然后对所收集的篇章样
水进厅了分类，谛后主要以 Hatim的语境理论从规约性变际Knstitutional
V
Cornmunlcatlve Transaction）、语用行为（Pragmatic Action）和符号互动
旧emiotic Interaction）三个层次，从语场、语旨、语式、合作原则、礼貌
原则、话语、语篇和语类八个方面对山东企业英语篇章和英语企业篇章进
行了对比分析。作者发现山东企业英语篇章和英语企业篇章在上述几个方
面具有不同之处：山东企业英语篇章大多为正式的书面语体，缺少关联词，
无法保证篇章的连贯性；篇章所涉及的产品信息和企业信息多数不符合国
际标准；企业的所有信息大都用一篇综合详细的文章来介绍；有些篇章还
违反了合作原则和礼貌原则。英语企业篇章多为非正式的书面语体而且连
贯；篇章都根据国际标准来制定；英语企业语篇章还十分重视读者反映，其
语言都遵循了合作原则和礼貌原则；企业的信息大都用多个栏目分别来介
绍。
第四章首先综述了企业翻译在中国的发展。结合文化翻译理论以及第
三章对山东企业英语篇章的跨文化对比分析所得出的结论，作者提出了简
化、深化、重构、省略和增加五个翻译策略。深化的翻译策略要求译者透
彻地理解原文进而使译文在深层次上达到对应；简化的翻译策略就是用通
俗、易懂的语言来翻译文化词语和固定搭配居多，且枯燥难懂的篇章；省
略的翻译策略就是将原文中多余的、没有实际意义的表达略去不译；增加
的翻译策略就是对译文中不明确的信息进行补充说明；重构的翻译策略要
求译者根据原语的内容和目的语的语言规范和篇章结构重些安排章节段
落。其中，重构被视为企业篇章翻译的主要方法。
The present thesis is intended to clarify the theories of textual contrastive analysis and cultranslation and apply them to the translation practice of
Shandong corporate texts. In China the studies of textual contrastive analysis began in the 1980's, reached its booming period in at the end of 1990's. At the same time the school of cultranslation studies came into being and began to exert tremendous influence on the whole translation studies. Consequently, this thesis conforms to the present leading trend of such studies, on the one hand; and the outcome of the study of the thesis, on the other hand, would contribute a lot to the enrichment of cultranslation theory and to the perfection of the English translation of the Shandong corporate texts. The innovativeness of this thesis can be seen in these two aspects.
Chapter One is a retrospection of the development of textual contrastive analysis theories. In China, such studies began in the early years of 1980's and were mainly focused on the field of coherence phenomenon, culture and structure of text as well as textual rhetoric mode. The chapter presents several textual contrastive analysis theories, such as the systematic functional grammar theory, the textual semantics theory, and the context theories, which might be employed in textual contrastive analysis. Compared with the other two theories,
the context theories are more systematic. And the context theories have become the focus in textual contrastive analysis studies; the theories hereby are discussed in this chapter. The context theories of Malinowski, Halliday, Martin, Firth and Hatim are presented, and the context theory of Hatim is adopted in the thesis. Hatim's framework roots in the contrastive analysis of English texts and Arabic texts. Its perspectives and methods of studies are applied to the textual analysis of the English version of Shandong corporate texts in contrast with the English corporate texts.
Chapter Two deals with the development of cultranslation theories. The cultranslation studies abroad are discussed from four phases: Culturalist Phase, Structuralist Phase, Post-structuralist Phase and Internationalist Phase. Scholars like Bassnet, Nida, Lefevere and Even-Zoha enriched the cultranslation theories. In China, scholars like Wang Zuoliang, Zhang Zeqian, Yang Shizhang and Liu Miqing all attach great importance to the cultural factors in the process of translation. Liu Miqing for the first time formulated the theoretical framework, which is designed to solve the problems caused by cultural discrepancies. This chpater also deals with the debate on literary translation and free translation, and on foreignization and domestication. According to the cultranslation theories, all these strategies are feasible, for the aims of translation, target readers, types of texts, the cultural position of the source language within the target language and the intention of authors, etc. will determine different strategies in the process of translation.
Chapter Three is focused on the textual analysis of the English version of Shandong corporate texts in contrast with the English corporate texts so as to
detect the distinct features of the two kinds of texts. After a brief clarification of the definition of corporate texts and the classification of the samples concerned in the present thesis, the paper makes a textual analysis of the English version of Shandong corporate texts in contrast with the English corporate texts at three levels: Institutional Communicative Transaction, Pragmatic Action and Semiotic Interaction. The English version of Shandong corporate texts and the English corporate texts are different in terms of field, tenor, mode, the Cooperative Principle, the Politeness Principle, generic constraints, discoursal constraints and textual constraints. It is found that the English version of Shandong corporate texts shares such features: it is written in literary words, which accentuates its local and national advantages, the praise of the leaders and its
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