城镇垃圾转运系统布局及规模设置研究
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摘要
城镇生活垃圾己经成为当今世界最严重的公害之一,如果处置不当,就会占据大量土地、影响城镇美观、滋生虫蚊,垃圾渗滤出的废水还会对水体产生更大的毒害,直接危害人类的身体健康,必须进行科学有效的管理处置。城镇垃圾处理系统由清扫收集、中转运输以及最终处置几环节构成,而其中的收集和中转运输则构成了垃圾的转运系统。转运是整个垃圾处理系统的中间环节,是垃圾源头管理与最终处置之间最重要的衔接部分,研究科学的城镇垃圾转运系统意义重大。而对于我国来说,我国的经济发展虽已取得长足进步,但毕竟资金还不宽裕,如何达到资源的最优配置是本文研究的重点。
首先,本文从系统论的角度,对垃圾处理系统、垃圾转运系统及垃圾转运站进行详细的论述,并根据我国城镇特点,提出城镇垃圾二级转运体系的研究思路,将城市中心市区和郊镇分别运用不同的方法分析建模。
城镇垃圾转运系统是一个特殊的物流系统,本文在分析比较城镇垃圾转运系统和物流系统的共性与不同之后,重点研究物流系统方法中物流中心的选址模型,并将其运用到城镇垃圾转运系统的选址中。对于情况简单的郊镇,可以直接加以运用;对于城市中心区,设立最优垃圾转运系统的目标函数,结合线形规划和经济学最小成本法,重点研究转运系统的布局和数量规模设置。
另外,城镇垃圾转运站的布局和设置还会涉及到其它很多因素,包括土地征用、服务半径设定、站内协调、站外衔接、环境保护等一系列相关问题,在转运站建设时都要考虑,本文也对相关要求进行了一些论述说明。
最后,本文选取了中山市大涌镇和福建省石狮市两城镇的转运系统为实例分别进行研究,对研究结果进行系统论证。
Municipal Solid Waste has become one of the most serious hazards in the world. It will take up much urban land, destroy landscaping, and breed mosquitoes if not managed effectively. And the waste water seeping out into the water system will make the water deteriorated, and endanger human’s health directly. So it must be managed scientifically and effectively. Urban waste management system is made up of cleaning, collection, transferring, transportation and final treatment. The collection, transfer and transport constitute the waste transfer system, which is the middle tache of the waste management system, linking up the waste source collection system with the disposal system. It is of great significance to make a research on the scientific waste transfer system. As for our country, although the economic has developed saliently, the fund for environmental construction is still very short. How to achieve the optimal allocation of resources as much as possible and how to improve the efficiency of funds is the focus of the study.
First of all, the system theory is used to make a detailed exposition on the waste management system and the waste transfer system, and the research guideline of city-town two levels waste transferring management system is put forward by using different methods of analysis modeling respectively.
In fact, MSW transfer system is a special logistics system. After the comparison of the common and differences between waste transfer system and logistics system, we decide to study the logistics center site of the logistics systems, which can be used to choose the site of towns’waste transfer station. For the simple situation of town in suburb, it can be used directly; as for urban areas, we will establish the best waste transfer system economic target function, study the layout and the number of transfer system installed by using the linear programming and minimize cost economics synthetically.
The layout and setting of waste transfer system involves many other factors, including the land acquisition, service radius, internal coordination, external interface, environmental protection, etc. They must be considered in an exact transit system construction, and we have given some suggestion in the paper as well.
Finally, in order to explain the study better, we have selected two transfer systems of a town in Zhongshan City named Da-chong, and a city in Fujian province named Shi-shi, to make a research demonstrate the result.
首先,本文从系统论的角度,对垃圾处理系统、垃圾转运系统及垃圾转运站进行详细的论述,并根据我国城镇特点,提出城镇垃圾二级转运体系的研究思路,将城市中心市区和郊镇分别运用不同的方法分析建模。
城镇垃圾转运系统是一个特殊的物流系统,本文在分析比较城镇垃圾转运系统和物流系统的共性与不同之后,重点研究物流系统方法中物流中心的选址模型,并将其运用到城镇垃圾转运系统的选址中。对于情况简单的郊镇,可以直接加以运用;对于城市中心区,设立最优垃圾转运系统的目标函数,结合线形规划和经济学最小成本法,重点研究转运系统的布局和数量规模设置。
另外,城镇垃圾转运站的布局和设置还会涉及到其它很多因素,包括土地征用、服务半径设定、站内协调、站外衔接、环境保护等一系列相关问题,在转运站建设时都要考虑,本文也对相关要求进行了一些论述说明。
最后,本文选取了中山市大涌镇和福建省石狮市两城镇的转运系统为实例分别进行研究,对研究结果进行系统论证。
Municipal Solid Waste has become one of the most serious hazards in the world. It will take up much urban land, destroy landscaping, and breed mosquitoes if not managed effectively. And the waste water seeping out into the water system will make the water deteriorated, and endanger human’s health directly. So it must be managed scientifically and effectively. Urban waste management system is made up of cleaning, collection, transferring, transportation and final treatment. The collection, transfer and transport constitute the waste transfer system, which is the middle tache of the waste management system, linking up the waste source collection system with the disposal system. It is of great significance to make a research on the scientific waste transfer system. As for our country, although the economic has developed saliently, the fund for environmental construction is still very short. How to achieve the optimal allocation of resources as much as possible and how to improve the efficiency of funds is the focus of the study.
First of all, the system theory is used to make a detailed exposition on the waste management system and the waste transfer system, and the research guideline of city-town two levels waste transferring management system is put forward by using different methods of analysis modeling respectively.
In fact, MSW transfer system is a special logistics system. After the comparison of the common and differences between waste transfer system and logistics system, we decide to study the logistics center site of the logistics systems, which can be used to choose the site of towns’waste transfer station. For the simple situation of town in suburb, it can be used directly; as for urban areas, we will establish the best waste transfer system economic target function, study the layout and the number of transfer system installed by using the linear programming and minimize cost economics synthetically.
The layout and setting of waste transfer system involves many other factors, including the land acquisition, service radius, internal coordination, external interface, environmental protection, etc. They must be considered in an exact transit system construction, and we have given some suggestion in the paper as well.
Finally, in order to explain the study better, we have selected two transfer systems of a town in Zhongshan City named Da-chong, and a city in Fujian province named Shi-shi, to make a research demonstrate the result.
引文
[1] 中国环境保护 21 世纪议程;中国环境科学出版社;国家环保总局编
[2] 2004 年城市建设统计公报
[3] 全国城市环境管理和综合整治 2004 年度报告
[4] 全国环境统计公报(2004 年)
[5] 陈军飞,王慧敏.生态城市建设指标体系与综合评价研究.环境保护,2005,9:52-55.
[6] Georage Tchobanoglous , Hilary Theisen , Samnle Vigil. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University press, 2000, 3252360.
[7] 陈海滨,王元刚. 中小城市(城镇)垃圾转运系统优化设计研究[J] . 四川环境, 2005,3:86-88.
[8] Wilson, Bruce G, Baetz, Brian W. Modeling municipal solid waste collection systems using derived probability distributions Ⅰ:model development [J ] . Journal of Environmental Engineering , 2001 ,127(11) : 1031.
[9] Vasantha kumar N.Bhat. A Model for the Optimal Allocation of Trucks for Solid Waste Management. Waste Management & Research, 1996,14:87-96.
[10] 全国环境统计公报(2000 年~2004 年)
[11] Liebman, J. C. (1975) Models of solid waste management. In A Guide to Models in Government Planning and Operations. (S. Gass & R. Seson, eds), Potomac, Md, U.S.A.: Sauger Books, pp. 139–164.
[12] Yurteri, C. & Siber, S. (1985) Application of locational models for transfer stations. In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries (K. Curi, ed.). New York, U.S.A.: Plenum Press, pp. 633–642.
[13] Kirca,O.&Erkip,N.(1988)Selecting transfer station locations for large solid waste systems.European Journal Research 38, 339-349.
[14] Bratly,p,Fox, B.L.&Schrage,L.(1983) A Guide to Simulation, New Kork, U.S.A.:Springer-Verlag.
[15] Yaffe, H. J. (1974)A model for operation and design of solid waste transfer stations. Transportation Science 8, 265–306.
[16] Clark, R. M. & Gillean, J. I. (1975) Analysis of solid waste management operation in Cleveland, Ohio: A case study. Interfaces 6, 32–42.
[17] Angelelli E , Speranza M G. The application for a vehicle routing model to a waste2collection problem: two case studies[J ] . Journal of Operational Research Society , 2002 , 53(9) : 944 - 952.
[18] 陈海滨,等. 城镇垃圾转运站模块化设计研究[J ] . 环境卫生工程, 2003 ,11 (2) :972100.
[19] 吕新福,蔡临宁等. 废弃物回收物流中的选址路径问题[J]. 系统工程理论与实践,2005,5,:89-94.
[20] 贝塔朗非.一般系统论的历史与现状.科学学译文集.北京:科学出版社,1981.315
[21] 钱学森.论系统工程(第 1 版).长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1982.10
[22] [美]梅里亚姆-韦伯斯特公司.韦氏词典.广州:世界图书出版公司,2001
[23] B.H.萨各夫斯基.一般系统论基础.吉林:吉林人民出版社,1974.93-99
[24] [苏]А.И.乌约莫夫.系统方式和一般系统论(第 1 版).吉林:吉林人民出版社,1983.118
[25] 张文焕,刘光霞,苏连义.控制论?信息论?系统论与现代管理.北京:北京出版社,1990.142-229
[26] 陆光立,夏卫红,杨始刚.国内外垃圾处置刺状及对策研究[J].化学世界,2002,增,133-137
[27] 张树静,郑毅.城市生活垃圾综合处理技术的探讨[J].内蒙古师范大学学报:自然科学(汉文)版.2002, 31(4):404-413
[28] 刘东梅,贾学斌,崔福议.城市生活垃圾治理的策略探讨[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报,2001,17(4):82-85
[29] 胡天觉,曾光明,袁兴中.城市生活垃圾综合处理方案的决策模式[J].湖南大学学报 :自然科学版,2002,9(2):79-87
[30] 吴德礼,朱申红.城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术及发展方向[J].城市环境与城市生态 2002,15(4):25-32
[31] 刘 元 元 , 王 里 奥 , 等 . 城 市 垃 圾 处 理 技 术 模 糊 综 合 评 价 [J]. 重 庆 大 学 学报,2002,25(7):111-114
[32] Bruce GWilson, Brain W Batez. Modeling municipal solid waste collection systems using derived probability distributions. I: model development [J]. Journal of environmental engineering,2001,127(11):1031-1038
[33] 刘东.垃圾收运系统规划设计的分析[J].环境卫生工程,2003,12(2):94-97
[34] 邱江,吴文庆,等.城市生活垃圾转运站的建设[J].环境卫生工程,2003,11(3):159~161
[35] 陈海滨,邓成.城镇垃圾转运系统布局研究[J].中国环保产业,2006,10:32~35
[36] 陶 渊 , 等 . 城 市 生 活 垃 圾 收 运 物 流 系 统 规 划 的 编 制 [J]. 环 境 卫 生 工程,2004,12(2):81~83
[37] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Waste Transfer Station: a Manual for Decision Making [M].the United States Environmental Protection Agency Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2002
[38] Toshihiko Matsuto, etc. Residential solid waste Generation and Recycling in The U.S.A and Japan[J]. waste Management and Research.1990,8(3):229~24
[39] Scott F. Sibley, etc. Metals Recycling in The United States[J]. Resources conservation and Recycling,1995,15(3~4):387~404
[40] 陆光立,孟菲良,章丽娜. 城市生活垃圾收运处置技术研究[J].上海应用技术学院学报 200221:24-29
[41] 须劲松.垃圾中转系统优化和中转站技术[D].上海同济大学环境学院,2005
[42] (美)唐纳德 1.鲍尔索克斯, 戴维 J 克劳斯.物流管理[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社,1999, 421-430
[43] 齐二石. 物流工程 [M]. 天津:天津大学出版社,2001
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[58] 中山市规划局.中山市大涌镇总体规划(2002--2020)
[59] 中山市建设局.大涌镇环境卫生专项规划(2005--2020)
[60] 福建省石狮市规划局.石狮市城市总体规划(2003--2020)
[61] 石狮市环境卫生管理处.石狮市环境卫生专项规划(2005--2020)
[2] 2004 年城市建设统计公报
[3] 全国城市环境管理和综合整治 2004 年度报告
[4] 全国环境统计公报(2004 年)
[5] 陈军飞,王慧敏.生态城市建设指标体系与综合评价研究.环境保护,2005,9:52-55.
[6] Georage Tchobanoglous , Hilary Theisen , Samnle Vigil. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University press, 2000, 3252360.
[7] 陈海滨,王元刚. 中小城市(城镇)垃圾转运系统优化设计研究[J] . 四川环境, 2005,3:86-88.
[8] Wilson, Bruce G, Baetz, Brian W. Modeling municipal solid waste collection systems using derived probability distributions Ⅰ:model development [J ] . Journal of Environmental Engineering , 2001 ,127(11) : 1031.
[9] Vasantha kumar N.Bhat. A Model for the Optimal Allocation of Trucks for Solid Waste Management. Waste Management & Research, 1996,14:87-96.
[10] 全国环境统计公报(2000 年~2004 年)
[11] Liebman, J. C. (1975) Models of solid waste management. In A Guide to Models in Government Planning and Operations. (S. Gass & R. Seson, eds), Potomac, Md, U.S.A.: Sauger Books, pp. 139–164.
[12] Yurteri, C. & Siber, S. (1985) Application of locational models for transfer stations. In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries (K. Curi, ed.). New York, U.S.A.: Plenum Press, pp. 633–642.
[13] Kirca,O.&Erkip,N.(1988)Selecting transfer station locations for large solid waste systems.European Journal Research 38, 339-349.
[14] Bratly,p,Fox, B.L.&Schrage,L.(1983) A Guide to Simulation, New Kork, U.S.A.:Springer-Verlag.
[15] Yaffe, H. J. (1974)A model for operation and design of solid waste transfer stations. Transportation Science 8, 265–306.
[16] Clark, R. M. & Gillean, J. I. (1975) Analysis of solid waste management operation in Cleveland, Ohio: A case study. Interfaces 6, 32–42.
[17] Angelelli E , Speranza M G. The application for a vehicle routing model to a waste2collection problem: two case studies[J ] . Journal of Operational Research Society , 2002 , 53(9) : 944 - 952.
[18] 陈海滨,等. 城镇垃圾转运站模块化设计研究[J ] . 环境卫生工程, 2003 ,11 (2) :972100.
[19] 吕新福,蔡临宁等. 废弃物回收物流中的选址路径问题[J]. 系统工程理论与实践,2005,5,:89-94.
[20] 贝塔朗非.一般系统论的历史与现状.科学学译文集.北京:科学出版社,1981.315
[21] 钱学森.论系统工程(第 1 版).长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1982.10
[22] [美]梅里亚姆-韦伯斯特公司.韦氏词典.广州:世界图书出版公司,2001
[23] B.H.萨各夫斯基.一般系统论基础.吉林:吉林人民出版社,1974.93-99
[24] [苏]А.И.乌约莫夫.系统方式和一般系统论(第 1 版).吉林:吉林人民出版社,1983.118
[25] 张文焕,刘光霞,苏连义.控制论?信息论?系统论与现代管理.北京:北京出版社,1990.142-229
[26] 陆光立,夏卫红,杨始刚.国内外垃圾处置刺状及对策研究[J].化学世界,2002,增,133-137
[27] 张树静,郑毅.城市生活垃圾综合处理技术的探讨[J].内蒙古师范大学学报:自然科学(汉文)版.2002, 31(4):404-413
[28] 刘东梅,贾学斌,崔福议.城市生活垃圾治理的策略探讨[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报,2001,17(4):82-85
[29] 胡天觉,曾光明,袁兴中.城市生活垃圾综合处理方案的决策模式[J].湖南大学学报 :自然科学版,2002,9(2):79-87
[30] 吴德礼,朱申红.城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术及发展方向[J].城市环境与城市生态 2002,15(4):25-32
[31] 刘 元 元 , 王 里 奥 , 等 . 城 市 垃 圾 处 理 技 术 模 糊 综 合 评 价 [J]. 重 庆 大 学 学报,2002,25(7):111-114
[32] Bruce GWilson, Brain W Batez. Modeling municipal solid waste collection systems using derived probability distributions. I: model development [J]. Journal of environmental engineering,2001,127(11):1031-1038
[33] 刘东.垃圾收运系统规划设计的分析[J].环境卫生工程,2003,12(2):94-97
[34] 邱江,吴文庆,等.城市生活垃圾转运站的建设[J].环境卫生工程,2003,11(3):159~161
[35] 陈海滨,邓成.城镇垃圾转运系统布局研究[J].中国环保产业,2006,10:32~35
[36] 陶 渊 , 等 . 城 市 生 活 垃 圾 收 运 物 流 系 统 规 划 的 编 制 [J]. 环 境 卫 生 工程,2004,12(2):81~83
[37] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Waste Transfer Station: a Manual for Decision Making [M].the United States Environmental Protection Agency Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2002
[38] Toshihiko Matsuto, etc. Residential solid waste Generation and Recycling in The U.S.A and Japan[J]. waste Management and Research.1990,8(3):229~24
[39] Scott F. Sibley, etc. Metals Recycling in The United States[J]. Resources conservation and Recycling,1995,15(3~4):387~404
[40] 陆光立,孟菲良,章丽娜. 城市生活垃圾收运处置技术研究[J].上海应用技术学院学报 200221:24-29
[41] 须劲松.垃圾中转系统优化和中转站技术[D].上海同济大学环境学院,2005
[42] (美)唐纳德 1.鲍尔索克斯, 戴维 J 克劳斯.物流管理[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社,1999, 421-430
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