FBG传感体结构、传递特性与接触力测量
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摘要
FBG(光纤布喇格光栅)传感器是一种高精度应力应变传感器,目前已广泛应用于大型土木结构以及简单机械结构的健康检测,但一般只停留在较为简单的应力应变检测阶段,而在较为复杂机械系统的FBG应用还属于空白领域。本文针对FBG传感体结构、应变传递特性,以及传感器在巨型重载操作机夹持界面接触力测量中的应用开展研究。其中的主要问题是FBG传感器在检测过程中的维度匹配问题以及非均匀应变的求解方法。
为解决在机械系统中广泛存在的FBG传感特性与被测对象的变形之间的维度匹配问题,将FBG传感技术与柔顺机构的传感特性相结合,设计了一个对平面变形敏感的柔顺机构,利用有限元分析软件进行系统特性分析,并建立相应的数学计算模型,最后通过对柔顺机构的平面位移输入量与FBG传感器测量量进行对比和计算,验证其可行性。
为解决两物体间接触力的测量问题,引入测量介质,通过有限元方法对传感体结构及其传感特性进行分析,并讨论了由被测对象与FBG传感器之间的尺度相同所引起的非均匀应变问题。引入接触力学中的弹性半空间理论,建立接触界面上的法向接触力与FBG的波长偏移量之间的关系模型。
最后,将FBG检测技术应用于青岛华东机械厂锻压操作机钳口接触力的测量,克服了现场环境中光纤易碎、数量大,信号噪声大等问题,测量结果与理论计算结果相符,表明所提出的非均匀应变场检测与识别模型的有效性。
FBG (fiber Bragg grating) is a kind of stress-strain sensor with high precision, which recently has been widely used in lots of buildings, dams, bridges, etc, together with simple machines for structural health monitoring. However, the utilization of FBG sensors is only in the simple stress-strain measuring stage, while the one in more complex mechanical systems remains nearly an empty field. So a research has been done on the principle, characteristics and the current application of the FBG sensor. And the main problem is the solution to the Dimension Matching Problem appears in the FBG sensing process and the Non-uniform Strain Problem appears the detecting area.
To solve the Dimension Matching Problem that exists in most of the measuring processing between the FBG measuring characteristics and the deformation of objects to be measured a combination about the technologies of the FBG sensing and Compliant Mechanisms has been made, according to which a compliant mechanism that sensitive to the plane strain was made, and then some analysis on the characteristics of the system were done. After establishing the mathematical model, through the comparison and the calculation between the displacement input to the compliant mechanism and the detection output from the FBG sensor, the solution was proved to be a feasible one.
To solve the problem on the contact force between two objects, a kind of sensing-medium has been brought in, then the FEM software was used to do some analysis on the sensing-medium structure and the sensing characteristic of it, and the problem on the non-uniform strain on the FBG caused by the same scale of the FBG sensor and the contact interface was discussed. The elastic half-space theory included in contact mechanics has been referred to establish a mathematical model between the normal contact force on the contact interface and the FBG wavelength shift.
Finally, by solving the problem on the FBG frangibility, the security of the large number of the FBG sensors, the high noise in the signal and so on, the FBG sensing technology was managed to be used in the contact force measuring experiment on the gripper of the forging manipulating made in Qingdao Huadong Machine Factory. The accordant between the result of the experiment and the theoretical calculation shows that the model proposed previously on the non-uniform strain measuring and identifying is of great valid.
为解决在机械系统中广泛存在的FBG传感特性与被测对象的变形之间的维度匹配问题,将FBG传感技术与柔顺机构的传感特性相结合,设计了一个对平面变形敏感的柔顺机构,利用有限元分析软件进行系统特性分析,并建立相应的数学计算模型,最后通过对柔顺机构的平面位移输入量与FBG传感器测量量进行对比和计算,验证其可行性。
为解决两物体间接触力的测量问题,引入测量介质,通过有限元方法对传感体结构及其传感特性进行分析,并讨论了由被测对象与FBG传感器之间的尺度相同所引起的非均匀应变问题。引入接触力学中的弹性半空间理论,建立接触界面上的法向接触力与FBG的波长偏移量之间的关系模型。
最后,将FBG检测技术应用于青岛华东机械厂锻压操作机钳口接触力的测量,克服了现场环境中光纤易碎、数量大,信号噪声大等问题,测量结果与理论计算结果相符,表明所提出的非均匀应变场检测与识别模型的有效性。
FBG (fiber Bragg grating) is a kind of stress-strain sensor with high precision, which recently has been widely used in lots of buildings, dams, bridges, etc, together with simple machines for structural health monitoring. However, the utilization of FBG sensors is only in the simple stress-strain measuring stage, while the one in more complex mechanical systems remains nearly an empty field. So a research has been done on the principle, characteristics and the current application of the FBG sensor. And the main problem is the solution to the Dimension Matching Problem appears in the FBG sensing process and the Non-uniform Strain Problem appears the detecting area.
To solve the Dimension Matching Problem that exists in most of the measuring processing between the FBG measuring characteristics and the deformation of objects to be measured a combination about the technologies of the FBG sensing and Compliant Mechanisms has been made, according to which a compliant mechanism that sensitive to the plane strain was made, and then some analysis on the characteristics of the system were done. After establishing the mathematical model, through the comparison and the calculation between the displacement input to the compliant mechanism and the detection output from the FBG sensor, the solution was proved to be a feasible one.
To solve the problem on the contact force between two objects, a kind of sensing-medium has been brought in, then the FEM software was used to do some analysis on the sensing-medium structure and the sensing characteristic of it, and the problem on the non-uniform strain on the FBG caused by the same scale of the FBG sensor and the contact interface was discussed. The elastic half-space theory included in contact mechanics has been referred to establish a mathematical model between the normal contact force on the contact interface and the FBG wavelength shift.
Finally, by solving the problem on the FBG frangibility, the security of the large number of the FBG sensors, the high noise in the signal and so on, the FBG sensing technology was managed to be used in the contact force measuring experiment on the gripper of the forging manipulating made in Qingdao Huadong Machine Factory. The accordant between the result of the experiment and the theoretical calculation shows that the model proposed previously on the non-uniform strain measuring and identifying is of great valid.
引文
[1]徐小力,梁福平,许宝杰等.旋转机械状态监测及预测技术的发展与研究.北京机械学院学报,2003,6(12):568-573.
[2]彭应宁,何友,孟祥伟.多传感器分布式检测中新的反馈方案及其最优融合.电子学报,2003,6(12):568-573.
[3]李宏,许世军,刘诗斌.分布式贝叶斯检测融合优化算法及其计算机仿真.计算机仿真,2003,6(12):568-573.
[4]陶然,王甜,赵娟.分布式无源检测系统中自适应检测融合.北京理工大学学报,2003,6(12):68-573.
[5]周振安,刘爱英.光纤光栅传感器用于高精度应变测量研究.地球物理学进展.2005,20(3):864-866.
[6]郭明金.恶劣飞行环境中光纤光栅传感方法和技术研究:(博士学位论文).武汉:武汉理工大学,2007.
[7]张洪宪.光纤光栅传感器技术及其应用.重庆科技学院学报:自然科学版,2007(3):44-46.
[8] Charles Jewart, Kevin P. Chen, Ben McMillen, et al. Sensitivity enhancement of fiber Bragg gratings to transverse stress by using microstructural fibers. OPTICS LETTERS, 2006, 31 (15):2260-2262.
[9] SWEE CHUAN TJIN, JIANZHONG HAO, YU-ZHI LAM. A Pressure Sensor Using Fiber Bragg Grating. Fiber and Integrated Optics, 2001 20:59-69.
[10] J. W. Arkwright, N. G. Blenman, I. D. Underhill et al. In-vivo demonstration of a high resolution optical fiber manometry catheter for diagnosis of gastrointestinal motility disorders. OPTICS EXPRESS, 2009,17 (6):4500-4508.
[11]刘胜春,姜德生,郝义昶.光纤光栅测力传感器的研究及应用.武汉理工大学学报,2006,30(2):209-211.
[12]刘云红.光纤光栅传感器技术及其应用.传感器世界,2005,11(3):20-23.
[13] Yong-Lae Park, Kelvin Chau, Richard Black et al. Force Sensing Robot Fingers using Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Shape Deposition Manufacturing. Center for Design Research, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2232, USA.
[14]孙安,乔学光,贾振安等.耐高压光纤Bragg光栅压力传感技术研究.光子学报,2004,33(7):823-825.
[15]李英.压力容器表面应力光纤Bragg光栅的测量和分析:(硕士学位论文).武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.
[16]何建平,周智,王永政等.基于光纤光栅绝对测量技术的高耐久智能钢拉杆.应用光学,2009,30(1):118-124.
[17] R. N. Nogueira, I. Abe, A. J. Fernandes. Spatial characterization of fiber Bragg grating structures using transversal pressure. Optics Communications, 2006, 259:110–114.
[18] Chengbo Mou, Pouneh Saffari, Dezhi Li et al. Smart structure sensors based on embedded fibre Bragg grating arrays in aluminium alloy matrix by ultrasonic consolidation. MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2009, 20.
[19]恽斌峰,汪戈平,崔一平.一种新型的光纤光栅温度增敏技术.东南大学学报(自然科学版).2005,35(3):347-350.
[20]李阔,周振安,刘爱春.基于光纤光栅的高精度测温传感器研究.地球物理学进展.2008,23(4):1322-1325.
[21]周雪芳,许建风,梁磊.光纤光栅索力传感器的设计与分析.传感技术学报.2007,20(5):1007-1011.
[22]文庆珍,苑秉成,黄俊斌.光纤光栅压力传感器封装增敏技术.海军工程大学学报.2005,17(3).
[23] H. Abramovitch, M. Burgard, Lucy Edery-Azulay et al. Smart tetrachiral and hexachiral honeycomb: Sensing and impact detection. Compos Sci Technol, 2009. 7 (17).
[24]张文涛,戴静云,孙宝臣.FBG传感器封装工艺对交叉敏感问题的影响.微纳电子技术,2007(7/8):22-24.
[25] Pietro Ferraro, Giuseppe De Natale. On the possible use of optical fiber Bragg gratings as strain sensors for geodynamical monitoring. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2002, 37:115–130.
[26] George T. Kanellos, George Papaioannou, Dimitris Tsiokos, et al. Two dimensional polymer-embedded quasi-distributed FBG pressure sensor for biomedical applications. OPTICS EXPRESS, 2010, 18 (1):179-186.
[27] R. de Oliveira, C.A. Ramos, A.T. Marques. Health monitoring of composite structures by embedded FBG and interferometric Fabry–Perot sensors. Computers and Structures, 2008, 86:340-346.
[28] Xin-Ye Zou, Qian Chen, Bin Liang et al. Control of the elastic wave bandgaps in two-dimensional piezoelectric periodic structures. SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, 2008, 17.
[29] Hamidreza Alemohammad, Ehsan Toyserkani, Christ P. Paul. Fabrication of smart cutting tools with embedded optical fiber sensors using combined laser solid freeform fabrication and moulding techniques. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2007, 45:1010–1017.
[30] Xiaochun Li, Fritz Prinz, John Seim. Thermal behavior of a metal embedded fiber Bragg grating sensor. SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, 2001, 10:575-579.
[31] Stefan Sandlin, Ari Hokkanen. Embedding Optical Fibers In Metal Alloys. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2003, 6:31-36.
[32] L.E. Giesler, J. R. Dunphy, W. W. Morey et al. Instrumentation concepts for multiplexed Bragg grating sensors. Sensors and Sensor Integration, 1991, 1480:138-142.
[33]尚丽萍,张淑清,史锦珊.光纤光栅传感器的现状与发展.燕山大学学报,2001,25(2):139-143.
[34]郭团,乔学光等.光纤光栅温度应变智能传感原理及增敏技术研究.物理.2003,32(3):176-181.
[35] Xiaochun Li, Fritz Prinz. Analytical and Experimental Study on Noncontact Sensing With Embedded Fiber-Optic Sensors in Rotating Metal Parts. JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, 2004, 22 (7):1720-1727.
[36]王嘉力,姜力,刘宏.一种用于微型六维力传感器的集成式应变计设计.机器人,2007,29(4):403-406.
[37]张晓辉,高峰.六维控制器力敏元件研究.机器人,2003(z1): 586-588.
[38] Larry L. Howell. Compliant Mechanisms. Wiley-Interscience, 2001.7.
[39]吴鹰飞,周兆英.柔性铰链的设计计算.工程力学,2002,19(6):136-140.
[40]陆永华,赵东标,吕霞.Stewart型六维力传感器弹性体结构的设计.机械科学与技术(西安),2005,24(7):796-799.
[41]姚智慧,张付祥.机器人六维力传感器研究概况及发展预测.广东自动化与信息工程,2002,(3):7-13.
[42] Jonathan Brigham Hopkins. Design of Parallel Flexure Systems via Freedom and Constraint Topologies (FACT): (masteral dissertation). Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007.
[43] K. L. Johnson著.徐秉业,罗学富,刘信声等译.接触力学.北京:高等教育出版社,1992.5.
[44] S. C. Tjin, R. Suresh, N. Q. Ngo. Fiber Bragg Grating Based Shear-Force Sensor: Modeling and Testing. JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, 2004, 22 (7):1728-1735.
[45] Rupali Suresh, Swee Chuan Tjin, S. Bhalla. Multi-component force measurement using embedded fiber Bragg grating. Optics & Laser Technology, 2009, 41:431-440.
[2]彭应宁,何友,孟祥伟.多传感器分布式检测中新的反馈方案及其最优融合.电子学报,2003,6(12):568-573.
[3]李宏,许世军,刘诗斌.分布式贝叶斯检测融合优化算法及其计算机仿真.计算机仿真,2003,6(12):568-573.
[4]陶然,王甜,赵娟.分布式无源检测系统中自适应检测融合.北京理工大学学报,2003,6(12):68-573.
[5]周振安,刘爱英.光纤光栅传感器用于高精度应变测量研究.地球物理学进展.2005,20(3):864-866.
[6]郭明金.恶劣飞行环境中光纤光栅传感方法和技术研究:(博士学位论文).武汉:武汉理工大学,2007.
[7]张洪宪.光纤光栅传感器技术及其应用.重庆科技学院学报:自然科学版,2007(3):44-46.
[8] Charles Jewart, Kevin P. Chen, Ben McMillen, et al. Sensitivity enhancement of fiber Bragg gratings to transverse stress by using microstructural fibers. OPTICS LETTERS, 2006, 31 (15):2260-2262.
[9] SWEE CHUAN TJIN, JIANZHONG HAO, YU-ZHI LAM. A Pressure Sensor Using Fiber Bragg Grating. Fiber and Integrated Optics, 2001 20:59-69.
[10] J. W. Arkwright, N. G. Blenman, I. D. Underhill et al. In-vivo demonstration of a high resolution optical fiber manometry catheter for diagnosis of gastrointestinal motility disorders. OPTICS EXPRESS, 2009,17 (6):4500-4508.
[11]刘胜春,姜德生,郝义昶.光纤光栅测力传感器的研究及应用.武汉理工大学学报,2006,30(2):209-211.
[12]刘云红.光纤光栅传感器技术及其应用.传感器世界,2005,11(3):20-23.
[13] Yong-Lae Park, Kelvin Chau, Richard Black et al. Force Sensing Robot Fingers using Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Shape Deposition Manufacturing. Center for Design Research, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2232, USA.
[14]孙安,乔学光,贾振安等.耐高压光纤Bragg光栅压力传感技术研究.光子学报,2004,33(7):823-825.
[15]李英.压力容器表面应力光纤Bragg光栅的测量和分析:(硕士学位论文).武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.
[16]何建平,周智,王永政等.基于光纤光栅绝对测量技术的高耐久智能钢拉杆.应用光学,2009,30(1):118-124.
[17] R. N. Nogueira, I. Abe, A. J. Fernandes. Spatial characterization of fiber Bragg grating structures using transversal pressure. Optics Communications, 2006, 259:110–114.
[18] Chengbo Mou, Pouneh Saffari, Dezhi Li et al. Smart structure sensors based on embedded fibre Bragg grating arrays in aluminium alloy matrix by ultrasonic consolidation. MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2009, 20.
[19]恽斌峰,汪戈平,崔一平.一种新型的光纤光栅温度增敏技术.东南大学学报(自然科学版).2005,35(3):347-350.
[20]李阔,周振安,刘爱春.基于光纤光栅的高精度测温传感器研究.地球物理学进展.2008,23(4):1322-1325.
[21]周雪芳,许建风,梁磊.光纤光栅索力传感器的设计与分析.传感技术学报.2007,20(5):1007-1011.
[22]文庆珍,苑秉成,黄俊斌.光纤光栅压力传感器封装增敏技术.海军工程大学学报.2005,17(3).
[23] H. Abramovitch, M. Burgard, Lucy Edery-Azulay et al. Smart tetrachiral and hexachiral honeycomb: Sensing and impact detection. Compos Sci Technol, 2009. 7 (17).
[24]张文涛,戴静云,孙宝臣.FBG传感器封装工艺对交叉敏感问题的影响.微纳电子技术,2007(7/8):22-24.
[25] Pietro Ferraro, Giuseppe De Natale. On the possible use of optical fiber Bragg gratings as strain sensors for geodynamical monitoring. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2002, 37:115–130.
[26] George T. Kanellos, George Papaioannou, Dimitris Tsiokos, et al. Two dimensional polymer-embedded quasi-distributed FBG pressure sensor for biomedical applications. OPTICS EXPRESS, 2010, 18 (1):179-186.
[27] R. de Oliveira, C.A. Ramos, A.T. Marques. Health monitoring of composite structures by embedded FBG and interferometric Fabry–Perot sensors. Computers and Structures, 2008, 86:340-346.
[28] Xin-Ye Zou, Qian Chen, Bin Liang et al. Control of the elastic wave bandgaps in two-dimensional piezoelectric periodic structures. SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, 2008, 17.
[29] Hamidreza Alemohammad, Ehsan Toyserkani, Christ P. Paul. Fabrication of smart cutting tools with embedded optical fiber sensors using combined laser solid freeform fabrication and moulding techniques. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2007, 45:1010–1017.
[30] Xiaochun Li, Fritz Prinz, John Seim. Thermal behavior of a metal embedded fiber Bragg grating sensor. SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, 2001, 10:575-579.
[31] Stefan Sandlin, Ari Hokkanen. Embedding Optical Fibers In Metal Alloys. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2003, 6:31-36.
[32] L.E. Giesler, J. R. Dunphy, W. W. Morey et al. Instrumentation concepts for multiplexed Bragg grating sensors. Sensors and Sensor Integration, 1991, 1480:138-142.
[33]尚丽萍,张淑清,史锦珊.光纤光栅传感器的现状与发展.燕山大学学报,2001,25(2):139-143.
[34]郭团,乔学光等.光纤光栅温度应变智能传感原理及增敏技术研究.物理.2003,32(3):176-181.
[35] Xiaochun Li, Fritz Prinz. Analytical and Experimental Study on Noncontact Sensing With Embedded Fiber-Optic Sensors in Rotating Metal Parts. JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, 2004, 22 (7):1720-1727.
[36]王嘉力,姜力,刘宏.一种用于微型六维力传感器的集成式应变计设计.机器人,2007,29(4):403-406.
[37]张晓辉,高峰.六维控制器力敏元件研究.机器人,2003(z1): 586-588.
[38] Larry L. Howell. Compliant Mechanisms. Wiley-Interscience, 2001.7.
[39]吴鹰飞,周兆英.柔性铰链的设计计算.工程力学,2002,19(6):136-140.
[40]陆永华,赵东标,吕霞.Stewart型六维力传感器弹性体结构的设计.机械科学与技术(西安),2005,24(7):796-799.
[41]姚智慧,张付祥.机器人六维力传感器研究概况及发展预测.广东自动化与信息工程,2002,(3):7-13.
[42] Jonathan Brigham Hopkins. Design of Parallel Flexure Systems via Freedom and Constraint Topologies (FACT): (masteral dissertation). Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007.
[43] K. L. Johnson著.徐秉业,罗学富,刘信声等译.接触力学.北京:高等教育出版社,1992.5.
[44] S. C. Tjin, R. Suresh, N. Q. Ngo. Fiber Bragg Grating Based Shear-Force Sensor: Modeling and Testing. JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, 2004, 22 (7):1728-1735.
[45] Rupali Suresh, Swee Chuan Tjin, S. Bhalla. Multi-component force measurement using embedded fiber Bragg grating. Optics & Laser Technology, 2009, 41:431-440.