古罗马家庭研究
摘要
共和晚期到帝国早期是罗马历史上重要的转型时期,在这一时期,罗马国家政体实现了从共和向帝制的过渡,罗马经济、文化、以及社会生活等各个方面也发生了重大的变化。本文选择从共和晚期到帝国早期这段时间的家庭作为研究对象,通过对父权制的考察,来探讨这一时期罗马家庭的结构和功能、家庭规模、婚姻类型、家庭中女性地位以及家庭成员关系的变化及其意义;通过这一特殊时期的家庭研究,对家庭的内在结构和外部环境的变化进行合理性分析,从而理解古罗马转型社会的现状和帝国未来命运的走向;并分析家庭作为社会的基本细胞在罗马转型时期,是如何与个体和国家发生联系并相互作用。父权制是整个古罗马时期家庭的一个最主要的特征,它贯穿罗马社会始终,是罗马社会的一个基本制度。因此在研究古罗马家庭时,父权制将是一条贯穿始终的主线。
本文共分为四章。第一章从古罗马家庭的定义入手,阐明古罗马家庭的两大特征,厘清家庭成员的划分。并从familia到domus用法的变迁来试图说明罗马社会的巨变。本章还重点阐述了罗马家庭的功能以及家庭在转型时期所呈现的新特征,它主要表现为父权制的削弱、婚姻类型的改变和夫权的弱化、以及家庭规模从扩展式向核心式的过渡。
第二章探讨古罗马的婚姻,指出这一时期无论是婚姻的程序、婚姻的类型还是婚姻的状况都发生了极大的改变。为了扩大公民基础,国家改善女性的法律地位,鼓励女性生育,并放松对婚姻的禁忌,婚姻的缔结开始跨越血缘和社会等级的差异,这一切冲击着建立在父权制基础上的古罗马家庭制度、家庭规范以及公民体系。不过,从婚姻的实质而言,它仍然是以生儿育女,为国家繁衍合法后代为目的。
第三章主要探讨了家庭成员关系的变化,重点就夫妻关系以及父母与孩子的关系进行剖析。针对当时社会出现的严重的通奸现象,国家首次通过法律来规范夫妻关系和家庭秩序。而父权制的相对削弱带来了父子关系的新变化,儿子在家中的权利和情感开始受到重视。相比较而言,母子关系要比父子关系的改变要大,它随着母亲经济地位的提高和继承法的发展而变得更为复杂而微妙,经济实力成为考察母子关系新的因素。
第四章重点分析女性地位的提高,通过女性从家庭领域走向公共领域,探讨女性传统角色的改变。并从女性与生育的角度进行分析,指出女性地位无论如何改善,父权制社会对女性最大的角色期待仍然是其生儿育女的能力。
全文将以父权制为切入点,考察古罗马家庭的演变,力图通过对个体、家庭和国家之间相互作用和关系的研究来揭示,罗马人是如何通过法律手段和各种措施来调整这些关系,实现罗马由共和向帝制的社会转型的,从而更全面地认识和理解古罗马社会与文化。
The late republic and the early empire is an important transitional period in Roman history. During this period, it is not only related to the transition of Roman regime, but also involved in the great changes of Roman economy, culture, social life and etc. This paper fixes the family of the late republic and the early empire as research object and attempts to discuss the varieties and influences of the family structure and function, the family size, the marital type, and the female status in family based on the analysis of patriarchy. Meanwhile, through the family study of this special stage the paper rationalizes the changes of inner structure and exterior background of the family and enables us to further understand the current conditions of transitional period of ancient Rome and tendency of the empire destiny. Moreover, it elaborates how the family, as the basic unit of society, interacts with the individual and nation.“patriarchy”is not only a most important feature of ancient Roman family , but also a basic institution in Roman society. Therefore, patriarchy will be a main skeleton running through my paper.
This paper consists of four chapters. The first chapter begins from the definition of ancient Roman family, analyzes the two family characteristics and then clarifies what members form the ancient Roman family. I endeavor to explore the evolution of two terms from familia to domus to illustrate great social changes. Also, this chapter emphasizes the family function and the new emerging features, which are reflected in the weakening patriarchy, change of marital type and waning of manus authority and the transition of family size from the extended family to the nuclear one.
Chapter two tries to deal with Roman marital system in detail and points out that during this period great changes have taken place in marital procedures, types and situations as well. In order to enlarge the citizenship, the empire improves the legal status of female, encourages the women’s fertility and unfastens the matrimonial taboos, which results in intermarriages transcending consanguinity and class status. This means that the family institutions, family criterions and traditional civil system based on the patriarchy have been strongly impacted. However, in terms of marital purpose, it still aims to provide and nourish children and pass on the legal descendants for country.
The third one moves to the relationship and its changes of family members and focuses on the analysis of conjugal relation and parental relation with children. The government establishes the laws the first time so as to put up the family and conjugal orders and stop grievous adultery. The relatively waning of patriarchy brings the new variation of paternity, that is, sons’rights and affection have been paid much attention. In comparison, mother-son relation changes even much more with the development of their financial condition and heritage laws. These changes make the mother-son relation more complex and delicate, and now economic factor must be taken into consideration when evaluating the mother-son relation.
The last chapter emphasizes the improvement of female status and explores the transition of their traditional roles from the family realm to the public field. From the point of the female and procreation, the paper draws a conclusion that whatever improvement in female’s status, women’s fertility has always been placed the first order in the paternal society.
This paper attempts to reflect the ancient Rome through the evolution of family institutions focused on the patriarchy. Meanwhile, the study based on the mutual influences among individual, family and nation aims to illustrate the process how Rome centers on the law-making and law-issuring through a series of institution construction and finally actualizes the transition from the republic to the empire and enables us to understand the society and culture of ancient Rome more comprehensively.
本文共分为四章。第一章从古罗马家庭的定义入手,阐明古罗马家庭的两大特征,厘清家庭成员的划分。并从familia到domus用法的变迁来试图说明罗马社会的巨变。本章还重点阐述了罗马家庭的功能以及家庭在转型时期所呈现的新特征,它主要表现为父权制的削弱、婚姻类型的改变和夫权的弱化、以及家庭规模从扩展式向核心式的过渡。
第二章探讨古罗马的婚姻,指出这一时期无论是婚姻的程序、婚姻的类型还是婚姻的状况都发生了极大的改变。为了扩大公民基础,国家改善女性的法律地位,鼓励女性生育,并放松对婚姻的禁忌,婚姻的缔结开始跨越血缘和社会等级的差异,这一切冲击着建立在父权制基础上的古罗马家庭制度、家庭规范以及公民体系。不过,从婚姻的实质而言,它仍然是以生儿育女,为国家繁衍合法后代为目的。
第三章主要探讨了家庭成员关系的变化,重点就夫妻关系以及父母与孩子的关系进行剖析。针对当时社会出现的严重的通奸现象,国家首次通过法律来规范夫妻关系和家庭秩序。而父权制的相对削弱带来了父子关系的新变化,儿子在家中的权利和情感开始受到重视。相比较而言,母子关系要比父子关系的改变要大,它随着母亲经济地位的提高和继承法的发展而变得更为复杂而微妙,经济实力成为考察母子关系新的因素。
第四章重点分析女性地位的提高,通过女性从家庭领域走向公共领域,探讨女性传统角色的改变。并从女性与生育的角度进行分析,指出女性地位无论如何改善,父权制社会对女性最大的角色期待仍然是其生儿育女的能力。
全文将以父权制为切入点,考察古罗马家庭的演变,力图通过对个体、家庭和国家之间相互作用和关系的研究来揭示,罗马人是如何通过法律手段和各种措施来调整这些关系,实现罗马由共和向帝制的社会转型的,从而更全面地认识和理解古罗马社会与文化。
The late republic and the early empire is an important transitional period in Roman history. During this period, it is not only related to the transition of Roman regime, but also involved in the great changes of Roman economy, culture, social life and etc. This paper fixes the family of the late republic and the early empire as research object and attempts to discuss the varieties and influences of the family structure and function, the family size, the marital type, and the female status in family based on the analysis of patriarchy. Meanwhile, through the family study of this special stage the paper rationalizes the changes of inner structure and exterior background of the family and enables us to further understand the current conditions of transitional period of ancient Rome and tendency of the empire destiny. Moreover, it elaborates how the family, as the basic unit of society, interacts with the individual and nation.“patriarchy”is not only a most important feature of ancient Roman family , but also a basic institution in Roman society. Therefore, patriarchy will be a main skeleton running through my paper.
This paper consists of four chapters. The first chapter begins from the definition of ancient Roman family, analyzes the two family characteristics and then clarifies what members form the ancient Roman family. I endeavor to explore the evolution of two terms from familia to domus to illustrate great social changes. Also, this chapter emphasizes the family function and the new emerging features, which are reflected in the weakening patriarchy, change of marital type and waning of manus authority and the transition of family size from the extended family to the nuclear one.
Chapter two tries to deal with Roman marital system in detail and points out that during this period great changes have taken place in marital procedures, types and situations as well. In order to enlarge the citizenship, the empire improves the legal status of female, encourages the women’s fertility and unfastens the matrimonial taboos, which results in intermarriages transcending consanguinity and class status. This means that the family institutions, family criterions and traditional civil system based on the patriarchy have been strongly impacted. However, in terms of marital purpose, it still aims to provide and nourish children and pass on the legal descendants for country.
The third one moves to the relationship and its changes of family members and focuses on the analysis of conjugal relation and parental relation with children. The government establishes the laws the first time so as to put up the family and conjugal orders and stop grievous adultery. The relatively waning of patriarchy brings the new variation of paternity, that is, sons’rights and affection have been paid much attention. In comparison, mother-son relation changes even much more with the development of their financial condition and heritage laws. These changes make the mother-son relation more complex and delicate, and now economic factor must be taken into consideration when evaluating the mother-son relation.
The last chapter emphasizes the improvement of female status and explores the transition of their traditional roles from the family realm to the public field. From the point of the female and procreation, the paper draws a conclusion that whatever improvement in female’s status, women’s fertility has always been placed the first order in the paternal society.
This paper attempts to reflect the ancient Rome through the evolution of family institutions focused on the patriarchy. Meanwhile, the study based on the mutual influences among individual, family and nation aims to illustrate the process how Rome centers on the law-making and law-issuring through a series of institution construction and finally actualizes the transition from the republic to the empire and enables us to understand the society and culture of ancient Rome more comprehensively.
引文
1俞金尧:《欧洲历史上家庭概念的演变及其特征》,《世界历史》2004年第4期,第21页。
2《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,人民出版社1995年版,第5-6页。
1【美】路易斯·亨利·摩根:《古代社会》,杨东莼、马雍、马巨译,北京:商务印书馆1987年版。
2《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷,第14-15页。
3【法】古郎士:《希腊罗马古代社会研究》,李玄伯译,中国政法大学出版社,2005年版。
4梅因:《古代法》,方孝岳、钟建闳译,北京:商务印书馆1959年版,第146页。
1【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,上海文艺出版社, 1989年版。
2俞金尧:《从历史人口学到家庭史学》,《历史研究》1995年第1期,第91页。
3【法】安德烈·比尔基埃、克里斯蒂亚娜·克拉比什、玛尔蒂娜·雪伽兰、弗朗索瓦兹·佐纳邦德主编:《家庭史》三卷,袁树仁、姚静、肖桂译,三联书店出版,2003年版。
4【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,袁树仁等译,第2页。
1 Perrot, From the fires of revolution to the Great War, Cambridge University Press,1983, p.131.
2 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1992,pp.1-57.
3 Beryl Rawson ed, Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome, Oxford:Clarendon press,1991.
4 Beryl Rawson and Paul weaver eds, The Roman Family in Italy—Status, Sentiment, Space, Humanities Research Center and Canberra Clarendon Press,Oxford,1997.
5 Jane.F.Gardner, Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life, Oxford University Press, 1998.
1 Richard P·Saller, Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman Family, The University of Chicago Press, 1998.
2 Thomas A.J.Mcginn, Prostitution ,Sexuality ,and the law In Ancient Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998.
3 Suzanne Dixon, Reading Roman Women—Sources,Genres and Real Life, Duckworth Press,2001.
4【法】卡特琳娜·萨雷丝:《古罗马人的阅读》,张平、韩梅译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
5 Beryl Rawson, Roman children and childhood in Italy, The University of Chicago Press,2003.
6【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,张鸿、向征译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History And Habits,Barnes Noble, Inc.1962.
2 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, University of Oklahoma Press Norman and London,1988.
3 Sarah B·Pomeroy ed , Women’s history and Ancient history, Public Occasion Press,1991.
4 Sarah B.Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores,Wives, and Slaves, Shocken Books·New York,1975.
5 Lionel Casson, Everyday life in Ancient Rome, The Johns Hopkins University Press,1998.
6【德】米歇尔·福柯:《性经验史》,佘碧平译,上海人民出版社,2006年版。
7【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,姜瑞璋译,辽宁教育出版社, 2001年版,尾页。
8【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,李群等译,三环出版社,2007年版。
1吴藜:《试论古罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期。
1裔昭印:《从宗教看古罗马社会的性别关系》,《世界历史》2004年第2期。
2刘文明:《文化视域中变迁的罗马女性》,湖南人民出版社,2001年版。
1本文注释中出现的罗马法律汇纂Digest和拉丁铭文集CIL都引自国外的一些古罗马资料集。它们分别是:Jo·Ann Shelton ed, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, Oxford University Press, Inc, 1988. Judith Evans Grubbs ed, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, Routledge London and New York Press,2002. Kitty Chisholm and John Ferguson eds, Rome-The Augustan Age—A Sourcebook, Oxford University Press,1981. Jane F.Gardner and Thomas Wiedemann, The Roman Household-a sourcebook, London and New York,1991. Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book, The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore,1982. Bruce W.Frier and Thomas A.J.McGinn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law, Oxford University Press, 2004. John Bodel ed, Epigraphic Evidence, Routledge Press,2001.古罗马作家的文献均出自:The Loeb Classical Library,Harvard University Press, London, 1985.
2冯定雄:《拉丁铭文与罗马史研究》,《求索》2007年第5期,第225页。
1《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,第54页。
2 The Twelve Tables,Table IV,II,转引:David Cherry ed, The Roman World-A sourcebook, Blackwell Press,2001,pp.6-7.
3 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, II, 26-27.
4 Ibid,27.2-3.
5【美】路易斯·亨利·摩根:《古代社会》,第475页。
1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women—Their History And Habits, p.18.
2【英】纳撒尼尔·哈里斯著:《古罗马生活》卢佩媛赵国柱冯秀云译,希望出版社2007年版,第57-65页。
3同上,第97页。
4【法】古郎士:《希腊罗马古代社会研究》,第65页。
5 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities,II,25.
1《马克思思格斯选集》第4卷,第74-75页。
2同上。
3注释:罗马早期的婚姻采取“有夫权婚姻”的形式,婚姻与夫权紧密结合。女子出嫁完全脱离生父的宗亲关系,在夫权支配下,妻子处于女儿的地位。共和中晚期,罗马逐渐实行“无夫权婚姻”。“无夫权婚姻”指的是女性结婚后,仍然接受原来的父权,享有父亲法定继承人的权利,丈夫不享有她的财产权。笔者将在本章的第二节详细介绍。
4【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第59-60页。
1【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第291-292页。
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, Routledge London and New York Press, 2002, p.20.
1 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities,XI,28.
2 Beryl Rawson ed.,The Familiy In Ancient Rome-new perspectives,T.J.Press Ltd,Cornwall, 1982, p.43.
3 Ibid, p.13.
4 Susan Treggiari, Roman Freedmen During the Late Republic, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969, pp.333-408.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第3页。
2 Cato, De agricultura,CXXXIV,1-2.
3【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第285页。
4 Digest.50.16.195.1(Ulpian)
1 Richard P·Saller, Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman Family,p.80.
2 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,V,7.3.
3 Digest.25.3.1.2,(Ulpian)
4 Pliny, Natural History,XXXV,7.
5 Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.37-58.
6 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,IV,12.
7 Tacitus,annals,VI,51.
1 Suetonius, Tiberius, III,15.2.
2 Seneca,Epistles,64.7.
3 Tacitus, Annals,III,30.
4 Cicero,Letters to his friends,X,3.2.
5 Cicero,Sestio,XXIV, 53.
6 Cicero,Philippics,II,48.
1 Richard.P.Saller, Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman Family, p.88.
2 Tacitus,Annals,VI,51.
1 Beryl Rawson ed.,The Familiy In Ancient Rome-new perspectives, p.1.
1 Allemn M.Ward, A History of the Roman People ,Prentice Hall Press,1999, p.7.
2 Digest.25.3.20.21.26(Ulpian)
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,III,9.3.
1 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VI,7.2.
2 Appian,The Civic Wars,IV,44.
3 Digest.24.1.1.(Ulpian)
4 Digest.24.1.42.(Ulpian)
5 Tacitus,Annals,III,33-4.
6 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VII,7.4.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第39页。
1 Digest.48.9.5.(Ulpian)
2 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire, Penguin Books Press, 1956, p.82.
3 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,VI,3.9.
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,北京:商务出版社,2004年版,第151页。
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第153页。
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,24.3-7.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,VI,6.1.
1 CILVI.22560.
2 Pliny the Younger, Letters,VI, 20.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第197页。
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第153页。
1 Gies Frances,Marriage and Family in the Middle Age,New York Press,1987, p.20.转引:吴藜:《试论古罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期,第57页。
2袁波:《罗马社会转型时期婚姻现象探析》,东北师大学报(社科版)2006年第4期,第61页。
3【俄】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,王以铸译,上海书库出版社,2007年版,第590页。
1【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第75页。
2 Plutarch,Lives of Aemilius Paullus,VI,5.7-8.
3 Carolly Erickson, Civilization and Society in the West, London, 1908, pp.78-79.
4 Tacitus, Annals,XIV,42-3.
5 Westermann, The Slave systems of Greek and Roman antiquity,Philadelphia,1955,pp.88-89.
1 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,24.2.
2 Cicero,De officiis,I,12.53.
3 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome, p.106.
4 Plutarch, Lives of Caesar,VII,7.3-5..
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第178页。
2 M.D.Walton, Roman Private Life and Its Survivals, Brooks Press, 1963, p.42.
3 Tacitus,Annals,4.16.
4【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第12-13页。
1林志纯:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,北京:商务印书馆,1974年版,第337页。
2【古罗马】盖尤斯:《法学阶梯》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1996年版,第40页。
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第12页。
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第192页。
5【英】梅因:《古代法》,第89页。
6在本文第一章的第二节已详述关于有夫权婚姻向无夫权婚姻的转变及原因,此不赘述。
7 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.104.
1 CILI.21221(ILS7472)
2 Digest.23.1.13(Paulus)
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,VI,6.1.
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第183页。
5 Catullus,Poems,57-65.
1 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.88.
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, I,14.
2 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, 1963, p.178.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第183页。
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第182-183页。
5 BGU1052(Select Papyri 3),转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, p.44.
1吴藜:《试论古代罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期,第55页。
2【芬兰】E·A·韦斯特马克:《人类婚姻史》,刘小幸、李彬译,商务印书馆,1992年版,第122页。
3 Digest.23.3.1(Ulpian)
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第204页。
1 R.Sohm,The Institutes-A Textbook of the History and System of Roman Private Law, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1907, p.462.
2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities, II,25.1.
3 Watson A., Rome of the XII Tables-Persons and Property, Princeton University Press, 1975, pp.31-39.
4 Digest.23.3.7pr-1(Ulpian)
5【英】巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,黄风译,法律出版社,2002年版,第90页。
6周枏:《罗马法原论》,第206页。
1 Apuleius,Apologia, 91.158.
2 Plutarch,Gaius Graccus,X,17.2-5.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第214页。
4同上。
5 Cod.Just.5.18.7.9.
6 Digest.48.20.3(Ulpian)
1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.186.
2 Richard P·Saller, Patriarchy,property and death in the Roman Family,p.159.
3 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, 4.4.10
4【古罗马】塔西佗:《编年史》上下册(王以铸、崔妙因译),北京:商务印书馆, 1981年版,第132页。
5 Polybius,XXXI,27,18.
6 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,II,2.2.
7【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第146页。
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters,VI,32.
2 Treggiari, Roman Marriage,Oxford University Press, 1991, pp.346-8.
3【意】彼得罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1998年版,第159页。
4 Polybius,XVIII,35.6.
5 Digest.24.3.1(Pomponius)
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第14页。
2 Juvenal,Satire,II,119.
1 Catullus,Poems,LXI,1-5,11-20,56-75,96-100,106-110,116-130,151-160,171-175,181-185,211-225,230-235.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第14页。
2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities,II,30.6.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第197页。
4【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第17页。
1 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome, The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, 1982, p.204.
2 Gaius,Institutes,I.59
1 Digest.23.2.14(Paulus)
2 Livy,A History of Rome,XLII,34.3.
3 Digest.23.217.2(Gaius)
4 Digest.23.2.8(Pomponius)
5 Gaius,Institutes,I.64.
6 Digest.23.2.52(Paulus)
7周枏:《罗马法原论》,第187页。
8 Gaius,Institutes,I.82.
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第187页。
2 Gardner,J.F and Wiedemann, The Roman Household: A Soucebook,London and New York Press,1991,pp.163-4.
3 Digest.23.2.57a(Marcian)
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第186页。
2 Livy, From of the Founding of City,IV,1-7.
3 Livy, From of the Founding of City,IX, 34.5.
4 Cod.Just.5.4.3.14.
5 Galen, On Prognosis,6.
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第188页。
2 Digest.23.2.47(Paulus)
3 Parker,H.D.M., The Roman Legions,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1928,p.237.
4 Ibid.
5 Campbell,J.B“,The Marriage of Soldiers under the Empire”,Journal of Roman Studies,Vol.68(1978),pp.153-66.
6 Gaius, Institutes, I.57.
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, p.92.
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.156.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第227页。
1 Digest.25.7.1pr.(Ulpian)
2周枏:《罗马法原论》,第228页。
3 Digest.25.7.3.1(Marcian)
4【英】巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,第86页。
1【意】彼得罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,第154页。
2 Rawson, Roman Concubinage and other de facto Marriages, Oxford University Press Press, 1974, p.291.
3 Suetonius, Vespasian,VIII,3.
4 Suetonius, Domitian,VIII,12.
5 Saller,“Men’s Age at Marriage and Its Consequences in the Roman Family”,Classical Philology,Vol.82(1987),pp.76-79.
6【意】桑德罗·斯奇巴尼:《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》,费安玲译,中国政法大学出版社1995年版,第145页。
7 Suetonius, Vespasian,VIII,3.
8 Treggiari,“Concubinae”,Papers of the British School at Rome,Vol.49(1981),p.59.
1 Digest.48.5.14pr.(Ulpian)
2 Digest.24.1.3.1(Ulpian)
3 Digest.32.49.4(Ulpian)
4 Treggiari,“Concubinae”,Papers of the British School at Rome,Vol.49(1981),p.59.
5 Digest.34.9.16.1(Papinian)
6周枏:《罗马法原论》,第228页。
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,p.95.
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.7.
3 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,p.110.
1 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, II,25.6-7.
2 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,II,9,2.
3 Ibid.I,4.
4【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第132页。
1 CIL VI.1527,31670(ILS8393)
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第36页。
3 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome ,pp.111-112.
4 Juvenal,Satire,VI,224-230.
5 Seneca,on benefits,III ,3.16.2.
6 Martial, Epigrams,VI,7.5.
7 Suetonius, The Deified Augustus,II,65.
1 CIL V.7453.
2 Ovid, The Art of Love,I,590-620.
3 Catullus,Poems,V.
4 Sallust, The War With Catiline,13,4.
1 Suetonius, The Deified Augustus, II,65.
2 Digest.43.30.1.5(Ulpian)
3 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.83.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第38-39页。
2 Suetonius,The Deified Augustus,II, 34.
3 Ibid.
1【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,第179页。
2 Cassius, Dio,Roman History, LIV,16.1-2
3 Tacitus,Annals,III,25.
4 Ibid.28.
5 Ibid.29-30.
6 Plutarch,Numa,12.
7 Digest.3.2.11(Ulpian)
8注释:Univira这个称呼最开始是用在那些来自父权下的年轻处女嫁到夫家,在夫权的管理下并死于丈夫之前的女人。到共和晚期的时候,这个称呼开始用于赞赏那些出于对丈夫的忠诚和孩子的利益选择不再嫁的寡妇。
1 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome_A source book in translation, p.204.
2【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第365页。
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第14页。
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VII,7.4.
5 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,24.5-6.
1 Plutarch, Sulla,IV, 6.11.
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第36页。
3 Paul Veyne ed, A history of Private life volumn 1 from Pagan Rome to Byzantium, pp.37-40.
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VII,7.4.
5 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, II,25.6-7.
1 Soranus,Gynecology,1.34.1,1.36.1-2.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2 Plutarch, Moralia,II, 138a-146a, excerpts17.
3 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, p.66.
1 Gellius,The Attic Nights,XVII,6.1.
2 CIL VI.1527,31670(ILS8393)
3 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book, p.117.
4 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome,pp.119-120.
5 Pliny the Younger, Letters ,IV,19.3-8.
6 Digest.24.1.3pr.(Ulpian)
7 Plutarch, Moralia 138a-146a, excerpts.
1 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder, II,17.3-7.
2 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,pp.83-90.
3 Ibid.86.
4【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第334-339页。
5【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,第189页。
6【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版,第259页。
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第21页。
2 Livy, A History of Rome,XIV,59.
3 Pliny the Younger,Letters, I,14.
4 Plutarch,Aemilius Paullus, VI,4.3-5.
5 Ibid.
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, III,16.1-6.
2 Pliny the Younger, Letters, VII,19.
3 Plutarch,Lives of Antony,IX,54.3-5.
4 CIL I.1221(ILS7472)
1 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.187.
2 Paul Veyne, Arthur Goldhammer Ed, A history of Private life volumn 1 from Pagan Rome to Byzantium,p.37.
3 Plutarch, Moralia 138a-146a,II, excerpts48.
4瓦罗:《论农业》第二卷引言,王家绶译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版,第92页。
1 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,p.102.
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第31页。
3吴藜:《试论古代罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期,第54页。
4 Beryl Rawson ed,The Family In Ancient Rome,p. 34.
5【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第46页。
1 Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.37-58.
2 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,p.105.
3 Pliny the Younger, Letters ,VI,31.4-5.
4 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book ,p.104.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第32页。
2 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire, Penguin Books Press, 1956, p.99.
3 Gellius,The Attic Nights,X,23.5.
4 Cicero, Pro Caelio, III,20.48-50..
5 Beryl Rawson ed, The Family In Ancient Rome,p.34.
1 Suetonius, Tiberius,III,35.
2 Tacitus,Annals, 2.85
3 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire, p.100.
4 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,p.80.
1 Garnsey,P, Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1970, p.58.
2 Digest.25.3.5.1(Ulpian)
3 Ovid,Metmorphoses,VIII,630-88.
4 Suetonius,Claudius,V,3.2.
5 Seneca,To Helvia On Consolation,II,15.1.
6 Suetonius,Tiberius,III,51.
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, IX, 9.5.
2 Tacitus,Annals,II,37.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,XV,15.
4 Horace,Satire,I,.6.65-70.
5 CIL VI.28567.
6【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第288页。
7周枬:《罗马法原论》,第161页。
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters,VIII,18.4.
2 Gaius,Institute,1.97.
3 Suzanne Dixon,The Roman Family, p.119.
4 Digest.48.9.5(Marcianus)
1【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,第139页。
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,20.1-4.
3 Horace,Satire,I,.6.65—92.
4 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,VI,2.2
1 Juvenal,satire,XIV,47-49.
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,17.7.
3 Pliny the Younger, Letters,IX,12.1-2.
4 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, p.114.
5 Seneca the Younger, On Anger,I,2.21.1-6.
6 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,V,4.4.
1 Beryl Rawson ed, The Familiy In Ancient Rome-new perspectives, p.41.
2 Plutarch, Lives of Caesar,VII,5.2.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,V,17,20.
4 Cicero,Pro Murena,11.
5 Cicero,For Caelius,,III,7.18; Letters to Atticus,XII,32.2.
6 Cicero, Pro Plancio,XII,29.
1 Cicero, Pro Plancio,XII,73-174.
2 Suetonius,On Rhetoricians, I.
3【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,第131页。
4 Seneca,On Kindness,3.38.2
5 Digest.50.16.46.1(Ulpian)
6 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, p.114.
1 Soranus,Gynaecology,II.11.31.18.260.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2 Plutarch,Lives of Coriolanus,IV,33-34.
3 Tacitus, Dialogue, 28.5-6.
1 Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, p.220.
2 Beth Severy, Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire, Routledge New York and London Press2003, p.12.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,XII, 28.
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, IV,2.7.
5 Cicero, Brutus, LVIII,211.
1 Tacitus,Agricola,4.2-3.
2 Suetonius,Nero,VI,52.
3 Seneca,To Helvia on Consolation,II,14.3.
4 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.149.
5 Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p.121.
6 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,pp.190-3.
7 Nicolaus 31.132-4.
8 Suetonius,Tiberius,III,51.2.
9 Tacitus,Annals,XII,37.
1 Sammelbuch6263(Select Papyri121)转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, p.23.
2 Plutarch,Lives of Antony,IX,54.3-5.
1 Seneca,On Meditation,6.12
2 Valerius.Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, IV,5.8.
1【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第113页。
2【美】莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃、李建光译,作家出版社,1988年版,第81页。
3 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, XI,28.
1 Livy,From the Founding of City,I,57.6-10.
2【德】特奥尔多·蒙森:《罗马史》,李斯等译,时代文艺出版社, 2006年版,第8页。
3 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women Their History and Habits, p.270.
4 Suetonius, The Deified Augustus, II, 64.4-5.
5顾素尔:《家族制度史》,第188页。
6 Livy, From the Founding of City, II,13.6-11.
7 Appian,The civil wars, IV, 39-40.
8 Pliny the Younger,Letters,VII, 19.1.3.4.6.
1 Plutarch, Moralia,II,138a-146a, excerpts28.
2 Allemn M.Ward, A History of the Roman People, p.7.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第24-29页。
1《马克思、恩格斯选集》第4卷,第61页。
2【英】纳撒尼尔·哈里斯:《古罗马生活》,第57-65页。
3 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,p.196.
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第278页。
1 ILS.8403.
2【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第114页。
1杨共乐:《论早期罗马帝国农业的变革》,《北京师范大学学报》(社科版)04年第4期,第80页。
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,21.5-8.
3吴藜:《试论古代罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》94年第1期,第59页。
1 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.272.
2 Ibid.271.
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第18-19页。
4【美】M.罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》(下册),北京:商务印书馆,2005年,第717页。
5瓦罗:《论农业》,第92页。
6 Martial, Epigrams ,V, 61.
1 CIL X.810.
2 Juvenal, Satire,VI,212-213.
3 Ibid,460
4 Martial, Epigrams,VIII, 12.
5 Appian,The Civil Wars,IV,32.
6《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,第179页。
7 Allemn M.Ward,A History of the Roman People, p.7.
1 Gaius, Institues, 1.44.
2 Livy, From the Founding of the City, IX,34.2.
3 Gaius, Institues, 1.44.
4 Ibid.
5周枬:《法学原论》,第280页。
1 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, p.23.
2 Gaius,Institues,I.190.
3 S.B.Pomeroy.Goddesses,Whores Wives and Slaves:Women in Classical Antiquity,Schocken Books,1975,p.151.
4 Pliny the Younger, Letters,IV,19.3-5.
5 Pliny the Younger,Letters,I,16,6.
1 Martial, Epigrams,X,35.
2 Juvenal,Satire,VI,434-456.
3 Plutarch, Moralia, II,138a-146a, excerpts19.
1 Juvenal,Satire,VI,282-284.
2 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.45.
3 Richard A.Bauman, Women And Politics In Ancient Rome, T.J.Press Ltd,Cornwall, 1992, p.73.
1 Appian,The civil wars,IV,57-117.
2 Cicero,Letters to Brutus,I,18.
3 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.52.
4塔西佗:《编年史》,北京:商务印书馆1981年,第110页。
5同上,第122页。
6苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,北京:商务印书馆,1995年,第139-140页。
1 Livy,A History of Rome,XXXIV,2.1,2,8-11,14.
2 Ibid.
1 Livy,A History of Rome,XXXIV,2.1,2,8-11,14.
2 Sallust,The War With Catiline,25.
3 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,V, 8.3.
4 Ibid.
1 Suetonius,Tiberius,III,50.
2 Richard A.Bauman, Women And Politics In Ancient Rome, p.2.
3 Ovid, The Art of Love,I,90-100,160-165.
4 Columella, De Re Rustica,XII,preface.
1【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第124页。
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第9页。
3【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,第261页。
4 Ovid,The Art of Love,III,90-126.
5 Juvenal,Satire,I,22-23;VI,246-264.
6 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire,p.98.
7 Petronius,67;70-76.
1 Juvenal,Satire,VI,300-305.
2 Ibid.425-433.
3 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.75.
4 CIL X.6328.
5【英】特威兹穆尔:《奥古斯都》,王以铸译,中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第298页。
6【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第61页。
1同上,第60页。
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第32页。
3【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,第259-260页。
4 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women- Their History and Habits, pp.53-54.
1 Propertius,Elegies,II.6,99,253.
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第64页。
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第61页。
4 Junenal,Satire,VI,509.
5 Ibid.6.286-295,298-300.
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第280页。
2盖尤斯:《法学阶梯》第三卷,第136页;第138页。
3 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.37.
4 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.41.
5 CILVI.9732.
1 Cassius Dio,Roman History, LXV, 14.1-5.
2 Livy, A History of Rome,XXV,2.
3塔西佗:《编年史》,第85页。
4 Dio Cassius, Roman History,LX II.
5 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,7.2.
1 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.34.
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, p.60.
3 Sallust, The War With Catiline ,25.
1 CIL VI.1527,31670(ILS8393)
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第38-39页。
3 CIL10230(ILS8394)
4【俄】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,第415页。
5塔西佗:《编年史》,第5页。
1 Tacitus,Annals,III,25.
2 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book, pp.163-4.
1 Soranus, Gynecology,34.1,1.36.1-2.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2 Suetonius,Julius,I,43.1.
3 Digest.25.3.1pr.(Ulpian)
4 Digest.25.3.1.6(Ulpian)
5 Digest.48.19.39(Tryphoninus)
1 Plutarch, Life of Cicero,VII,41.7.
2 Digest.25.4.1.10(Ulpian)
1【俄】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,第589-593页。
2 Cassius Dio,Roman History, LIV,16.1-2.
3 Soranus,Gynaecology,1.24,26,34,36,39,40,60,61,62,64.Tr.O.Temkin.G.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
4 Soranus , Gynecology,1.60.4,1.61.1-3.
5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXIX, 27.85.
1 Ovid, The Amores,II,14-40.
1 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome, p.110.
2 Pliny the Younger,Letters,VIII,10.
3 CIL III.3572.
4 CIL VI.20288.
5 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome, p.110.
1 Soranus,Gynecology, 3.26,3.28.2,3.29.5.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第136页。
3 Oxyrhynchus Papyri 744(Select Papyri105)转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.27-8.
4 Ovid, Metamorphoses, IX,9.669-684,704-706.
1 CIL VI.19159(ILS8005)
2 Plutarch, Lives of Tiberius Gracchus, X,1.3-5.
3 Beryl Rawson ed, The Family In Ancient Rome-new perspectives, p.9.
4裔昭印:《从宗教看古罗马社会的性别关系》,《世界历史》2004年第2期,第9页。
5 D.S.Potter and D.J.Mattingly, Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire,Oxford University Press,1995,pp.137-138.
1 Georges Duby, Michelle Perrot eds,A History of Women in the West, Volume I:From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.385.
2 Ross Shepard Kraemer, Her Share of the blessings, Oxford University Press, 1992 , p.55.
3 Livy, From of the Founding of City, I,9.9-15.
4 Seneca, To Helvia On Consolation, II,16.3-6.
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,pp.24-25.
2【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,第127-128页
3【美】梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,东方出版社,2003年版,第200页。
4 Pliny the Younger, Letters ,10.11.
5 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, pp.6-7.
6 Jerome Carcopino,Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p.64.
7 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities, II,28.
1 Livy,A History of Rome,XIV,59.
2朱龙华:《罗马文化与古典传统》,浙江人民出版社,1993年版,第228页,。
3 Cassius Dio,Roman History,LIV,16.1-2.
4田德全、王振霞:《公民权的扩展对罗马共和国兴起的影响》,《齐鲁学刊》2004年第3期,第66页。
5【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第326页。
6 The Law Code of Theodosius.11.27.1
1 Catullus,Poems,64.384-386.
2江平、米健:《罗马法基础》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第154页。
3梅因:《古代法》,商务印书馆1959年,第146页。
4 Livy,From the founding of City,I.43.2,3.31.1,6.11.1
5 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome,p.91.
1 Seneca,III,8.3.
2 Beth Severy, Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire,p.15.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus, 2.22.3.
4【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第95页。
5 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, p.138.
6参见本文第三章第2节的“父与子”。
1塔西佗:《编年史》,第5页。
2 Cicero,De Natura Deorum,II,33-37.
3 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.7.
4【德】特奥尔多·蒙森:《罗马史》,第212页。
5 Juvenal,Satires,VI,286-295,298-300.
6【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗:《古罗马的儿童》,第132页。
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, pp.1-57.
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10.【古罗马】苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,张竹明、王乃新、蒋平等译,北京:商务印书馆, 1995年版。
11.【古罗马】塔西佗:《编年史》上下册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,1981年版。
12.【古罗马】塔西佗:《历史》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年版。
13.【古罗马】塔西佗:《阿古里可拉传》,马雍、傅正元译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版。
14.【古罗马】西塞罗:《论至善和至恶》,石敏敏译,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版。
15.【古罗马】西塞罗:《论老年、论友谊、论责任》,徐弈春译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版。
16.【古罗马】西塞罗:《顺应自然生活》,徐弈春译,陕西师范大学出版社,2006年版。
17.【古罗马】西塞罗:《论法律》,王焕生译,上海人民出版社,2006年版。
18.【古罗马】维吉尔:《埃涅阿斯纪》,杨周翰译,译林出版社,1999年版。
19.李雅书选译:《世界史资料丛刊·罗马帝国时期》北京:商务印书馆,1985年版。
20.杨共乐选译:《世界史资料丛刊·罗马共和国时期》,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版。
1.【英】爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》上下册,黄宜思、黄雨石译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版。
2.【法】安德烈·比尔基埃、克里斯蒂亚娜·克拉比什、玛尔蒂娜·雪伽兰、弗朗索瓦兹·佐纳邦德主编:《家庭史》三卷,袁树仁、姚静、肖桂译,三联书店出版,2003年版。
3.【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,姜瑞璋译,辽宁教育出版社,2001年版。
4.【意】巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,黄风译,法律出版社, 2002年版。
5.【意】彼德罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1998年版。
6.【英】彼得·阿克罗伊德:《古代罗马》,冷杉、杨立新译,三联书店,2007年版。
7.【芬兰】E.A.韦斯特马克:《人类婚姻史》,李彬、李毅夫、欧阳觉亚译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年版。
8.【德】恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》选自:《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,北京:人民出版社1995年版。
9.【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,李群等译,三环出版社,2007年版。
10.【美】加里·斯坦利·贝克尔:《家庭论》,王献生、王宇译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年版。
11.【法】古郎士:《希腊罗马古代社会研究》,李玄伯译,中国政法大学出版社,2005年版。
12.【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,上海文艺出版社, 1989年版。
13.【美】卡罗尔·帕特曼:《性契约》,李朝晖译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版。
14.【法】卡特琳娜·萨雷丝:《古罗马人的阅读》,张平、韩梅译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
15.【苏】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,王以铸译,北京:三联书店,1957年版。
16.【意】莱昂·巴蒂斯塔·阿尔贝蒂:《论家庭》,梁禾译,西安出版社,1998年版。
17.【美】理安·艾斯勒:《神圣的欢爱》,黄觉、黄棣光译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版。
18.【美】理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑—男女之间的战争》,程志民译,社会科学文献出版社,1995年版。
19.【英】理查德·詹金斯编:《罗马的遗产》,晏绍祥、吴舒屏译,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
20.【美】路易斯·亨利·摩根:《古代社会》,杨东莼、马雍、马巨译,北京:商务印书馆1987年版。
21.【美】M·罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》上下册,马雍厉以宁译,北京:商务印书馆, 2005年版。
22.【美】玛丽莲·亚隆:《老婆的历史》,许德金、霍炜译,华龄出版社,2002年版。
23.【奥】迈克尔·米特罗尔:《欧洲家庭史》,赵世玲、赵世瑜译,华夏出版社,1987年版
24.【美】梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,东方出版社,2003年版。
25.【英】梅因:《古代法》,方孝岳、钟建闳译,北京:商务印书馆, 1959年版。
26.【德】米歇尔·福柯:《性经验史》,佘碧平译,上海人民出版社,2006年版。
27.【美】莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃李建光译,作家出版社,1988年版。
28.【英】纳撒尼尔·哈里斯:《古罗马生活》,卢佩媛、赵国柱、冯秀云译,希望出版,2007年版。
29.【法】让—诺埃尔·罗伯特:《古罗马人的欢娱》,王长明、田禾、李变香译,广西师范大学出版社版。
30.【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,张鸿、向征译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
31.【意】桑德罗·斯奇巴尼:《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》,费安玲译,中国政法大学出版社, 1995年版。
32.【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,童仁译,光明日报出版社,1989年版。
33.【美】坦娜希尔:《人类情爱史》,李意马译,云南人民出版社,1988年版。
34.【德】特奥多尔·蒙森:《罗马史》,李斯等译,时代文艺出版社,2006年版。
35.【英】特威兹穆尔:《奥古斯都》,王以铸译,中国社会科学出版社,1988年版。
36.【美】威尔·杜兰:《凯撒时代》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版。
37.【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版。
38.【美】威尔·杜兰:《恺撒与基督》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版。
39.【法】西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译,中国书籍出版社,1998年版。
40.【苏】谢苗诺夫:《婚姻和家庭的起源》,中国社会科学出版社, 1993年版。
41.【美】约翰·巴克勒:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
42.【意】朱塞佩·格罗索:《罗马法史》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1994年版。
1.鲍晓兰主编:《西方女性主义研究评介》,三联书店,1995年版。
2.陈恒:《希腊化研究——西学研究文库》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年版。
3.费安玲:《罗马继承法研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年版。
4.黄风:《罗马私法导论》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
5.黄洋:《世界古代中世纪史》,复旦大学出版社,2005年版。
6.宫秀华:《罗马:从共和走向帝制》,东北师范大学出版社,2002年版。
7.郭长刚:《失落的文明:古罗马》,华东师范大学出版社,2001年版。
8.郭小凌:《西方史学史》,北京师范大学出版社,2003年版。
9.胡玉娟:《古罗马早期平民问题研究》,北京师范大学出版社,2002年版。
10.江平、米健:《罗马法基础》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版。
11.李平:《世界妇女史》,南海出版社和香港书环出版社, 1995年版。
12.林国荣:《罗马史随想》,上海三联书店,2005年版。
13.刘文明:《文化变迁中的罗马女性》,湖南人民出版社,2001年版。
14.刘文明:《上帝与女性—传统基督教文化事业中的西方女性》,武汉大学出版社,2003年版。
15.乔乔:《家庭简史》,时代文艺出版社,2004年版。
16.曲可伸:《罗马法原理》,南开大学出版社, 1988年版。
17.史静寰主编:《妇女教育》,吉林教育出版社,2000年版。
18.王政、杜芳琴主编:《社会性别研究选译》,三联书店,1998年版。
19.吴士余主编:《表象的叙述——新社会文化史》,上海三联书店,2003年版。
20.吴晓群:《古代希腊仪式文化研究》,上海社会科学院出版社,2000年版。
21.徐国栋:《罗马私法要论——文本与分析》科学出版社,2007年版。
22.徐善伟:《东学西渐与西方文化的复兴》,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
23.晏绍祥:《古典历史研究发展史》,华东师范大学出版社,1999年版。
24.杨共乐:《走进罗马文明》,民主与建设出版社,2001年版。
25.杨共乐:《罗马史纲要》,北京:商务印书馆,2007年版。
26.裔昭印:《古希腊妇女—文化视域中的研究》,北京:商务印书馆,2001年版。
27.周枏:《罗马法原论》上下册,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版。
28.朱龙华:《罗马文化》,上海社会科学院出版社,2003年版。
1.卞修全、朱腾:《论罗马家庭法的弱伦理性及其意义》,《北京科技大学学报》(社科版)2005年第3期。
2.冯定雄:《拉丁铭文与罗马史研究》,《求索》2007年第5期。
3.何立波:《古罗马女性离婚问题透视》,《内蒙古师范大学学报》,2005年第6期。
4.何越:《古罗马社会嫁妆与妇女地位》,《康定民族师范高等专科学校学报》2006年第4期。
5.兰奇光:《古罗马婚姻制度探微》,《湖南师范大学学报》2005年第5期。
6.刘文明:《论罗马帝国晚期的文化转型与女性婚姻地位变迁》,《首都师大学报》(社科版)2005年第6期。
7.谭建华、张兆凯:《论罗马民法大全对妇女权益的维护》,《政治与法律》,2007年第2期。
8.王超:《论古罗马妇女的财产地位》,《安徽广播电视大学学报》,2008年第2期。
9.王大庆:《早期罗马妇女与传统的女性观试探》,《天府新论》2006年第1期。
10.王大庆:《罗马从共和到帝制转变过程中的妇女解放运动述评》,《妇女研究论丛》2007年第2期。
11.王侍军、魏茂恒:《罗马家庭制度刍议》,《南京师大学报》1998年第4期。
12.王媛媛:《浅论古罗马家庭内部的财产关系》,《法制与社会》2007年第2期。
13.吴藜:《试论古罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期。
14.杨共乐:《论早期罗马帝国农业的变革》,《北京师范大学学报》(社科版)2004年第4期。
15.杨俊明、付静:《妇女的家庭责任感》,《内蒙古民族大学学报》2005年第1期。
16.杨俊明、付静:《从政治参与看古罗马后期的妇女地位》,《世界历史》2005年第4期。
17.裔昭印:《从宗教看古罗马社会的性别关系》,《世界历史》2004年第2期。
18.俞金尧:《从历史人口学到家庭史学》,《历史研究》1995年第1期。
19.俞金尧:《欧洲历史上家庭概念的演变及其特征》,《世界历史》2004年第4期。
20.袁波:《罗马社会转型时期婚姻现象探析》,《东北师大学报》(社科版)2006年第4期。
21.袁波:《古罗马的婚姻礼仪与民俗》,《石河子大学学报》(社科版)2006年第5期。
22.袁娜:《古罗马富有妇女群的形成和影响》,东北师范大学硕士论文,导师:周巩固,2006年。
23.张万春:《试论女性在罗马继承法中地位的变迁——兼谈该变迁对近现代继承法的影响》,《孝感学院学报》2004年第1期。
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另:本文中涉及的地区和城市名、人名的中文翻译,分别参考的是《意汉辞典》1、《世界人名翻译大辞典》2与《拉丁语汉语字典》3。
2《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,人民出版社1995年版,第5-6页。
1【美】路易斯·亨利·摩根:《古代社会》,杨东莼、马雍、马巨译,北京:商务印书馆1987年版。
2《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷,第14-15页。
3【法】古郎士:《希腊罗马古代社会研究》,李玄伯译,中国政法大学出版社,2005年版。
4梅因:《古代法》,方孝岳、钟建闳译,北京:商务印书馆1959年版,第146页。
1【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,上海文艺出版社, 1989年版。
2俞金尧:《从历史人口学到家庭史学》,《历史研究》1995年第1期,第91页。
3【法】安德烈·比尔基埃、克里斯蒂亚娜·克拉比什、玛尔蒂娜·雪伽兰、弗朗索瓦兹·佐纳邦德主编:《家庭史》三卷,袁树仁、姚静、肖桂译,三联书店出版,2003年版。
4【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,袁树仁等译,第2页。
1 Perrot, From the fires of revolution to the Great War, Cambridge University Press,1983, p.131.
2 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1992,pp.1-57.
3 Beryl Rawson ed, Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome, Oxford:Clarendon press,1991.
4 Beryl Rawson and Paul weaver eds, The Roman Family in Italy—Status, Sentiment, Space, Humanities Research Center and Canberra Clarendon Press,Oxford,1997.
5 Jane.F.Gardner, Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life, Oxford University Press, 1998.
1 Richard P·Saller, Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman Family, The University of Chicago Press, 1998.
2 Thomas A.J.Mcginn, Prostitution ,Sexuality ,and the law In Ancient Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998.
3 Suzanne Dixon, Reading Roman Women—Sources,Genres and Real Life, Duckworth Press,2001.
4【法】卡特琳娜·萨雷丝:《古罗马人的阅读》,张平、韩梅译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
5 Beryl Rawson, Roman children and childhood in Italy, The University of Chicago Press,2003.
6【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,张鸿、向征译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History And Habits,Barnes Noble, Inc.1962.
2 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, University of Oklahoma Press Norman and London,1988.
3 Sarah B·Pomeroy ed , Women’s history and Ancient history, Public Occasion Press,1991.
4 Sarah B.Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores,Wives, and Slaves, Shocken Books·New York,1975.
5 Lionel Casson, Everyday life in Ancient Rome, The Johns Hopkins University Press,1998.
6【德】米歇尔·福柯:《性经验史》,佘碧平译,上海人民出版社,2006年版。
7【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,姜瑞璋译,辽宁教育出版社, 2001年版,尾页。
8【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,李群等译,三环出版社,2007年版。
1吴藜:《试论古罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期。
1裔昭印:《从宗教看古罗马社会的性别关系》,《世界历史》2004年第2期。
2刘文明:《文化视域中变迁的罗马女性》,湖南人民出版社,2001年版。
1本文注释中出现的罗马法律汇纂Digest和拉丁铭文集CIL都引自国外的一些古罗马资料集。它们分别是:Jo·Ann Shelton ed, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, Oxford University Press, Inc, 1988. Judith Evans Grubbs ed, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, Routledge London and New York Press,2002. Kitty Chisholm and John Ferguson eds, Rome-The Augustan Age—A Sourcebook, Oxford University Press,1981. Jane F.Gardner and Thomas Wiedemann, The Roman Household-a sourcebook, London and New York,1991. Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book, The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore,1982. Bruce W.Frier and Thomas A.J.McGinn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law, Oxford University Press, 2004. John Bodel ed, Epigraphic Evidence, Routledge Press,2001.古罗马作家的文献均出自:The Loeb Classical Library,Harvard University Press, London, 1985.
2冯定雄:《拉丁铭文与罗马史研究》,《求索》2007年第5期,第225页。
1《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,第54页。
2 The Twelve Tables,Table IV,II,转引:David Cherry ed, The Roman World-A sourcebook, Blackwell Press,2001,pp.6-7.
3 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, II, 26-27.
4 Ibid,27.2-3.
5【美】路易斯·亨利·摩根:《古代社会》,第475页。
1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women—Their History And Habits, p.18.
2【英】纳撒尼尔·哈里斯著:《古罗马生活》卢佩媛赵国柱冯秀云译,希望出版社2007年版,第57-65页。
3同上,第97页。
4【法】古郎士:《希腊罗马古代社会研究》,第65页。
5 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities,II,25.
1《马克思思格斯选集》第4卷,第74-75页。
2同上。
3注释:罗马早期的婚姻采取“有夫权婚姻”的形式,婚姻与夫权紧密结合。女子出嫁完全脱离生父的宗亲关系,在夫权支配下,妻子处于女儿的地位。共和中晚期,罗马逐渐实行“无夫权婚姻”。“无夫权婚姻”指的是女性结婚后,仍然接受原来的父权,享有父亲法定继承人的权利,丈夫不享有她的财产权。笔者将在本章的第二节详细介绍。
4【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第59-60页。
1【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第291-292页。
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, Routledge London and New York Press, 2002, p.20.
1 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities,XI,28.
2 Beryl Rawson ed.,The Familiy In Ancient Rome-new perspectives,T.J.Press Ltd,Cornwall, 1982, p.43.
3 Ibid, p.13.
4 Susan Treggiari, Roman Freedmen During the Late Republic, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969, pp.333-408.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第3页。
2 Cato, De agricultura,CXXXIV,1-2.
3【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第285页。
4 Digest.50.16.195.1(Ulpian)
1 Richard P·Saller, Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman Family,p.80.
2 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,V,7.3.
3 Digest.25.3.1.2,(Ulpian)
4 Pliny, Natural History,XXXV,7.
5 Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.37-58.
6 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,IV,12.
7 Tacitus,annals,VI,51.
1 Suetonius, Tiberius, III,15.2.
2 Seneca,Epistles,64.7.
3 Tacitus, Annals,III,30.
4 Cicero,Letters to his friends,X,3.2.
5 Cicero,Sestio,XXIV, 53.
6 Cicero,Philippics,II,48.
1 Richard.P.Saller, Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman Family, p.88.
2 Tacitus,Annals,VI,51.
1 Beryl Rawson ed.,The Familiy In Ancient Rome-new perspectives, p.1.
1 Allemn M.Ward, A History of the Roman People ,Prentice Hall Press,1999, p.7.
2 Digest.25.3.20.21.26(Ulpian)
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,III,9.3.
1 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VI,7.2.
2 Appian,The Civic Wars,IV,44.
3 Digest.24.1.1.(Ulpian)
4 Digest.24.1.42.(Ulpian)
5 Tacitus,Annals,III,33-4.
6 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VII,7.4.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第39页。
1 Digest.48.9.5.(Ulpian)
2 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire, Penguin Books Press, 1956, p.82.
3 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,VI,3.9.
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,北京:商务出版社,2004年版,第151页。
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第153页。
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,24.3-7.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,VI,6.1.
1 CILVI.22560.
2 Pliny the Younger, Letters,VI, 20.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第197页。
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第153页。
1 Gies Frances,Marriage and Family in the Middle Age,New York Press,1987, p.20.转引:吴藜:《试论古罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期,第57页。
2袁波:《罗马社会转型时期婚姻现象探析》,东北师大学报(社科版)2006年第4期,第61页。
3【俄】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,王以铸译,上海书库出版社,2007年版,第590页。
1【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第75页。
2 Plutarch,Lives of Aemilius Paullus,VI,5.7-8.
3 Carolly Erickson, Civilization and Society in the West, London, 1908, pp.78-79.
4 Tacitus, Annals,XIV,42-3.
5 Westermann, The Slave systems of Greek and Roman antiquity,Philadelphia,1955,pp.88-89.
1 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,24.2.
2 Cicero,De officiis,I,12.53.
3 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome, p.106.
4 Plutarch, Lives of Caesar,VII,7.3-5..
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第178页。
2 M.D.Walton, Roman Private Life and Its Survivals, Brooks Press, 1963, p.42.
3 Tacitus,Annals,4.16.
4【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第12-13页。
1林志纯:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,北京:商务印书馆,1974年版,第337页。
2【古罗马】盖尤斯:《法学阶梯》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1996年版,第40页。
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第12页。
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第192页。
5【英】梅因:《古代法》,第89页。
6在本文第一章的第二节已详述关于有夫权婚姻向无夫权婚姻的转变及原因,此不赘述。
7 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.104.
1 CILI.21221(ILS7472)
2 Digest.23.1.13(Paulus)
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,VI,6.1.
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第183页。
5 Catullus,Poems,57-65.
1 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.88.
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, I,14.
2 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, 1963, p.178.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第183页。
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第182-183页。
5 BGU1052(Select Papyri 3),转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, p.44.
1吴藜:《试论古代罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期,第55页。
2【芬兰】E·A·韦斯特马克:《人类婚姻史》,刘小幸、李彬译,商务印书馆,1992年版,第122页。
3 Digest.23.3.1(Ulpian)
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第204页。
1 R.Sohm,The Institutes-A Textbook of the History and System of Roman Private Law, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1907, p.462.
2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities, II,25.1.
3 Watson A., Rome of the XII Tables-Persons and Property, Princeton University Press, 1975, pp.31-39.
4 Digest.23.3.7pr-1(Ulpian)
5【英】巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,黄风译,法律出版社,2002年版,第90页。
6周枏:《罗马法原论》,第206页。
1 Apuleius,Apologia, 91.158.
2 Plutarch,Gaius Graccus,X,17.2-5.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第214页。
4同上。
5 Cod.Just.5.18.7.9.
6 Digest.48.20.3(Ulpian)
1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.186.
2 Richard P·Saller, Patriarchy,property and death in the Roman Family,p.159.
3 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, 4.4.10
4【古罗马】塔西佗:《编年史》上下册(王以铸、崔妙因译),北京:商务印书馆, 1981年版,第132页。
5 Polybius,XXXI,27,18.
6 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,II,2.2.
7【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第146页。
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters,VI,32.
2 Treggiari, Roman Marriage,Oxford University Press, 1991, pp.346-8.
3【意】彼得罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1998年版,第159页。
4 Polybius,XVIII,35.6.
5 Digest.24.3.1(Pomponius)
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第14页。
2 Juvenal,Satire,II,119.
1 Catullus,Poems,LXI,1-5,11-20,56-75,96-100,106-110,116-130,151-160,171-175,181-185,211-225,230-235.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第14页。
2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities,II,30.6.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第197页。
4【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第17页。
1 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome, The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, 1982, p.204.
2 Gaius,Institutes,I.59
1 Digest.23.2.14(Paulus)
2 Livy,A History of Rome,XLII,34.3.
3 Digest.23.217.2(Gaius)
4 Digest.23.2.8(Pomponius)
5 Gaius,Institutes,I.64.
6 Digest.23.2.52(Paulus)
7周枏:《罗马法原论》,第187页。
8 Gaius,Institutes,I.82.
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第187页。
2 Gardner,J.F and Wiedemann, The Roman Household: A Soucebook,London and New York Press,1991,pp.163-4.
3 Digest.23.2.57a(Marcian)
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第186页。
2 Livy, From of the Founding of City,IV,1-7.
3 Livy, From of the Founding of City,IX, 34.5.
4 Cod.Just.5.4.3.14.
5 Galen, On Prognosis,6.
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第188页。
2 Digest.23.2.47(Paulus)
3 Parker,H.D.M., The Roman Legions,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1928,p.237.
4 Ibid.
5 Campbell,J.B“,The Marriage of Soldiers under the Empire”,Journal of Roman Studies,Vol.68(1978),pp.153-66.
6 Gaius, Institutes, I.57.
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, p.92.
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.156.
3周枏:《罗马法原论》,第227页。
1 Digest.25.7.1pr.(Ulpian)
2周枏:《罗马法原论》,第228页。
3 Digest.25.7.3.1(Marcian)
4【英】巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,第86页。
1【意】彼得罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,第154页。
2 Rawson, Roman Concubinage and other de facto Marriages, Oxford University Press Press, 1974, p.291.
3 Suetonius, Vespasian,VIII,3.
4 Suetonius, Domitian,VIII,12.
5 Saller,“Men’s Age at Marriage and Its Consequences in the Roman Family”,Classical Philology,Vol.82(1987),pp.76-79.
6【意】桑德罗·斯奇巴尼:《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》,费安玲译,中国政法大学出版社1995年版,第145页。
7 Suetonius, Vespasian,VIII,3.
8 Treggiari,“Concubinae”,Papers of the British School at Rome,Vol.49(1981),p.59.
1 Digest.48.5.14pr.(Ulpian)
2 Digest.24.1.3.1(Ulpian)
3 Digest.32.49.4(Ulpian)
4 Treggiari,“Concubinae”,Papers of the British School at Rome,Vol.49(1981),p.59.
5 Digest.34.9.16.1(Papinian)
6周枏:《罗马法原论》,第228页。
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,p.95.
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.7.
3 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,p.110.
1 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, II,25.6-7.
2 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,II,9,2.
3 Ibid.I,4.
4【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第132页。
1 CIL VI.1527,31670(ILS8393)
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第36页。
3 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome ,pp.111-112.
4 Juvenal,Satire,VI,224-230.
5 Seneca,on benefits,III ,3.16.2.
6 Martial, Epigrams,VI,7.5.
7 Suetonius, The Deified Augustus,II,65.
1 CIL V.7453.
2 Ovid, The Art of Love,I,590-620.
3 Catullus,Poems,V.
4 Sallust, The War With Catiline,13,4.
1 Suetonius, The Deified Augustus, II,65.
2 Digest.43.30.1.5(Ulpian)
3 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.83.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第38-39页。
2 Suetonius,The Deified Augustus,II, 34.
3 Ibid.
1【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,第179页。
2 Cassius, Dio,Roman History, LIV,16.1-2
3 Tacitus,Annals,III,25.
4 Ibid.28.
5 Ibid.29-30.
6 Plutarch,Numa,12.
7 Digest.3.2.11(Ulpian)
8注释:Univira这个称呼最开始是用在那些来自父权下的年轻处女嫁到夫家,在夫权的管理下并死于丈夫之前的女人。到共和晚期的时候,这个称呼开始用于赞赏那些出于对丈夫的忠诚和孩子的利益选择不再嫁的寡妇。
1 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome_A source book in translation, p.204.
2【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第365页。
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第14页。
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VII,7.4.
5 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,24.5-6.
1 Plutarch, Sulla,IV, 6.11.
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第36页。
3 Paul Veyne ed, A history of Private life volumn 1 from Pagan Rome to Byzantium, pp.37-40.
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings ,VII,7.4.
5 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, II,25.6-7.
1 Soranus,Gynecology,1.34.1,1.36.1-2.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2 Plutarch, Moralia,II, 138a-146a, excerpts17.
3 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, p.66.
1 Gellius,The Attic Nights,XVII,6.1.
2 CIL VI.1527,31670(ILS8393)
3 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book, p.117.
4 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome,pp.119-120.
5 Pliny the Younger, Letters ,IV,19.3-8.
6 Digest.24.1.3pr.(Ulpian)
7 Plutarch, Moralia 138a-146a, excerpts.
1 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder, II,17.3-7.
2 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,pp.83-90.
3 Ibid.86.
4【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第334-339页。
5【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,第189页。
6【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版,第259页。
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第21页。
2 Livy, A History of Rome,XIV,59.
3 Pliny the Younger,Letters, I,14.
4 Plutarch,Aemilius Paullus, VI,4.3-5.
5 Ibid.
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, III,16.1-6.
2 Pliny the Younger, Letters, VII,19.
3 Plutarch,Lives of Antony,IX,54.3-5.
4 CIL I.1221(ILS7472)
1 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.187.
2 Paul Veyne, Arthur Goldhammer Ed, A history of Private life volumn 1 from Pagan Rome to Byzantium,p.37.
3 Plutarch, Moralia 138a-146a,II, excerpts48.
4瓦罗:《论农业》第二卷引言,王家绶译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版,第92页。
1 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,p.102.
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第31页。
3吴藜:《试论古代罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》1994年第1期,第54页。
4 Beryl Rawson ed,The Family In Ancient Rome,p. 34.
5【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第46页。
1 Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.37-58.
2 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,p.105.
3 Pliny the Younger, Letters ,VI,31.4-5.
4 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book ,p.104.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第32页。
2 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire, Penguin Books Press, 1956, p.99.
3 Gellius,The Attic Nights,X,23.5.
4 Cicero, Pro Caelio, III,20.48-50..
5 Beryl Rawson ed, The Family In Ancient Rome,p.34.
1 Suetonius, Tiberius,III,35.
2 Tacitus,Annals, 2.85
3 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire, p.100.
4 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,p.80.
1 Garnsey,P, Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1970, p.58.
2 Digest.25.3.5.1(Ulpian)
3 Ovid,Metmorphoses,VIII,630-88.
4 Suetonius,Claudius,V,3.2.
5 Seneca,To Helvia On Consolation,II,15.1.
6 Suetonius,Tiberius,III,51.
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, IX, 9.5.
2 Tacitus,Annals,II,37.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,XV,15.
4 Horace,Satire,I,.6.65-70.
5 CIL VI.28567.
6【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第288页。
7周枬:《罗马法原论》,第161页。
1 Pliny the Younger, Letters,VIII,18.4.
2 Gaius,Institute,1.97.
3 Suzanne Dixon,The Roman Family, p.119.
4 Digest.48.9.5(Marcianus)
1【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,第139页。
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,20.1-4.
3 Horace,Satire,I,.6.65—92.
4 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,VI,2.2
1 Juvenal,satire,XIV,47-49.
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,17.7.
3 Pliny the Younger, Letters,IX,12.1-2.
4 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, p.114.
5 Seneca the Younger, On Anger,I,2.21.1-6.
6 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,V,4.4.
1 Beryl Rawson ed, The Familiy In Ancient Rome-new perspectives, p.41.
2 Plutarch, Lives of Caesar,VII,5.2.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,V,17,20.
4 Cicero,Pro Murena,11.
5 Cicero,For Caelius,,III,7.18; Letters to Atticus,XII,32.2.
6 Cicero, Pro Plancio,XII,29.
1 Cicero, Pro Plancio,XII,73-174.
2 Suetonius,On Rhetoricians, I.
3【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,第131页。
4 Seneca,On Kindness,3.38.2
5 Digest.50.16.46.1(Ulpian)
6 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, p.114.
1 Soranus,Gynaecology,II.11.31.18.260.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2 Plutarch,Lives of Coriolanus,IV,33-34.
3 Tacitus, Dialogue, 28.5-6.
1 Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, p.220.
2 Beth Severy, Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire, Routledge New York and London Press2003, p.12.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus,XII, 28.
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, IV,2.7.
5 Cicero, Brutus, LVIII,211.
1 Tacitus,Agricola,4.2-3.
2 Suetonius,Nero,VI,52.
3 Seneca,To Helvia on Consolation,II,14.3.
4 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.149.
5 Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p.121.
6 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,pp.190-3.
7 Nicolaus 31.132-4.
8 Suetonius,Tiberius,III,51.2.
9 Tacitus,Annals,XII,37.
1 Sammelbuch6263(Select Papyri121)转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, p.23.
2 Plutarch,Lives of Antony,IX,54.3-5.
1 Seneca,On Meditation,6.12
2 Valerius.Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, IV,5.8.
1【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第113页。
2【美】莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃、李建光译,作家出版社,1988年版,第81页。
3 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, XI,28.
1 Livy,From the Founding of City,I,57.6-10.
2【德】特奥尔多·蒙森:《罗马史》,李斯等译,时代文艺出版社, 2006年版,第8页。
3 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women Their History and Habits, p.270.
4 Suetonius, The Deified Augustus, II, 64.4-5.
5顾素尔:《家族制度史》,第188页。
6 Livy, From the Founding of City, II,13.6-11.
7 Appian,The civil wars, IV, 39-40.
8 Pliny the Younger,Letters,VII, 19.1.3.4.6.
1 Plutarch, Moralia,II,138a-146a, excerpts28.
2 Allemn M.Ward, A History of the Roman People, p.7.
1【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第24-29页。
1《马克思、恩格斯选集》第4卷,第61页。
2【英】纳撒尼尔·哈里斯:《古罗马生活》,第57-65页。
3 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant,Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book,p.196.
4周枏:《罗马法原论》,第278页。
1 ILS.8403.
2【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第114页。
1杨共乐:《论早期罗马帝国农业的变革》,《北京师范大学学报》(社科版)04年第4期,第80页。
2 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,21.5-8.
3吴藜:《试论古代罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻》,《世界历史》94年第1期,第59页。
1 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.272.
2 Ibid.271.
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第18-19页。
4【美】M.罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》(下册),北京:商务印书馆,2005年,第717页。
5瓦罗:《论农业》,第92页。
6 Martial, Epigrams ,V, 61.
1 CIL X.810.
2 Juvenal, Satire,VI,212-213.
3 Ibid,460
4 Martial, Epigrams,VIII, 12.
5 Appian,The Civil Wars,IV,32.
6《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,第179页。
7 Allemn M.Ward,A History of the Roman People, p.7.
1 Gaius, Institues, 1.44.
2 Livy, From the Founding of the City, IX,34.2.
3 Gaius, Institues, 1.44.
4 Ibid.
5周枬:《法学原论》,第280页。
1 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, p.23.
2 Gaius,Institues,I.190.
3 S.B.Pomeroy.Goddesses,Whores Wives and Slaves:Women in Classical Antiquity,Schocken Books,1975,p.151.
4 Pliny the Younger, Letters,IV,19.3-5.
5 Pliny the Younger,Letters,I,16,6.
1 Martial, Epigrams,X,35.
2 Juvenal,Satire,VI,434-456.
3 Plutarch, Moralia, II,138a-146a, excerpts19.
1 Juvenal,Satire,VI,282-284.
2 J.P.V.D.Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.45.
3 Richard A.Bauman, Women And Politics In Ancient Rome, T.J.Press Ltd,Cornwall, 1992, p.73.
1 Appian,The civil wars,IV,57-117.
2 Cicero,Letters to Brutus,I,18.
3 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.52.
4塔西佗:《编年史》,北京:商务印书馆1981年,第110页。
5同上,第122页。
6苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,北京:商务印书馆,1995年,第139-140页。
1 Livy,A History of Rome,XXXIV,2.1,2,8-11,14.
2 Ibid.
1 Livy,A History of Rome,XXXIV,2.1,2,8-11,14.
2 Sallust,The War With Catiline,25.
3 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,V, 8.3.
4 Ibid.
1 Suetonius,Tiberius,III,50.
2 Richard A.Bauman, Women And Politics In Ancient Rome, p.2.
3 Ovid, The Art of Love,I,90-100,160-165.
4 Columella, De Re Rustica,XII,preface.
1【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第124页。
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第9页。
3【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,第261页。
4 Ovid,The Art of Love,III,90-126.
5 Juvenal,Satire,I,22-23;VI,246-264.
6 Jerome Carcopino, Daily Life In Ancient Rome-The people and the City at the height of the empire,p.98.
7 Petronius,67;70-76.
1 Juvenal,Satire,VI,300-305.
2 Ibid.425-433.
3 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.75.
4 CIL X.6328.
5【英】特威兹穆尔:《奥古斯都》,王以铸译,中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第298页。
6【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第61页。
1同上,第60页。
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第32页。
3【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,第259-260页。
4 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women- Their History and Habits, pp.53-54.
1 Propertius,Elegies,II.6,99,253.
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第64页。
3【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第61页。
4 Junenal,Satire,VI,509.
5 Ibid.6.286-295,298-300.
1周枏:《罗马法原论》,第280页。
2盖尤斯:《法学阶梯》第三卷,第136页;第138页。
3 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.37.
4 Judith Evans Grubbs,Women And The Law In the Roman Empire—A sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood, p.41.
5 CILVI.9732.
1 Cassius Dio,Roman History, LXV, 14.1-5.
2 Livy, A History of Rome,XXV,2.
3塔西佗:《编年史》,第85页。
4 Dio Cassius, Roman History,LX II.
5 Plutarch, Lives of Cato the elder,II,7.2.
1 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Roman Women-Their History and Habits, p.34.
2 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood, p.60.
3 Sallust, The War With Catiline ,25.
1 CIL VI.1527,31670(ILS8393)
2【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第38-39页。
3 CIL10230(ILS8394)
4【俄】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,第415页。
5塔西佗:《编年史》,第5页。
1 Tacitus,Annals,III,25.
2 Mary R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B .Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome-A source book, pp.163-4.
1 Soranus, Gynecology,34.1,1.36.1-2.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2 Suetonius,Julius,I,43.1.
3 Digest.25.3.1pr.(Ulpian)
4 Digest.25.3.1.6(Ulpian)
5 Digest.48.19.39(Tryphoninus)
1 Plutarch, Life of Cicero,VII,41.7.
2 Digest.25.4.1.10(Ulpian)
1【俄】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,第589-593页。
2 Cassius Dio,Roman History, LIV,16.1-2.
3 Soranus,Gynaecology,1.24,26,34,36,39,40,60,61,62,64.Tr.O.Temkin.G.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
4 Soranus , Gynecology,1.60.4,1.61.1-3.
5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXIX, 27.85.
1 Ovid, The Amores,II,14-40.
1 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome, p.110.
2 Pliny the Younger,Letters,VIII,10.
3 CIL III.3572.
4 CIL VI.20288.
5 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome, p.110.
1 Soranus,Gynecology, 3.26,3.28.2,3.29.5.转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did-A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.18-36.
2【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,第136页。
3 Oxyrhynchus Papyri 744(Select Papyri105)转引:Jo·Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did—A Source Book in Roman Social History, pp.27-8.
4 Ovid, Metamorphoses, IX,9.669-684,704-706.
1 CIL VI.19159(ILS8005)
2 Plutarch, Lives of Tiberius Gracchus, X,1.3-5.
3 Beryl Rawson ed, The Family In Ancient Rome-new perspectives, p.9.
4裔昭印:《从宗教看古罗马社会的性别关系》,《世界历史》2004年第2期,第9页。
5 D.S.Potter and D.J.Mattingly, Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire,Oxford University Press,1995,pp.137-138.
1 Georges Duby, Michelle Perrot eds,A History of Women in the West, Volume I:From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.385.
2 Ross Shepard Kraemer, Her Share of the blessings, Oxford University Press, 1992 , p.55.
3 Livy, From of the Founding of City, I,9.9-15.
4 Seneca, To Helvia On Consolation, II,16.3-6.
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family,pp.24-25.
2【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,第127-128页
3【美】梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,东方出版社,2003年版,第200页。
4 Pliny the Younger, Letters ,10.11.
5 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, pp.6-7.
6 Jerome Carcopino,Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p.64.
7 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities, II,28.
1 Livy,A History of Rome,XIV,59.
2朱龙华:《罗马文化与古典传统》,浙江人民出版社,1993年版,第228页,。
3 Cassius Dio,Roman History,LIV,16.1-2.
4田德全、王振霞:《公民权的扩展对罗马共和国兴起的影响》,《齐鲁学刊》2004年第3期,第66页。
5【法】安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》三卷,第326页。
6 The Law Code of Theodosius.11.27.1
1 Catullus,Poems,64.384-386.
2江平、米健:《罗马法基础》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第154页。
3梅因:《古代法》,商务印书馆1959年,第146页。
4 Livy,From the founding of City,I.43.2,3.31.1,6.11.1
5 Florence Dupont, Dairly Life in Ancient Rome,p.91.
1 Seneca,III,8.3.
2 Beth Severy, Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire,p.15.
3 Cicero,Letters to Atticus, 2.22.3.
4【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,第95页。
5 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Mother, p.138.
6参见本文第三章第2节的“父与子”。
1塔西佗:《编年史》,第5页。
2 Cicero,De Natura Deorum,II,33-37.
3 Judith Evans Grubbs, Women And The Law In the Roman Empire-A sourcebook on marriage、divorce and widowhood, p.7.
4【德】特奥尔多·蒙森:《罗马史》,第212页。
5 Juvenal,Satires,VI,286-295,298-300.
6【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗:《古罗马的儿童》,第132页。
1 Suzanne Dixon, The Roman family, pp.1-57.
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1.【古罗马】阿庇安:《罗马史》,谢德风译,北京:商务印书馆,1981年版。
2.【古罗马】查士丁尼:《法学总论—法学阶梯》,张企泰译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版。
3.【古罗马】盖尤斯:《法学阶梯》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1996年版。
4.【古罗马】恺撒:《内战记》,任炳湘、王士俊译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年版。
5.【古罗马】李维:《建城以来史》前言·卷一,张强、付永乐、王丽英译,上海人民出版社,2005年版。
6.【古罗马】M.T.瓦罗:《论农业》,王家绶译,北京:商务印书馆, 1997年版。
7.【古罗马】马可·奥勒留:《马上沉思录》,何怀宏译,陕西师范大学出版社,2006年版。
8.【古罗马】普鲁塔克:《希腊罗马名人传》(上下册),陆永庭、吴彭鹏等译,北京:商务印书馆,1990年版。
9.【古罗马】塞内加:《论善行》,辽宁教育出版社, 2000年版。
10.【古罗马】苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,张竹明、王乃新、蒋平等译,北京:商务印书馆, 1995年版。
11.【古罗马】塔西佗:《编年史》上下册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,1981年版。
12.【古罗马】塔西佗:《历史》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年版。
13.【古罗马】塔西佗:《阿古里可拉传》,马雍、傅正元译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版。
14.【古罗马】西塞罗:《论至善和至恶》,石敏敏译,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版。
15.【古罗马】西塞罗:《论老年、论友谊、论责任》,徐弈春译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版。
16.【古罗马】西塞罗:《顺应自然生活》,徐弈春译,陕西师范大学出版社,2006年版。
17.【古罗马】西塞罗:《论法律》,王焕生译,上海人民出版社,2006年版。
18.【古罗马】维吉尔:《埃涅阿斯纪》,杨周翰译,译林出版社,1999年版。
19.李雅书选译:《世界史资料丛刊·罗马帝国时期》北京:商务印书馆,1985年版。
20.杨共乐选译:《世界史资料丛刊·罗马共和国时期》,北京:商务印书馆,1997年版。
1.【英】爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》上下册,黄宜思、黄雨石译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版。
2.【法】安德烈·比尔基埃、克里斯蒂亚娜·克拉比什、玛尔蒂娜·雪伽兰、弗朗索瓦兹·佐纳邦德主编:《家庭史》三卷,袁树仁、姚静、肖桂译,三联书店出版,2003年版。
3.【德】奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,姜瑞璋译,辽宁教育出版社,2001年版。
4.【意】巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,黄风译,法律出版社, 2002年版。
5.【意】彼德罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1998年版。
6.【英】彼得·阿克罗伊德:《古代罗马》,冷杉、杨立新译,三联书店,2007年版。
7.【芬兰】E.A.韦斯特马克:《人类婚姻史》,李彬、李毅夫、欧阳觉亚译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年版。
8.【德】恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》选自:《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,北京:人民出版社1995年版。
9.【法】菲利浦·阿利埃斯、乔治·杜比主编:《私人生活史》第一卷,李群等译,三环出版社,2007年版。
10.【美】加里·斯坦利·贝克尔:《家庭论》,王献生、王宇译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年版。
11.【法】古郎士:《希腊罗马古代社会研究》,李玄伯译,中国政法大学出版社,2005年版。
12.【美】顾素尔:《家族制度史》,上海文艺出版社, 1989年版。
13.【美】卡罗尔·帕特曼:《性契约》,李朝晖译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版。
14.【法】卡特琳娜·萨雷丝:《古罗马人的阅读》,张平、韩梅译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
15.【苏】科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,王以铸译,北京:三联书店,1957年版。
16.【意】莱昂·巴蒂斯塔·阿尔贝蒂:《论家庭》,梁禾译,西安出版社,1998年版。
17.【美】理安·艾斯勒:《神圣的欢爱》,黄觉、黄棣光译,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版。
18.【美】理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑—男女之间的战争》,程志民译,社会科学文献出版社,1995年版。
19.【英】理查德·詹金斯编:《罗马的遗产》,晏绍祥、吴舒屏译,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
20.【美】路易斯·亨利·摩根:《古代社会》,杨东莼、马雍、马巨译,北京:商务印书馆1987年版。
21.【美】M·罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》上下册,马雍厉以宁译,北京:商务印书馆, 2005年版。
22.【美】玛丽莲·亚隆:《老婆的历史》,许德金、霍炜译,华龄出版社,2002年版。
23.【奥】迈克尔·米特罗尔:《欧洲家庭史》,赵世玲、赵世瑜译,华夏出版社,1987年版
24.【美】梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,东方出版社,2003年版。
25.【英】梅因:《古代法》,方孝岳、钟建闳译,北京:商务印书馆, 1959年版。
26.【德】米歇尔·福柯:《性经验史》,佘碧平译,上海人民出版社,2006年版。
27.【美】莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃李建光译,作家出版社,1988年版。
28.【英】纳撒尼尔·哈里斯:《古罗马生活》,卢佩媛、赵国柱、冯秀云译,希望出版,2007年版。
29.【法】让—诺埃尔·罗伯特:《古罗马人的欢娱》,王长明、田禾、李变香译,广西师范大学出版社版。
30.【法】让-皮埃尔·内罗杜:《古罗马的儿童》,张鸿、向征译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
31.【意】桑德罗·斯奇巴尼:《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》,费安玲译,中国政法大学出版社, 1995年版。
32.【美】坦娜希尔:《历史中的性》,童仁译,光明日报出版社,1989年版。
33.【美】坦娜希尔:《人类情爱史》,李意马译,云南人民出版社,1988年版。
34.【德】特奥多尔·蒙森:《罗马史》,李斯等译,时代文艺出版社,2006年版。
35.【英】特威兹穆尔:《奥古斯都》,王以铸译,中国社会科学出版社,1988年版。
36.【美】威尔·杜兰:《凯撒时代》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版。
37.【美】威尔·杜兰:《奥古斯都时代》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版。
38.【美】威尔·杜兰:《恺撒与基督》,台北幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,2005年版。
39.【法】西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译,中国书籍出版社,1998年版。
40.【苏】谢苗诺夫:《婚姻和家庭的起源》,中国社会科学出版社, 1993年版。
41.【美】约翰·巴克勒:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版。
42.【意】朱塞佩·格罗索:《罗马法史》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社,1994年版。
1.鲍晓兰主编:《西方女性主义研究评介》,三联书店,1995年版。
2.陈恒:《希腊化研究——西学研究文库》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年版。
3.费安玲:《罗马继承法研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年版。
4.黄风:《罗马私法导论》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
5.黄洋:《世界古代中世纪史》,复旦大学出版社,2005年版。
6.宫秀华:《罗马:从共和走向帝制》,东北师范大学出版社,2002年版。
7.郭长刚:《失落的文明:古罗马》,华东师范大学出版社,2001年版。
8.郭小凌:《西方史学史》,北京师范大学出版社,2003年版。
9.胡玉娟:《古罗马早期平民问题研究》,北京师范大学出版社,2002年版。
10.江平、米健:《罗马法基础》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版。
11.李平:《世界妇女史》,南海出版社和香港书环出版社, 1995年版。
12.林国荣:《罗马史随想》,上海三联书店,2005年版。
13.刘文明:《文化变迁中的罗马女性》,湖南人民出版社,2001年版。
14.刘文明:《上帝与女性—传统基督教文化事业中的西方女性》,武汉大学出版社,2003年版。
15.乔乔:《家庭简史》,时代文艺出版社,2004年版。
16.曲可伸:《罗马法原理》,南开大学出版社, 1988年版。
17.史静寰主编:《妇女教育》,吉林教育出版社,2000年版。
18.王政、杜芳琴主编:《社会性别研究选译》,三联书店,1998年版。
19.吴士余主编:《表象的叙述——新社会文化史》,上海三联书店,2003年版。
20.吴晓群:《古代希腊仪式文化研究》,上海社会科学院出版社,2000年版。
21.徐国栋:《罗马私法要论——文本与分析》科学出版社,2007年版。
22.徐善伟:《东学西渐与西方文化的复兴》,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
23.晏绍祥:《古典历史研究发展史》,华东师范大学出版社,1999年版。
24.杨共乐:《走进罗马文明》,民主与建设出版社,2001年版。
25.杨共乐:《罗马史纲要》,北京:商务印书馆,2007年版。
26.裔昭印:《古希腊妇女—文化视域中的研究》,北京:商务印书馆,2001年版。
27.周枏:《罗马法原论》上下册,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版。
28.朱龙华:《罗马文化》,上海社会科学院出版社,2003年版。
1.卞修全、朱腾:《论罗马家庭法的弱伦理性及其意义》,《北京科技大学学报》(社科版)2005年第3期。
2.冯定雄:《拉丁铭文与罗马史研究》,《求索》2007年第5期。
3.何立波:《古罗马女性离婚问题透视》,《内蒙古师范大学学报》,2005年第6期。
4.何越:《古罗马社会嫁妆与妇女地位》,《康定民族师范高等专科学校学报》2006年第4期。
5.兰奇光:《古罗马婚姻制度探微》,《湖南师范大学学报》2005年第5期。
6.刘文明:《论罗马帝国晚期的文化转型与女性婚姻地位变迁》,《首都师大学报》(社科版)2005年第6期。
7.谭建华、张兆凯:《论罗马民法大全对妇女权益的维护》,《政治与法律》,2007年第2期。
8.王超:《论古罗马妇女的财产地位》,《安徽广播电视大学学报》,2008年第2期。
9.王大庆:《早期罗马妇女与传统的女性观试探》,《天府新论》2006年第1期。
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另:本文中涉及的地区和城市名、人名的中文翻译,分别参考的是《意汉辞典》1、《世界人名翻译大辞典》2与《拉丁语汉语字典》3。