产品拆解概率评估方法及规划模型研究
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摘要
随着产品生命周期的缩短及其更新速度的加速，大量的废弃产品不断涌现并呈现迅猛增长之势。为了保护环境，减小环境污染及促进资源的再生利用，作为循环经济的重要实现形式的产品的回收利用及再制造工作已引起了全社会的广泛关注。
拆解被定义为在非破坏性条件下，将产品、总成或部件等装配体进行解体的作业或活动。它是实现产品高效回收利用的前提，也是再制造的一个重要环节。因而，高效拆解不仅节约自然资源及能源，还可有效地降低环境污染，同时也是促进循环经济健康发展及其实现工业可持续发展的重要保障。
本文在广泛阅读国内外相关文献的基础上，介绍了拆解研究的历史背景及其概况，对产品拆解的影响因素及拆解原则、基于概率的产品可拆解性评价体系、产品拆解过程评估及规划等问题进行了系统而深入的讨论，现将主要研究内容概述如下：
（1）简介了产品拆解研究的目的和意义，同时对当前的国内外的拆解技术现状进行了介绍。同时认为发展绿色拆解技术不仅可以有效地减小环境污染，实现资源及能源的节约，也可为区域经济发展注入新的经济增长点。另外，还对产品的可拆解性评估及设计、产品拆解建模与规划、拆解试验等拆解相关问题的国内外研究现状进行了系统的总结。
（2）产品拆解过程的因素分析是正确认识拆解的前提，为了更好地理解产品的拆解问题的本质，本文将从产品的联接类型、结构特性、拆解工具及其拆解状态等不同因素全面论述其影响产品拆解的机理，从而得出产品拆解是一个错综复杂的系统的结论；同时对产品拆解的拆解原则和程序进行全面论述，最后以螺栓联接拆卸过程为例，进行拆卸过程的影响因素分析。
（3）对产品拆解的典型评估参数，即拆解时间、拆解费用及其拆解能量进行了定义；同时对这三大参数的可拆解性评估指标进行全面定义并对它们之间的数学关系给予了推证。另外，基于可拆解性评价参数的全面定义可知，拆卸（时间）概率分布的确定是进行产品三大参数评价的基础之基础，为此，以某变速器螺栓联接拆卸时间的测试为基础，应用统计分析及其典型分布匹配的方法对其进行了拆卸概率分布的确定，上述研究为实现产品拆解的随机评估及优化提供了坚实的理论基础和理论支撑。
（4）拆解规划是以效率最高、成本最低、拆解时间最短、能耗和污染最少等为目标而进行的拆解序列或拆解过程的优化。首先以拆解时间作为评价参数对压缩盘结构进行了其产品拆解过程的概率评估分析，另外，根据拆解决策的不同，以典型传动装置为例，结合设计的时域求解算法进行了其拆解过程的优化及拆解时间分析。
（5）拆解成本涉及拆解过程的经济性，以拆解费用作为评价尺度参数结合定义的费用可拆解度概念对产品进行了拆解过程的评估分析及优化求解。求解结果表明应用所提出的方法及算法可以有效实现产品拆解费用的定量分析。
（6）节能是当前人们关心和讨论的热点问题，为了实现产品拆解过程节能，以拆解能量作为评价参数进行拆解过程的能耗分析，求解结果表明应用所提出的方法及算法可以有效实现产品拆解能量的定量分析。
With the economic development, more and more new products need to update tosatisfy demand and lots of obsolete prdocuts are generatd fastly. In order to protectenvironment, reduce environmental pollution and promote resource, recycling andremanufacturing of products, as important forms of circular economy, have arousedwidespread concern in society.
Product disassembly is defined as "the prcocess of systematic removal ofdesriable cosnstiute parts from an assembly whlile ensuring that there is noimpairment of the parts due to the process". Disassemble is the prerequisite forefficient recycling, it is also the important link of product remanufacruing. Therefore,efficient disassembly not only conserves natural resources and energy, but alsoeffectively reduces environmental pollution. In addition, it can promote the healthydevelopment of recycling economy and sustainable development of industry..
In this paper, based on the inland and outland research on staus of productdisassembly, introduce and propose the systemic analysis of the principle and imparctfactors of product disassembly, dismantlbility evaluation system and disassemblyplanning and so on, the main contents of the study are summarized as follows:
(1) Introduce the the purpose and significance on product disassembly anddescribe the current technology status on disassembly technology at home and abroad.It is said that the development of green disassembly technology not only caneffectively reduces environmental pollution and saves the resource and energy, butalso can promet the development of area ecnocmy. In addition, the status ondisassemblability evauation and design, modeling and planning of productdisassembly and experients of product disassembly are summarized.
(2) Factor analysis of product disassembly process is the premise ofunderstanding disassembly. In order to understand the substance of productdisassembly, from perspective of connection types, structural features, disassemblytools and states, their factor influence are analysed and the conclution that the product disassemblyl is a complex system problem is obtained. In addition, the principle andprocedure of product disassembly are expounded. Finanly, taking the removl processof the bolts as an example, their influence factors are analyzed.
（3） Typical evalution pramters are defined, such as disassembly time, cost andenergy and their index and relation are described in detail. In addition, based on thecomparative analysis of prameters, it can be seen that the determination of removalprobability distribution is the basis of all of works. Based on this conclusion, takingthe removal time of the bolt as an example, its removal probability distribution isobtained by the statistical analysis and matching method of typical distributions. Theabove study provides the solid theoretical foundation of product disassemblyevalution and optimzation.
(4) Disassembly planning is considered as the optimization of disassemblyprocess or disassembly sequence with the target of the shortest disassembly time, thelowest disassembly cost and the minimum disassembly energy consumption. Fistly,taking the time as a typical parameter, time evaluation of compression plate structureis analysed. In addition, taking the typical transmission device for example, combinedwith the deisgined solving algorithm, its typical programming models are analysed.
(5) Disassembly cost is closely to the economic problem of product disassembly,taking the cost as the evalution parameter and combined with combined with theconcept of the cost disassemblability degree, the cost assessment model of productdisassembly is established. In addition, their cost planning models and sovingalgorithm are presented. Finnaly, an example is provided to verify the rationality ofthe model and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
(6) Saving energy is one of the hot topics in the society. Taking the disassemblyenergy as the evalution parameter and combined with combined with the concept ofthe energy disassemblability degree, the energy assessment model of productdisassembly is established. In addition, their energy planning models and sovingalgorithm are presented. Finnaly, an example is provided to verify the rationality ofthe model and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
拆解被定义为在非破坏性条件下，将产品、总成或部件等装配体进行解体的作业或活动。它是实现产品高效回收利用的前提，也是再制造的一个重要环节。因而，高效拆解不仅节约自然资源及能源，还可有效地降低环境污染，同时也是促进循环经济健康发展及其实现工业可持续发展的重要保障。
本文在广泛阅读国内外相关文献的基础上，介绍了拆解研究的历史背景及其概况，对产品拆解的影响因素及拆解原则、基于概率的产品可拆解性评价体系、产品拆解过程评估及规划等问题进行了系统而深入的讨论，现将主要研究内容概述如下：
（1）简介了产品拆解研究的目的和意义，同时对当前的国内外的拆解技术现状进行了介绍。同时认为发展绿色拆解技术不仅可以有效地减小环境污染，实现资源及能源的节约，也可为区域经济发展注入新的经济增长点。另外，还对产品的可拆解性评估及设计、产品拆解建模与规划、拆解试验等拆解相关问题的国内外研究现状进行了系统的总结。
（2）产品拆解过程的因素分析是正确认识拆解的前提，为了更好地理解产品的拆解问题的本质，本文将从产品的联接类型、结构特性、拆解工具及其拆解状态等不同因素全面论述其影响产品拆解的机理，从而得出产品拆解是一个错综复杂的系统的结论；同时对产品拆解的拆解原则和程序进行全面论述，最后以螺栓联接拆卸过程为例，进行拆卸过程的影响因素分析。
（3）对产品拆解的典型评估参数，即拆解时间、拆解费用及其拆解能量进行了定义；同时对这三大参数的可拆解性评估指标进行全面定义并对它们之间的数学关系给予了推证。另外，基于可拆解性评价参数的全面定义可知，拆卸（时间）概率分布的确定是进行产品三大参数评价的基础之基础，为此，以某变速器螺栓联接拆卸时间的测试为基础，应用统计分析及其典型分布匹配的方法对其进行了拆卸概率分布的确定，上述研究为实现产品拆解的随机评估及优化提供了坚实的理论基础和理论支撑。
（4）拆解规划是以效率最高、成本最低、拆解时间最短、能耗和污染最少等为目标而进行的拆解序列或拆解过程的优化。首先以拆解时间作为评价参数对压缩盘结构进行了其产品拆解过程的概率评估分析，另外，根据拆解决策的不同，以典型传动装置为例，结合设计的时域求解算法进行了其拆解过程的优化及拆解时间分析。
（5）拆解成本涉及拆解过程的经济性，以拆解费用作为评价尺度参数结合定义的费用可拆解度概念对产品进行了拆解过程的评估分析及优化求解。求解结果表明应用所提出的方法及算法可以有效实现产品拆解费用的定量分析。
（6）节能是当前人们关心和讨论的热点问题，为了实现产品拆解过程节能，以拆解能量作为评价参数进行拆解过程的能耗分析，求解结果表明应用所提出的方法及算法可以有效实现产品拆解能量的定量分析。
With the economic development, more and more new products need to update tosatisfy demand and lots of obsolete prdocuts are generatd fastly. In order to protectenvironment, reduce environmental pollution and promote resource, recycling andremanufacturing of products, as important forms of circular economy, have arousedwidespread concern in society.
Product disassembly is defined as "the prcocess of systematic removal ofdesriable cosnstiute parts from an assembly whlile ensuring that there is noimpairment of the parts due to the process". Disassemble is the prerequisite forefficient recycling, it is also the important link of product remanufacruing. Therefore,efficient disassembly not only conserves natural resources and energy, but alsoeffectively reduces environmental pollution. In addition, it can promote the healthydevelopment of recycling economy and sustainable development of industry..
In this paper, based on the inland and outland research on staus of productdisassembly, introduce and propose the systemic analysis of the principle and imparctfactors of product disassembly, dismantlbility evaluation system and disassemblyplanning and so on, the main contents of the study are summarized as follows:
(1) Introduce the the purpose and significance on product disassembly anddescribe the current technology status on disassembly technology at home and abroad.It is said that the development of green disassembly technology not only caneffectively reduces environmental pollution and saves the resource and energy, butalso can promet the development of area ecnocmy. In addition, the status ondisassemblability evauation and design, modeling and planning of productdisassembly and experients of product disassembly are summarized.
(2) Factor analysis of product disassembly process is the premise ofunderstanding disassembly. In order to understand the substance of productdisassembly, from perspective of connection types, structural features, disassemblytools and states, their factor influence are analysed and the conclution that the product disassemblyl is a complex system problem is obtained. In addition, the principle andprocedure of product disassembly are expounded. Finanly, taking the removl processof the bolts as an example, their influence factors are analyzed.
（3） Typical evalution pramters are defined, such as disassembly time, cost andenergy and their index and relation are described in detail. In addition, based on thecomparative analysis of prameters, it can be seen that the determination of removalprobability distribution is the basis of all of works. Based on this conclusion, takingthe removal time of the bolt as an example, its removal probability distribution isobtained by the statistical analysis and matching method of typical distributions. Theabove study provides the solid theoretical foundation of product disassemblyevalution and optimzation.
(4) Disassembly planning is considered as the optimization of disassemblyprocess or disassembly sequence with the target of the shortest disassembly time, thelowest disassembly cost and the minimum disassembly energy consumption. Fistly,taking the time as a typical parameter, time evaluation of compression plate structureis analysed. In addition, taking the typical transmission device for example, combinedwith the deisgined solving algorithm, its typical programming models are analysed.
(5) Disassembly cost is closely to the economic problem of product disassembly,taking the cost as the evalution parameter and combined with combined with theconcept of the cost disassemblability degree, the cost assessment model of productdisassembly is established. In addition, their cost planning models and sovingalgorithm are presented. Finnaly, an example is provided to verify the rationality ofthe model and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
(6) Saving energy is one of the hot topics in the society. Taking the disassemblyenergy as the evalution parameter and combined with combined with the concept ofthe energy disassemblability degree, the energy assessment model of productdisassembly is established. In addition, their energy planning models and sovingalgorithm are presented. Finnaly, an example is provided to verify the rationality ofthe model and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
引文
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