河南观赏海棠品种分类研究
摘要
海棠(Malus spp.)在我国栽培已有2000余年历史,品种繁多,但对观赏海棠品种的科学分类研究起步较晚。本文对河南观赏海棠品种进行了系统研究。在对海棠形态特征研究的基础上,探讨了形态演化和变异的一般规律,制定了描述术语规范和形态特征的记载标准。采用种系–品种群–品种三级分类体系,建立了西府海棠和湖北海棠种系的观花海棠品种分类系统;并首次以种系为基础建立了观果海棠的品种分类系统。
本文共记载了观赏海棠品种137个(其中观花品种66个,观果品种52个,引进品种19个),并编制了品种分类检索表;命名了82个新品种(其中观花品种40个,观果品种42个),整理归并了16个品种名称。
对137个海棠品种按照观花、观果和引进三大类分别进行了数量分类研究。各类的聚类结果与形态分类的结果均基本吻合,但对‘大花单瓣’品种的归属提出了质疑。
本文首次将最新的SRAP分子标记技术应用于观赏海棠品种分类研究。48品种的聚类结果表明:国内品种之间亲缘关系较近,而与国外品种关系较远。直枝型品种和斜展型枝品种亲缘关系较近,而与垂枝型品种关系较远。垂丝海棠种系下品种间亲缘关系较近,而与其它种系下品种的亲缘关系相对较远;同时不同种系各品种群间相互交叉聚合,呈现出较复杂的亲缘关系。
Crabapple(Malus spp.) had already been cultivated more than 2000 years in our country, and had formed a great deal of cultivars. The cultivars of ornamental crabapple in Henan were classified systematically aiming at establishing a rational cultivar classification system. The main results were summarized as follows:
Based on the study of crabapple appearance, the common orderliness of mophological evolvement has been discussed. A criteria and terminology for describing cultivars are revised based on a morphologic analysis of the variation and evolutionary trend. Adopted the system of originated species, Groups and cultivars, the flowering cultivar classification systems of M. hupehensis and M. micromalus have been built up. Based on originated species the cultivar classification systems of ornamental fruiting crabapple have been built up for the first time.
In this paper, 137 cultivars were recognized, including 66 cultivars of ornamental flowering crabapple, 52 cultivars of ornamental fruiting crabapple and 19 cultivars which were introduced from other country; Keys for distinguishing cultivars were compiled; 82 cultivars were recorded and described as new, including 40 flowering crabapple cultivars and 42 fruiting crabapple cultivars; 16 cultivar names were dealt with and mergered.
The genetic relationship of 137 crabapple cultivars was studied by means of numerical taxonomic method. The clustering results can be in accordance with the classified ways applying on the appearance. But the ascription of‘Dahua Danban’was oppugned.
For the first time, a new molecular marker technique ( SRAP) was applied to the research on the cultivar classification of ornamental crabapple. The results showed that the relationship is close among cultivars which are originated in China, but the relationship is far away between cultivars which are originated in China and in other county. The relationship is near comparely between cultivars which have upright branch and inclined branch, but it is far from the weeping cultivars. The relationship is quite near among cultivars which are belonged to M. halliana, but it is far from the cultivars which are belonged to other species. Simultaneity, the cultivars of every species are not divided into each Group as the above classification system, but they are polymerized across each other. So the relationship among cultivars is complicated relatively.
本文共记载了观赏海棠品种137个(其中观花品种66个,观果品种52个,引进品种19个),并编制了品种分类检索表;命名了82个新品种(其中观花品种40个,观果品种42个),整理归并了16个品种名称。
对137个海棠品种按照观花、观果和引进三大类分别进行了数量分类研究。各类的聚类结果与形态分类的结果均基本吻合,但对‘大花单瓣’品种的归属提出了质疑。
本文首次将最新的SRAP分子标记技术应用于观赏海棠品种分类研究。48品种的聚类结果表明:国内品种之间亲缘关系较近,而与国外品种关系较远。直枝型品种和斜展型枝品种亲缘关系较近,而与垂枝型品种关系较远。垂丝海棠种系下品种间亲缘关系较近,而与其它种系下品种的亲缘关系相对较远;同时不同种系各品种群间相互交叉聚合,呈现出较复杂的亲缘关系。
Crabapple(Malus spp.) had already been cultivated more than 2000 years in our country, and had formed a great deal of cultivars. The cultivars of ornamental crabapple in Henan were classified systematically aiming at establishing a rational cultivar classification system. The main results were summarized as follows:
Based on the study of crabapple appearance, the common orderliness of mophological evolvement has been discussed. A criteria and terminology for describing cultivars are revised based on a morphologic analysis of the variation and evolutionary trend. Adopted the system of originated species, Groups and cultivars, the flowering cultivar classification systems of M. hupehensis and M. micromalus have been built up. Based on originated species the cultivar classification systems of ornamental fruiting crabapple have been built up for the first time.
In this paper, 137 cultivars were recognized, including 66 cultivars of ornamental flowering crabapple, 52 cultivars of ornamental fruiting crabapple and 19 cultivars which were introduced from other country; Keys for distinguishing cultivars were compiled; 82 cultivars were recorded and described as new, including 40 flowering crabapple cultivars and 42 fruiting crabapple cultivars; 16 cultivar names were dealt with and mergered.
The genetic relationship of 137 crabapple cultivars was studied by means of numerical taxonomic method. The clustering results can be in accordance with the classified ways applying on the appearance. But the ascription of‘Dahua Danban’was oppugned.
For the first time, a new molecular marker technique ( SRAP) was applied to the research on the cultivar classification of ornamental crabapple. The results showed that the relationship is close among cultivars which are originated in China, but the relationship is far away between cultivars which are originated in China and in other county. The relationship is near comparely between cultivars which have upright branch and inclined branch, but it is far from the weeping cultivars. The relationship is quite near among cultivars which are belonged to M. halliana, but it is far from the cultivars which are belonged to other species. Simultaneity, the cultivars of every species are not divided into each Group as the above classification system, but they are polymerized across each other. So the relationship among cultivars is complicated relatively.
引文
1.包志毅主译.2004.世界园林乔灌木[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
2.陈淏子辑.伊钦恒校注.1962.花镜(修订版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
3.陈恒新.2007.山东海棠品种分类与资源利用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
4.陈建业,宁玉霞,赵翠花,等.1995.河南桂花品种过氧化物酶研究[J].园艺学报, 22(2):176-180.
5.陈俊愉,包满珠.1992(A).中国梅变种与品种分类学研究[J].北京林业大学学报,14(增刊4):1-7.
6.陈俊愉,包满珠.1992(B).中国梅的植物学分类与园艺学分类[J].浙江林学院学报,9(2): 119-132.
7.陈俊愉,陈瑞丹.2007.关于梅花(Prunus mume)的品种分类体系[J].园艺学报,34(4):1055-1058.
8.陈俊愉,程绪坷.1990.中国花经[M].上海:上海文化出版社.
9.陈俊愉,刘师汉.1983.园林花卉[M].上海:上海科技出版社.
10.陈俊愉.1962.中国梅花的研究—Ⅱ中国梅花的品种分类[J].园艺学报,(211):327-350.
11.陈俊愉.1981.中国梅花品种分类新系统[J].北京林学院学报,(2):48-62.
12.陈俊愉.1987.中国梅花品种分类修正新系统[J].武汉城市建设学院学报, (1):27-42.
13.陈俊愉.1989.中国梅花品种图志[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
14.陈俊愉.1998.“二元分类”—中国花卉品种分类新体系[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2):1-5.
15.陈俊愉.1999.中国梅花品种分类最新修正体系[J].北京林业大学学报,21(2):1-6.
16.陈俊愉.2001.中国花卉品种分类学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
17.陈俊愉.2007.关于梅花Prunus mume的品种分类体系[J].园艺学报,34(4):1055-1058.
18.陈嵘.1937.中国树木分类学[M].
19.陈雯,张思平,高本年.1996.南京地区桂花品种资源调查研究[J].江苏林业科技,23(3):
13-16.
20.陈新露,BradLey N.white,等.1995.应用RAPD技术评价丁香品种间遗传关系[J].园艺学报,
22(2):171-175.
21.陈志秀.1995.蜡梅17个品种过氧化物同工酶的研究[J].植物研究,15(3):403-411.
22.成仿云,李嘉珏,陈德忠,等.2005.中国紫斑牡丹[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
23.成仿云.1998.紫瓣牡丹新品种选育及牡丹品种分类研究[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2): 27-32.
24.程金水.2000.园林植物遗传育种学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
25.程兆熊.1985.中华园艺史[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆.
26.楚爱香,汤庚国.2008.河南垂丝海棠品种的调查与分类[J].江西农业大学学报,30(6): 1090-1096.
27.楚爱香,杨英军,汤庚国,等.2009.河南垂丝海棠品种数量分类研究[J].园艺学报,36(3): 377-384.
28.禇孟嫄.1999.中国果树志?梅卷[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
29.杜娥,张志国,马力.2005.大花萱草品种分类标准初探[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),33(10):85-88.
30.杜道林,苏杰.2001.香焦33个品种的RAPD研究[J].植物学报,43(10):1036-1042.
31.段春燕,薛娴,张亚冰.2007.植物物种与植物品种分类的研究[J].时珍国医国药, 18(9):2185-2186.
32.盖钧镒.2000.实验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
33.高本年,张思平,曹光树.1997.对桂花品种6级分类的探讨[J].江苏林业科技,24(3):22-24.
34.高进红,邢世岩,姜岳忠,等.2005.银杏观赏品种染色体核型分析[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),36(1):19-24.
35.高源.2007.苹果属种质资源亲缘关系和遗传多样性的SSR分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院.
36.高志红,姚泉洪.1999.果梅随机扩增多态DNA技术的研究[J].植物生理学通讯,35(3): 214-218.
37.葛洪(晋).1985.西京杂记[M].北京:中华书局.
38.谷颐.2006.君子兰品种分类原则[J].中国种业1:53-54.
39.郭大龙,罗正荣.2006A.部分柿属植物SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化[J].果树学报,23 (1): 138-141.
40.郭大龙.2006B.几种分子标记技术的建立及其在部分柿属植物亲缘关系研究中的应用[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
41.郭大勇.2007.湖北海棠SRAP体系建立及其遗传多样性研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
42.郭璞(晋).1991.四库笔记小说丛书一山海经[M].上海:上海古籍出版社.
43.过国南,王力荣,阎振立,等.2006.利用花粉粒形态分析法研究桃种质资源的进化关系[J].果树学报,23(5):664～669.
44.韩振海.1995.落叶果树种质资源学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
45.何正文,刘运生,陈立华,等.1998.正交设计直观分析法优化PCR条件[J].湖南医科大学学报,23(4):403-404.
46.侯伯鑫,林峰,李午平,等.2003.红花檵木品种分类系统[J].林业科学研究,16(4):430-433.
47.胡绍庆,宣子灿,周煦浪,等.2006.杭州市桂花品种的分类整理[J].浙江林学院学报,23(2): 179-187.
48.胡绍庆,张后勇,吴光洪,等.2005.桂花品种分类系统研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),31(4):445-448.
49.胡正山,陈立君.1994.花卉鉴赏辞典[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社.
50.黄国涛.2005.美人蕉属(Canna)植物引种与品种分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
51.黄家平,戴思兰.1998.中国兰花品种数量分类初探[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2):38-43.
52.黄岳渊,黄德邻.1984.花经[M].上海:上海书店(影印本).
53.黄岳渊,黄德邻.1949.花经[M].上海:新世纪出版社.
54.季春峰,向其柏,徐柏森.2004.中国木犀属叶部微形态特征及其在系统分类中的应用[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),28(4):54-58.
55.贾继增.1996.分子标记种质资源鉴定和分子标记育种[J].中国农业科学,29 (4): 1-10.
56.贾思勰著,石汉声校译.1959.齐民要术今释[M].北京:科学出版社.
57.贾元义,赵兰勇,王文丽,等.2005.月季品种过氧化物酶同工酶分类研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),36(2):172-174.
58.金飚,何小弟,吴建华,等.2005.芍药花粉的形态特征及其与品种演化的关系[J].江苏农业学报,21(1):63-68.
59.景士西,吴禄平,李宝江.1995.果树遗传变异的特点初探[J].遗传,17(1):40-44.
60.康素红,包满珠,陈龙清,等.1997.梅花品种分类的花粉形态学研究[J].园艺学报,24(2): 170-174.
61.雷红灵,张光华.1999.同工酶在园艺植物中的应用研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),17(4):19-23.
62.李育农.2001.苹果属植物种质资源研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
63.梁国鲁,任振川,阎勇,等.1999.四川8个枇杷品种染色体变异研究[J].园艺学报,26(2):
71-76.
64.梁国鲁等.2002.苹果属植物野生种的AFLP分析及亲缘关系探讨[J].李育农,2002年国际苹果学学术研讨会论文集,(1):51-56.
65.梁红健,刘敏,张纯花.1997.中国兰花(Chinese Cymbidium)部分品种的叶片同工酶分析[J].实验生物学报,30(3):343-348.
66.林鸿荣.1990.昌州香海棠[M].林史论坛,3:63-65.
67.刘春迎,王莲英.1995A.菊花品种的数量分类研究[J].北京林业大学学报,17(2):79-87.
68.刘春迎,王莲英.1995B.芍药品种的数量分类研究[J].武汉植物学研究,13(2):116-126.
69.刘龙昌,向其柏.2004.桂花品种数量分类研究[J].福建林学院学报,24(3):233-236.
70.刘青林,赵会恩.1998.试论观赏植物品种分类的标准与单位[J].北京林业大学学报, 20(2):67-71.
71.刘毅,唐德瑞,何佳林.2006,陕西银杏主要栽培品种的数量分类研究[J].西北林学院学报,21(6):100-104.
72.刘玉莲.1985.南京地区桂花栽培品种调查研究[J].南京林学院学报,9(1):30-37.
73.刘玉莲.1993.桂花品种分类及木犀属种质资源的利用[J].植物资源与环境,2(2):44-48.
74.刘玉莲.2000.桂花品种资源及其分类研究[J].江苏林业科技,27(增):26-31.
75.刘志强,汤庚国.2004.南京地区垂丝海棠品种分类研究[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),28(1):101-106.
76.刘志强.2002.华东地区海棠品种资源与园林应用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
77.鲁涤非,王其超.1986.桂花品种分类的探讨[J].华中农业大学学报,5(2):179-181.
78.陆秋农,贾定贤.1999.中国果树志[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
79.罗新书,陈学森,郭延奎,等.1992.杏品种孢粉学研究[J].园艺学报,19(4):319-325.
80.马燕,毛汉书,陈俊愉.1993.部分月季花品种的数量分类研究[J].西北植物学报,13(3): 225-231.
81.毛汉书,陈俊愉.1995.中国梅花品种的数量分支分析研究[J].北京林业大学学报,17(增):31-36.
82.毛汉书,马燕.1992.中国梅花品种的数量分类学研究[J].北京林业大学学报,14(4):56-65.
83.钱关泽.2005.苹果属(Malus Mill.)分类学研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
84.乔爱民,刘佩英.1998.60个芥菜品种的RAPD分析[J].植物学报,40:915-921.
85.秦魁杰.1986.牡丹芍药品种的台阁现象和台阁品种的花型分类[J].园艺学报,513(2): l25~129.
86.秦魁杰.1990.牡丹芍药品种花型分类研究[J].北京林业大学学报,12(1):18~26.
87.曲晓玲.2006.观赏海棠基础生物学研究[D].青岛:山东农业大学.
88.曲泽州,孙云蔚.1990.果树种类论[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
89.尚富德,陈仲芳,刘玉莲,等.2003.桂花品种资源调查方法研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),33(1):9-13.
90.沈红香,张宁,姚允聪.2006.基于叶片特征的观赏海棠分类研究[A].张启翔.中国观赏园艺研究进展[C].北京:中国林业出版社.
91.时玉娣.2007.樱属品种资源调查及分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
92.舒迎澜.1993.古代花卉[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
93.束怀瑞等.1999.苹果学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
94.孙彩云,张明永,梁承邺,等.2002.墨兰、春兰变种和品种间同工酶分析[J].园艺学报,29(1): 75-77.
95.孙启高,宋书银,王宇飞,李承森.1997.介绍双子叶植物叶结构分类术语[J].植物分类学报, 35(3):275-288.
96.汤庚国.1994.中国桂花资源及其利用与开发(上) [J].资源节约和综合利用(3):32-36.
97.唐东芹.1998.桂花品种数量分类研究[J].南京林业大学学报,22(1):37-42.
98.汪小飞,向其柏,尤传楷,等.2006.石榴品种分类研究[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 30(4):81-84.
99.汪小飞.2007.石榴品种分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
100.汪祖华,周建涛.1990.桃种质的亲缘演化关系研究-花粉形态分析[J].园艺学报,17(3): 101-108.
101.王宏,申晓辉,郭瑛.2007.野鸢尾染色体的核型分析及其分类地位探讨[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),25(3):289-292(306).
102.王金刚,樊金萍,姬常平,等.2007.唐菖蒲花粉形态数量分类初探[J].北方园艺,(4): 117-118.
103.王奎玲,黄鑫,刘庆华,等.2006.耐冬山茶叶组织结构与品种分类研究[J].河南农业大学学报,40(3):291-296.
104.王莲英,袁涛.2003.牡丹花[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
105.王莲英.1997.中国牡丹品种图志[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
106.王明荣.2005.引进33种欧洲海棠品种繁殖栽培研究及景观应用价值评价[D].南京:南京林业大学.
107.王其超,包满珠,张行言.1998.梅花[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.
108.王其超,张行言,胡春根.1997.荷花品种分类新系统[J].武汉植物学研究,15(1):19-26.
109.王文莉,赵兰勇,丰震,等.2005.平阴玫瑰花粉亚显微形态及品种分类研究[J].园艺学报, 32(3):527-530.
110.王象晋(明)纂辑.1994.群芳谱(二如亭刻本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
111.王欣,雷家军,李明旭.2006.渥丹百合不同居群核型研究[J].中国农学通报,22(10): 281-284.
112.王燕,龚义勤,赵统敏,等.2007.番茄SRAP-PCR体系优化与品种分子鉴定[J].南京农业大学学报,30(1):23-29.
113.王宇森.1988.落叶果树种类学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
114.向其柏,刘玉莲.2008.中国桂花品种图志[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.
115.向其柏,臧德奎,刘玉莲,等.2004.桂花品种记载标准和描述术语规范[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),28卷增刊:1-6.
116.向其柏,臧德奎,孙卫邦译.2006.国际栽培植物命名法规(第七版)[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
117.徐克学.1994.数量分类学[M].北京:科学出版社.
118.徐兴兴.2006.苹果SSR反应体系的建立及品种资源遗传多样性分析[D].保定:河北农业大学.
119.闫力勒.2005.海棠观赏价值及北方高品第海棠培育技术模式[J].河北林果研究,20(1): 61-62.
120.阎双喜.1987.中国牡丹史考[J].中国农史(02).
121.杨传友等.1998.苹果叶片气孔的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,29(1):8-14.
122.杨恭毅.1984.杨氏园艺植物大名典[M].台北:中国花卉杂志社.
123.杨秋生,李振宇主译,(英)克里斯托弗·布里克尔主编.2005.世界园林植物与花卉百科全书(第一版)[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社.
124.姚崇怀.1989.桂花品种分类研究及湖北省栽培桂花品种整理[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
125.于玲,何丽霞.1997.甘肃紫斑牡丹与中原牡丹类群染色体比较研究[J].园艺学报,24(1): 79-83.
126.于守超,丰震,赵兰勇.2005.平阴玫瑰品种数量分类研究的探讨[J].园艺学报,32(2): 327-330.
127.余瑛.2000.AFLP标记在苹果属(Malus)植物分类中的应用[D].重庆:西南农业大学.
128.愈德浚.1974.中国植物志,36卷[M].北京:科学出版社.
129.愈德浚.1982.中国果树分类学[M].北京:农业出版社.
130.俞德浚.1984.落叶果树分类学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.
131.喻衡.1980.菏泽牡丹[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社.
132.臧德奎.2004.桂花品种分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
133.曾明颖,刘军.2005.四川四季桂品种群品种调查与分类[J].四川林业科技,26(5):97-99.
134.张春英,戴思兰,张秀英.1999.桃花种质资源的数量分类学研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 21(3):41-45.
135.张春英,戴思兰.1998.我国观赏植物亲缘关系的研究现状[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2): 79-84.
136.张广进,赵兰勇,王芬,等.2006.蔷薇品种的数量分类学研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),37(2):175-180.
137.张俊卫,包满珠.1998.分子标记在观赏植物分类中的应用[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2): 85-89.
138.张丽,周兰英,肖千文,等.2007.正交试验设计在建立杜鹃花RAPD-PCR反应体系中的应用[J].北方园艺,5:124-126.
139.张宁,沈红香,高遐虹,等.2007.苹果属部分观赏品种与中国野生种的亲缘关系[J].园艺学报,34(5):1227-1234.
140.张西丽,周厚高,周焱,等.2000.百合品种间的数量分类研究[J].广西植物,20(4):325-328.
141.张秀英,王雁,王桂萍.1997.桃花种质资源花粉形态的观察与比较[J].北京林业大学学报,19(2):57-62.
142.张永春,包满珠.1998.梅树品种分类研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2):90-94.
143.张赞平,李懋学.1990.牡丹染色体的Ag-NoR和Giemsa C-带研究[J].武汉植物学研究,8(2): 101-105.
144.赵冰,雒新艳,张启翔.2007.蜡梅品种的数量分类研究[J].园艺学报,34(4):947-954.
145.赵红霞,郭帅,赵兰勇.2003.沂州海棠数量分类学研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),34 (3):379-382.
146.赵凯歌,虞江晋芳,陈龙清.2004.蜡梅品种的数量分类和主成分分析[J].北京林业大学学报,26(增刊):79-83.
147.赵可新,钱萍,孙德荣,等.1999.荷花品种过氧化物同工酶研究[J].浙江农业科学,6: 288-291.
148.赵小兰,陈振锋.1998.武汉地区桂花品种的数量分类研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),16(6):11-15.
149.赵小兰,姚崇怀,王彩云.2000.桂花品种的同工酶研究[J].华中农业大学学报,19(6):595-599.
150.赵小兰,姚崇怀.1999.桂花花粉形态种内变异的研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版), 17(1):16-20.
151.赵燕,郑丽,李文祥.1996.中国菊花过氧化物酶同工酶分类与自然分类比较[J].云南农业大学学报,11(2):86-90.
152.郑杨,曲晓玲,郭翎,等.2008.观赏海棠资源谱系分析及育种研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报,39(1):152-160.
153.周家琪.1962.牡丹芍药花型分类的探讨[J].园艺学报,1(3-4): 351-360.
154.周维权.1999.中国古典园林史(第二版) [M].北京:清华大学出版社.
155.朱长山,李瑞符,袁建都.1992.河南桂花品种的分类研究[J].河南农业大学学报,26(2): 192-201.
156.朱晓琴,马建霞,姚青菊,等.1997.应用等位酶多态性进行梅花品种鉴别[J].江苏林业科技.24(3):13-16.
157.邹喻苹,蔡美琳,王子平.1999.芍药属牡丹组的系统学研究一基于RAPD分析[J].植物分类学报,3:220-227.
158. Abraham D.,Abraham K.2002.The Green Thumb[J].Consumer’s Research Magazine, 85(10):36
159. Aker,Scott.1998.Breeding grounds[J].American Nurseryman,188(6):38
160. Bamber,Linda.1998.Two poems[J].Raritan,18(2):27.
161. Budak H,Shearman R C,Parmaksiz I,et al.2004.Molecular characterization of Buffalograss germplasm using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108:328-334.
162. Cha?ka N A, Nikonova V A, Zhurnal M, et al.1984.Use of numerical taxonomy methods for identifying and classifying microorganisms[J]. Primenenie metodov chislovo? taksonomii dlia identifikatsii i klassifikatsii mikroorganizmov, (1): 7-14.
163. Christopher,Thomas.2000.Crabapple trees[J].Martha stewart living,78:244-249.
164. David C. 1991.Garden trees[M].Swindon:The Crowood Press Ltd.
165. Davidson C G.1998.‘Spring Bride’flowering Crabapple[J]. Journal of environmental horticulture, (16)2:125-126.
166. Egolf D R.1986.‘Naragansett’Crabapple[J]. HortSciene,21(6):1462-1463.
167. Egolf D R.1987.‘Adirondack’Crabapple[J]. HortSciene,22(5):969-970.
168. Erick A, Draper, James A, et al.1996.The magic of Malus[J]. American Nurseryman, 184 (4):46.
169. Ferriol M, PicóB, Nuez F.2003.Genetic diversity of a germplasm collection of Cucurbita pepo using SRAP and AFLP markers[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 107:271-282.
170. Fulcher,Amy F,Ranney,et al.1998.Natural resistance of Malus to adult Japanese Beetles[J]. American Nurseryman,188(10):56.
171. Gerhold HD.2000.Crabapple cultivars tested as street trees:second report[J].Journal of Arboriculture,6(1):48-54.
172. Glattstein J.1992.Weeping trees[J]. Flower and Garden, 36 (4):48.
173. Gleason,Mark L.I,Jeffery,et al.2000.Hard to resist[J]. American Nurseryman,191(6):38.
174. Grabarek,Bill.2003.Natural Selection[J].American Nurseryman,198(11):24-27.
175. Green,Thomas L.1994.Malus‘Professor Sprenger’[J].American Nurseryman, 80 (2):98.
176. Guthery, David E.1994.Malus‘Manbeck weeper’[J]. American Nurseryman, 179 (5):114.
177. Hale A L, Farnham M W, Nzaramba M N, et al.2007.Heterosis for horticultural traits in Broccoli[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,115:351-360.
178. Harrison L,Flint. 1983. Landscape Plant For Eastern North America[M]. 341.
179. James Y,Anna C,Clare D,et al.1999.Botanic’s trees & shrubs[M].San Diego(the United State):Laurel Glen Publishing.
180. Jefferson R.M.1965. History Progeny and Locations of Crab apples of DocumentedAuthentic Origin[M].
181. Johnson,Monte P.1999.Natural deterrents[J]. American Nurseryman,190(10):44.
182. Julia M,Thomas A,Fretz.1980.Differentiation of Nine Crabapples Based on Bud and Leaf Surface Features[J]. J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.105(2):257-263.
183. Khanizadeh S,Groleau Y,Cousineau J,et al.2000.New hardy apple selections from the Quebec apple breeding program[J].538:715-718.
184. Li G, Gao M, Yang B, et al.2003.Gene for gene alignment between the Brassica and Arabidopsis genomes by direct transcriptome mapping[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 107:168-180.
185. Li G, Quiros C F. 2001.Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 103:455-461.
186. Lin Shenghua.2002.Investigation of chromosome numbers of cultivars and four cultivated species of Malus in China[J].International Apple Symposium. 58-63.
187. Lonc E, Wiadomo?ci P.1985.Principles and use of numerical in the classification of Arthropods[J]. Preview Zasady i zastosowania taksonomii numerycznej w systematyce pasozytniczych Arthropoda,31:515-518.
188. Lucadamo,Kathleen.1998.Growing pains[J]. American Nurseryman,188(10):26.
189. Mackey-Prenesis, Elizabeth.1994.Malus‘mazam’[J]. American Nurseryman, 180 (11):98.
190. Marcysiak K, Mazur M, Romo A, et al.2007. Numerical taxonomy of Juniperus thurifera J. excelsa and J. foetidissima(Cupressaceae) based on morphological characters[J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,155:483-495.
191. Mcnamara S,Pellett H.1996.Cold hardiness of flowering crabapple cultivars[J].Journal of environmental horticulture, (14),3:111-114.
192. Nancy R,Don S,John W.2001.Growing shrubs and small trees in cold climates[M]. Lincolnwood(Chicago):Contemporary Books.
193. P. Simo Santalla, N.T.Chu, D.Georges.2000.Characteristation of crabapple clones by isozyme electrophoresis[J]. Acta Horticulture, 508:301-302.
194. Preus M, Macgibbon B. 1977. An application of numerical taxonomy to the classification of syndromes[J]. Birth Defects Original Article Series,13:31-38.
195. Ragan,Lisa.2001.crabapple[J].Ideals,58(1):16.
196. Raymond F.1980.The woodland garden[M].london:Ward Lock Limited.
197. Reales A, Rivera D, Palazón J A, et al. 2004.Numerical taxonomy study of Salvia sect. Salvia (Labiatae) [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 145,353-371.
198. Riaz A, Potter D, Stephen M. 2004.Genotyping of peach and nectarine cultivars with SSR and SRAP molecular markers[J].J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 129:204-211.
199. Robert D.Marquard ,Charlotte R Chan.1995.Identifying Crabapple Cultivars by Isozymes[J].J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci, 120(5):706-709.
200. Robert H. 1996.Forest Gardening[M]. White River Junction:Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
201. Rose Nancy. 1996.Small survivor[J]. American Nurseryman, 184(8):46.
202. Roy H ,Patrick M, Synge.1977.The color dictionary of flowers and plants for home and garden[M].New York:The Royalty Horticultural Society.
203. RuizJ J, Garcia M S, PicóB, et al. 2005. Genetic variability and relationship of closely related Spanish traditional cultivars of tomato as detectedby SRAP and SSR markers[J]. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 130: 88-95.
204. Schwartz T. 2001.Using Malus Without Malice[J]. American Nurseryman,193 (1):32.
205. Silander J A.1985.Microevolution in clonal plant.In:J B Jacson,L W Buss and R E Cook(eds),Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Orannisms[J].New Haven:Yale University Press.
206. Simmonds N W, Weatherup S T C.1990.Numerical taxonomy of the wild bananas[J]. New Phytologist, 115,567-571.
207. Sonia K.1990.Gardening with trees[M].Bromley:Christopher Helm(Publishers) Ltd.
208. Stanley J. P.1990.Palmers manual of trees,shrubs and climbers[M].Australia: Lancewood Publishing.
209. Stebbins G L,Ledyard E.1938.Cypoqenetic studies in PaeoniaⅡ.The cytology of diploid speaies and hybrids[J].Genetics, 23:83-110.
210. Stephen A,Spongberg.1989.Cultivar Name Registration at the Arnord Arboretum 1987 and 1988[J].HortSciene, 24(3):433-434.
211. Susan P,Sarah E.2001.Botanica’s Gardening Encyclopedia.San Diego(the United State):Laurel Glen Publishing.
212. Thomas L,Green.1996. Crabapple-when you’re choosing one of these apple cousins, make flowers your last consideration[J].American Horticulutureist, 75 (2):19-23.
213. Tser M,Mai Hwa.1942.National flower of China[J]. Hortus Sinicus, (1):1~16.
214. Tutel B, Kandemir I, Kus S, et al.2005.Classification of Turkish Plantago L. species using numerical taxonomy[J]. Turkish Journal of Botany,29:51-61.
215. Warren,Deborah.2004.The crabapple in Flower(Poem)[J].Hudson Review,56(4):600.
216. Young.1999.Botanics trees& shrubs[M].
2.陈淏子辑.伊钦恒校注.1962.花镜(修订版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
3.陈恒新.2007.山东海棠品种分类与资源利用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
4.陈建业,宁玉霞,赵翠花,等.1995.河南桂花品种过氧化物酶研究[J].园艺学报, 22(2):176-180.
5.陈俊愉,包满珠.1992(A).中国梅变种与品种分类学研究[J].北京林业大学学报,14(增刊4):1-7.
6.陈俊愉,包满珠.1992(B).中国梅的植物学分类与园艺学分类[J].浙江林学院学报,9(2): 119-132.
7.陈俊愉,陈瑞丹.2007.关于梅花(Prunus mume)的品种分类体系[J].园艺学报,34(4):1055-1058.
8.陈俊愉,程绪坷.1990.中国花经[M].上海:上海文化出版社.
9.陈俊愉,刘师汉.1983.园林花卉[M].上海:上海科技出版社.
10.陈俊愉.1962.中国梅花的研究—Ⅱ中国梅花的品种分类[J].园艺学报,(211):327-350.
11.陈俊愉.1981.中国梅花品种分类新系统[J].北京林学院学报,(2):48-62.
12.陈俊愉.1987.中国梅花品种分类修正新系统[J].武汉城市建设学院学报, (1):27-42.
13.陈俊愉.1989.中国梅花品种图志[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
14.陈俊愉.1998.“二元分类”—中国花卉品种分类新体系[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2):1-5.
15.陈俊愉.1999.中国梅花品种分类最新修正体系[J].北京林业大学学报,21(2):1-6.
16.陈俊愉.2001.中国花卉品种分类学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
17.陈俊愉.2007.关于梅花Prunus mume的品种分类体系[J].园艺学报,34(4):1055-1058.
18.陈嵘.1937.中国树木分类学[M].
19.陈雯,张思平,高本年.1996.南京地区桂花品种资源调查研究[J].江苏林业科技,23(3):
13-16.
20.陈新露,BradLey N.white,等.1995.应用RAPD技术评价丁香品种间遗传关系[J].园艺学报,
22(2):171-175.
21.陈志秀.1995.蜡梅17个品种过氧化物同工酶的研究[J].植物研究,15(3):403-411.
22.成仿云,李嘉珏,陈德忠,等.2005.中国紫斑牡丹[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
23.成仿云.1998.紫瓣牡丹新品种选育及牡丹品种分类研究[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2): 27-32.
24.程金水.2000.园林植物遗传育种学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
25.程兆熊.1985.中华园艺史[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆.
26.楚爱香,汤庚国.2008.河南垂丝海棠品种的调查与分类[J].江西农业大学学报,30(6): 1090-1096.
27.楚爱香,杨英军,汤庚国,等.2009.河南垂丝海棠品种数量分类研究[J].园艺学报,36(3): 377-384.
28.禇孟嫄.1999.中国果树志?梅卷[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
29.杜娥,张志国,马力.2005.大花萱草品种分类标准初探[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),33(10):85-88.
30.杜道林,苏杰.2001.香焦33个品种的RAPD研究[J].植物学报,43(10):1036-1042.
31.段春燕,薛娴,张亚冰.2007.植物物种与植物品种分类的研究[J].时珍国医国药, 18(9):2185-2186.
32.盖钧镒.2000.实验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
33.高本年,张思平,曹光树.1997.对桂花品种6级分类的探讨[J].江苏林业科技,24(3):22-24.
34.高进红,邢世岩,姜岳忠,等.2005.银杏观赏品种染色体核型分析[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),36(1):19-24.
35.高源.2007.苹果属种质资源亲缘关系和遗传多样性的SSR分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院.
36.高志红,姚泉洪.1999.果梅随机扩增多态DNA技术的研究[J].植物生理学通讯,35(3): 214-218.
37.葛洪(晋).1985.西京杂记[M].北京:中华书局.
38.谷颐.2006.君子兰品种分类原则[J].中国种业1:53-54.
39.郭大龙,罗正荣.2006A.部分柿属植物SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化[J].果树学报,23 (1): 138-141.
40.郭大龙.2006B.几种分子标记技术的建立及其在部分柿属植物亲缘关系研究中的应用[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
41.郭大勇.2007.湖北海棠SRAP体系建立及其遗传多样性研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
42.郭璞(晋).1991.四库笔记小说丛书一山海经[M].上海:上海古籍出版社.
43.过国南,王力荣,阎振立,等.2006.利用花粉粒形态分析法研究桃种质资源的进化关系[J].果树学报,23(5):664～669.
44.韩振海.1995.落叶果树种质资源学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
45.何正文,刘运生,陈立华,等.1998.正交设计直观分析法优化PCR条件[J].湖南医科大学学报,23(4):403-404.
46.侯伯鑫,林峰,李午平,等.2003.红花檵木品种分类系统[J].林业科学研究,16(4):430-433.
47.胡绍庆,宣子灿,周煦浪,等.2006.杭州市桂花品种的分类整理[J].浙江林学院学报,23(2): 179-187.
48.胡绍庆,张后勇,吴光洪,等.2005.桂花品种分类系统研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),31(4):445-448.
49.胡正山,陈立君.1994.花卉鉴赏辞典[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社.
50.黄国涛.2005.美人蕉属(Canna)植物引种与品种分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
51.黄家平,戴思兰.1998.中国兰花品种数量分类初探[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2):38-43.
52.黄岳渊,黄德邻.1984.花经[M].上海:上海书店(影印本).
53.黄岳渊,黄德邻.1949.花经[M].上海:新世纪出版社.
54.季春峰,向其柏,徐柏森.2004.中国木犀属叶部微形态特征及其在系统分类中的应用[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),28(4):54-58.
55.贾继增.1996.分子标记种质资源鉴定和分子标记育种[J].中国农业科学,29 (4): 1-10.
56.贾思勰著,石汉声校译.1959.齐民要术今释[M].北京:科学出版社.
57.贾元义,赵兰勇,王文丽,等.2005.月季品种过氧化物酶同工酶分类研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),36(2):172-174.
58.金飚,何小弟,吴建华,等.2005.芍药花粉的形态特征及其与品种演化的关系[J].江苏农业学报,21(1):63-68.
59.景士西,吴禄平,李宝江.1995.果树遗传变异的特点初探[J].遗传,17(1):40-44.
60.康素红,包满珠,陈龙清,等.1997.梅花品种分类的花粉形态学研究[J].园艺学报,24(2): 170-174.
61.雷红灵,张光华.1999.同工酶在园艺植物中的应用研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),17(4):19-23.
62.李育农.2001.苹果属植物种质资源研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
63.梁国鲁,任振川,阎勇,等.1999.四川8个枇杷品种染色体变异研究[J].园艺学报,26(2):
71-76.
64.梁国鲁等.2002.苹果属植物野生种的AFLP分析及亲缘关系探讨[J].李育农,2002年国际苹果学学术研讨会论文集,(1):51-56.
65.梁红健,刘敏,张纯花.1997.中国兰花(Chinese Cymbidium)部分品种的叶片同工酶分析[J].实验生物学报,30(3):343-348.
66.林鸿荣.1990.昌州香海棠[M].林史论坛,3:63-65.
67.刘春迎,王莲英.1995A.菊花品种的数量分类研究[J].北京林业大学学报,17(2):79-87.
68.刘春迎,王莲英.1995B.芍药品种的数量分类研究[J].武汉植物学研究,13(2):116-126.
69.刘龙昌,向其柏.2004.桂花品种数量分类研究[J].福建林学院学报,24(3):233-236.
70.刘青林,赵会恩.1998.试论观赏植物品种分类的标准与单位[J].北京林业大学学报, 20(2):67-71.
71.刘毅,唐德瑞,何佳林.2006,陕西银杏主要栽培品种的数量分类研究[J].西北林学院学报,21(6):100-104.
72.刘玉莲.1985.南京地区桂花栽培品种调查研究[J].南京林学院学报,9(1):30-37.
73.刘玉莲.1993.桂花品种分类及木犀属种质资源的利用[J].植物资源与环境,2(2):44-48.
74.刘玉莲.2000.桂花品种资源及其分类研究[J].江苏林业科技,27(增):26-31.
75.刘志强,汤庚国.2004.南京地区垂丝海棠品种分类研究[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),28(1):101-106.
76.刘志强.2002.华东地区海棠品种资源与园林应用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
77.鲁涤非,王其超.1986.桂花品种分类的探讨[J].华中农业大学学报,5(2):179-181.
78.陆秋农,贾定贤.1999.中国果树志[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
79.罗新书,陈学森,郭延奎,等.1992.杏品种孢粉学研究[J].园艺学报,19(4):319-325.
80.马燕,毛汉书,陈俊愉.1993.部分月季花品种的数量分类研究[J].西北植物学报,13(3): 225-231.
81.毛汉书,陈俊愉.1995.中国梅花品种的数量分支分析研究[J].北京林业大学学报,17(增):31-36.
82.毛汉书,马燕.1992.中国梅花品种的数量分类学研究[J].北京林业大学学报,14(4):56-65.
83.钱关泽.2005.苹果属(Malus Mill.)分类学研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
84.乔爱民,刘佩英.1998.60个芥菜品种的RAPD分析[J].植物学报,40:915-921.
85.秦魁杰.1986.牡丹芍药品种的台阁现象和台阁品种的花型分类[J].园艺学报,513(2): l25~129.
86.秦魁杰.1990.牡丹芍药品种花型分类研究[J].北京林业大学学报,12(1):18~26.
87.曲晓玲.2006.观赏海棠基础生物学研究[D].青岛:山东农业大学.
88.曲泽州,孙云蔚.1990.果树种类论[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
89.尚富德,陈仲芳,刘玉莲,等.2003.桂花品种资源调查方法研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),33(1):9-13.
90.沈红香,张宁,姚允聪.2006.基于叶片特征的观赏海棠分类研究[A].张启翔.中国观赏园艺研究进展[C].北京:中国林业出版社.
91.时玉娣.2007.樱属品种资源调查及分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
92.舒迎澜.1993.古代花卉[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
93.束怀瑞等.1999.苹果学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
94.孙彩云,张明永,梁承邺,等.2002.墨兰、春兰变种和品种间同工酶分析[J].园艺学报,29(1): 75-77.
95.孙启高,宋书银,王宇飞,李承森.1997.介绍双子叶植物叶结构分类术语[J].植物分类学报, 35(3):275-288.
96.汤庚国.1994.中国桂花资源及其利用与开发(上) [J].资源节约和综合利用(3):32-36.
97.唐东芹.1998.桂花品种数量分类研究[J].南京林业大学学报,22(1):37-42.
98.汪小飞,向其柏,尤传楷,等.2006.石榴品种分类研究[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 30(4):81-84.
99.汪小飞.2007.石榴品种分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
100.汪祖华,周建涛.1990.桃种质的亲缘演化关系研究-花粉形态分析[J].园艺学报,17(3): 101-108.
101.王宏,申晓辉,郭瑛.2007.野鸢尾染色体的核型分析及其分类地位探讨[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),25(3):289-292(306).
102.王金刚,樊金萍,姬常平,等.2007.唐菖蒲花粉形态数量分类初探[J].北方园艺,(4): 117-118.
103.王奎玲,黄鑫,刘庆华,等.2006.耐冬山茶叶组织结构与品种分类研究[J].河南农业大学学报,40(3):291-296.
104.王莲英,袁涛.2003.牡丹花[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
105.王莲英.1997.中国牡丹品种图志[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
106.王明荣.2005.引进33种欧洲海棠品种繁殖栽培研究及景观应用价值评价[D].南京:南京林业大学.
107.王其超,包满珠,张行言.1998.梅花[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.
108.王其超,张行言,胡春根.1997.荷花品种分类新系统[J].武汉植物学研究,15(1):19-26.
109.王文莉,赵兰勇,丰震,等.2005.平阴玫瑰花粉亚显微形态及品种分类研究[J].园艺学报, 32(3):527-530.
110.王象晋(明)纂辑.1994.群芳谱(二如亭刻本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
111.王欣,雷家军,李明旭.2006.渥丹百合不同居群核型研究[J].中国农学通报,22(10): 281-284.
112.王燕,龚义勤,赵统敏,等.2007.番茄SRAP-PCR体系优化与品种分子鉴定[J].南京农业大学学报,30(1):23-29.
113.王宇森.1988.落叶果树种类学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
114.向其柏,刘玉莲.2008.中国桂花品种图志[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.
115.向其柏,臧德奎,刘玉莲,等.2004.桂花品种记载标准和描述术语规范[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),28卷增刊:1-6.
116.向其柏,臧德奎,孙卫邦译.2006.国际栽培植物命名法规(第七版)[M].北京:中国林业出版社.
117.徐克学.1994.数量分类学[M].北京:科学出版社.
118.徐兴兴.2006.苹果SSR反应体系的建立及品种资源遗传多样性分析[D].保定:河北农业大学.
119.闫力勒.2005.海棠观赏价值及北方高品第海棠培育技术模式[J].河北林果研究,20(1): 61-62.
120.阎双喜.1987.中国牡丹史考[J].中国农史(02).
121.杨传友等.1998.苹果叶片气孔的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,29(1):8-14.
122.杨恭毅.1984.杨氏园艺植物大名典[M].台北:中国花卉杂志社.
123.杨秋生,李振宇主译,(英)克里斯托弗·布里克尔主编.2005.世界园林植物与花卉百科全书(第一版)[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社.
124.姚崇怀.1989.桂花品种分类研究及湖北省栽培桂花品种整理[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
125.于玲,何丽霞.1997.甘肃紫斑牡丹与中原牡丹类群染色体比较研究[J].园艺学报,24(1): 79-83.
126.于守超,丰震,赵兰勇.2005.平阴玫瑰品种数量分类研究的探讨[J].园艺学报,32(2): 327-330.
127.余瑛.2000.AFLP标记在苹果属(Malus)植物分类中的应用[D].重庆:西南农业大学.
128.愈德浚.1974.中国植物志,36卷[M].北京:科学出版社.
129.愈德浚.1982.中国果树分类学[M].北京:农业出版社.
130.俞德浚.1984.落叶果树分类学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.
131.喻衡.1980.菏泽牡丹[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社.
132.臧德奎.2004.桂花品种分类研究[D].南京:南京林业大学.
133.曾明颖,刘军.2005.四川四季桂品种群品种调查与分类[J].四川林业科技,26(5):97-99.
134.张春英,戴思兰,张秀英.1999.桃花种质资源的数量分类学研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 21(3):41-45.
135.张春英,戴思兰.1998.我国观赏植物亲缘关系的研究现状[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2): 79-84.
136.张广进,赵兰勇,王芬,等.2006.蔷薇品种的数量分类学研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),37(2):175-180.
137.张俊卫,包满珠.1998.分子标记在观赏植物分类中的应用[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2): 85-89.
138.张丽,周兰英,肖千文,等.2007.正交试验设计在建立杜鹃花RAPD-PCR反应体系中的应用[J].北方园艺,5:124-126.
139.张宁,沈红香,高遐虹,等.2007.苹果属部分观赏品种与中国野生种的亲缘关系[J].园艺学报,34(5):1227-1234.
140.张西丽,周厚高,周焱,等.2000.百合品种间的数量分类研究[J].广西植物,20(4):325-328.
141.张秀英,王雁,王桂萍.1997.桃花种质资源花粉形态的观察与比较[J].北京林业大学学报,19(2):57-62.
142.张永春,包满珠.1998.梅树品种分类研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,20(2):90-94.
143.张赞平,李懋学.1990.牡丹染色体的Ag-NoR和Giemsa C-带研究[J].武汉植物学研究,8(2): 101-105.
144.赵冰,雒新艳,张启翔.2007.蜡梅品种的数量分类研究[J].园艺学报,34(4):947-954.
145.赵红霞,郭帅,赵兰勇.2003.沂州海棠数量分类学研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),34 (3):379-382.
146.赵凯歌,虞江晋芳,陈龙清.2004.蜡梅品种的数量分类和主成分分析[J].北京林业大学学报,26(增刊):79-83.
147.赵可新,钱萍,孙德荣,等.1999.荷花品种过氧化物同工酶研究[J].浙江农业科学,6: 288-291.
148.赵小兰,陈振锋.1998.武汉地区桂花品种的数量分类研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),16(6):11-15.
149.赵小兰,姚崇怀,王彩云.2000.桂花品种的同工酶研究[J].华中农业大学学报,19(6):595-599.
150.赵小兰,姚崇怀.1999.桂花花粉形态种内变异的研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版), 17(1):16-20.
151.赵燕,郑丽,李文祥.1996.中国菊花过氧化物酶同工酶分类与自然分类比较[J].云南农业大学学报,11(2):86-90.
152.郑杨,曲晓玲,郭翎,等.2008.观赏海棠资源谱系分析及育种研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报,39(1):152-160.
153.周家琪.1962.牡丹芍药花型分类的探讨[J].园艺学报,1(3-4): 351-360.
154.周维权.1999.中国古典园林史(第二版) [M].北京:清华大学出版社.
155.朱长山,李瑞符,袁建都.1992.河南桂花品种的分类研究[J].河南农业大学学报,26(2): 192-201.
156.朱晓琴,马建霞,姚青菊,等.1997.应用等位酶多态性进行梅花品种鉴别[J].江苏林业科技.24(3):13-16.
157.邹喻苹,蔡美琳,王子平.1999.芍药属牡丹组的系统学研究一基于RAPD分析[J].植物分类学报,3:220-227.
158. Abraham D.,Abraham K.2002.The Green Thumb[J].Consumer’s Research Magazine, 85(10):36
159. Aker,Scott.1998.Breeding grounds[J].American Nurseryman,188(6):38
160. Bamber,Linda.1998.Two poems[J].Raritan,18(2):27.
161. Budak H,Shearman R C,Parmaksiz I,et al.2004.Molecular characterization of Buffalograss germplasm using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108:328-334.
162. Cha?ka N A, Nikonova V A, Zhurnal M, et al.1984.Use of numerical taxonomy methods for identifying and classifying microorganisms[J]. Primenenie metodov chislovo? taksonomii dlia identifikatsii i klassifikatsii mikroorganizmov, (1): 7-14.
163. Christopher,Thomas.2000.Crabapple trees[J].Martha stewart living,78:244-249.
164. David C. 1991.Garden trees[M].Swindon:The Crowood Press Ltd.
165. Davidson C G.1998.‘Spring Bride’flowering Crabapple[J]. Journal of environmental horticulture, (16)2:125-126.
166. Egolf D R.1986.‘Naragansett’Crabapple[J]. HortSciene,21(6):1462-1463.
167. Egolf D R.1987.‘Adirondack’Crabapple[J]. HortSciene,22(5):969-970.
168. Erick A, Draper, James A, et al.1996.The magic of Malus[J]. American Nurseryman, 184 (4):46.
169. Ferriol M, PicóB, Nuez F.2003.Genetic diversity of a germplasm collection of Cucurbita pepo using SRAP and AFLP markers[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 107:271-282.
170. Fulcher,Amy F,Ranney,et al.1998.Natural resistance of Malus to adult Japanese Beetles[J]. American Nurseryman,188(10):56.
171. Gerhold HD.2000.Crabapple cultivars tested as street trees:second report[J].Journal of Arboriculture,6(1):48-54.
172. Glattstein J.1992.Weeping trees[J]. Flower and Garden, 36 (4):48.
173. Gleason,Mark L.I,Jeffery,et al.2000.Hard to resist[J]. American Nurseryman,191(6):38.
174. Grabarek,Bill.2003.Natural Selection[J].American Nurseryman,198(11):24-27.
175. Green,Thomas L.1994.Malus‘Professor Sprenger’[J].American Nurseryman, 80 (2):98.
176. Guthery, David E.1994.Malus‘Manbeck weeper’[J]. American Nurseryman, 179 (5):114.
177. Hale A L, Farnham M W, Nzaramba M N, et al.2007.Heterosis for horticultural traits in Broccoli[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,115:351-360.
178. Harrison L,Flint. 1983. Landscape Plant For Eastern North America[M]. 341.
179. James Y,Anna C,Clare D,et al.1999.Botanic’s trees & shrubs[M].San Diego(the United State):Laurel Glen Publishing.
180. Jefferson R.M.1965. History Progeny and Locations of Crab apples of DocumentedAuthentic Origin[M].
181. Johnson,Monte P.1999.Natural deterrents[J]. American Nurseryman,190(10):44.
182. Julia M,Thomas A,Fretz.1980.Differentiation of Nine Crabapples Based on Bud and Leaf Surface Features[J]. J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.105(2):257-263.
183. Khanizadeh S,Groleau Y,Cousineau J,et al.2000.New hardy apple selections from the Quebec apple breeding program[J].538:715-718.
184. Li G, Gao M, Yang B, et al.2003.Gene for gene alignment between the Brassica and Arabidopsis genomes by direct transcriptome mapping[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 107:168-180.
185. Li G, Quiros C F. 2001.Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 103:455-461.
186. Lin Shenghua.2002.Investigation of chromosome numbers of cultivars and four cultivated species of Malus in China[J].International Apple Symposium. 58-63.
187. Lonc E, Wiadomo?ci P.1985.Principles and use of numerical in the classification of Arthropods[J]. Preview Zasady i zastosowania taksonomii numerycznej w systematyce pasozytniczych Arthropoda,31:515-518.
188. Lucadamo,Kathleen.1998.Growing pains[J]. American Nurseryman,188(10):26.
189. Mackey-Prenesis, Elizabeth.1994.Malus‘mazam’[J]. American Nurseryman, 180 (11):98.
190. Marcysiak K, Mazur M, Romo A, et al.2007. Numerical taxonomy of Juniperus thurifera J. excelsa and J. foetidissima(Cupressaceae) based on morphological characters[J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,155:483-495.
191. Mcnamara S,Pellett H.1996.Cold hardiness of flowering crabapple cultivars[J].Journal of environmental horticulture, (14),3:111-114.
192. Nancy R,Don S,John W.2001.Growing shrubs and small trees in cold climates[M]. Lincolnwood(Chicago):Contemporary Books.
193. P. Simo Santalla, N.T.Chu, D.Georges.2000.Characteristation of crabapple clones by isozyme electrophoresis[J]. Acta Horticulture, 508:301-302.
194. Preus M, Macgibbon B. 1977. An application of numerical taxonomy to the classification of syndromes[J]. Birth Defects Original Article Series,13:31-38.
195. Ragan,Lisa.2001.crabapple[J].Ideals,58(1):16.
196. Raymond F.1980.The woodland garden[M].london:Ward Lock Limited.
197. Reales A, Rivera D, Palazón J A, et al. 2004.Numerical taxonomy study of Salvia sect. Salvia (Labiatae) [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 145,353-371.
198. Riaz A, Potter D, Stephen M. 2004.Genotyping of peach and nectarine cultivars with SSR and SRAP molecular markers[J].J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 129:204-211.
199. Robert D.Marquard ,Charlotte R Chan.1995.Identifying Crabapple Cultivars by Isozymes[J].J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci, 120(5):706-709.
200. Robert H. 1996.Forest Gardening[M]. White River Junction:Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
201. Rose Nancy. 1996.Small survivor[J]. American Nurseryman, 184(8):46.
202. Roy H ,Patrick M, Synge.1977.The color dictionary of flowers and plants for home and garden[M].New York:The Royalty Horticultural Society.
203. RuizJ J, Garcia M S, PicóB, et al. 2005. Genetic variability and relationship of closely related Spanish traditional cultivars of tomato as detectedby SRAP and SSR markers[J]. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 130: 88-95.
204. Schwartz T. 2001.Using Malus Without Malice[J]. American Nurseryman,193 (1):32.
205. Silander J A.1985.Microevolution in clonal plant.In:J B Jacson,L W Buss and R E Cook(eds),Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Orannisms[J].New Haven:Yale University Press.
206. Simmonds N W, Weatherup S T C.1990.Numerical taxonomy of the wild bananas[J]. New Phytologist, 115,567-571.
207. Sonia K.1990.Gardening with trees[M].Bromley:Christopher Helm(Publishers) Ltd.
208. Stanley J. P.1990.Palmers manual of trees,shrubs and climbers[M].Australia: Lancewood Publishing.
209. Stebbins G L,Ledyard E.1938.Cypoqenetic studies in PaeoniaⅡ.The cytology of diploid speaies and hybrids[J].Genetics, 23:83-110.
210. Stephen A,Spongberg.1989.Cultivar Name Registration at the Arnord Arboretum 1987 and 1988[J].HortSciene, 24(3):433-434.
211. Susan P,Sarah E.2001.Botanica’s Gardening Encyclopedia.San Diego(the United State):Laurel Glen Publishing.
212. Thomas L,Green.1996. Crabapple-when you’re choosing one of these apple cousins, make flowers your last consideration[J].American Horticulutureist, 75 (2):19-23.
213. Tser M,Mai Hwa.1942.National flower of China[J]. Hortus Sinicus, (1):1~16.
214. Tutel B, Kandemir I, Kus S, et al.2005.Classification of Turkish Plantago L. species using numerical taxonomy[J]. Turkish Journal of Botany,29:51-61.
215. Warren,Deborah.2004.The crabapple in Flower(Poem)[J].Hudson Review,56(4):600.
216. Young.1999.Botanics trees& shrubs[M].