网球运动员时空预测特征及ERP研究
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摘要
网球运动是一项隔网对抗性项目，比赛过程激烈，对运动员的反应速度和灵敏性具有很高的要求。其中，接发球是整个比赛对抗过程中至关重要的环节，如何根据对手的身体方位和动作信息，既快速又准确地预测发球方位和落点，从而做出精准的动作反应，这些都是教练员和运动员不断努力的目标。已有相关的研究证明，在网球运动项目中，高水平运动员对发球落点的知觉预测速度和准确性要明显优于新手，并且对网球发球的某些行为特征进行了专门研究，但是时间和空间预测过程的机制仍然处于探索阶段。鉴于此，本研究对高水平网球运动员时间和空间预测的行为特征及所对应的神经机制进行研究，为运动领域中的知觉预测机制提供理论证据。
本研究以运动专家认知优势的后天经验说为理论背景，以专门化时间和空间知觉能力为切入点，以江苏省网球队运动员、上海体育学院网球专项生和普通大学生为实验对象，结合时间和空间遮蔽技术，综合运用事件相关电位记录技术（ERP）和眼动等方法，对高水平网球运动员的一般时间和空间知觉过程，以及时间和空间受限制条件下的专业情境预测过程进行研究，寻找高水平网球运动员的时空预测优势特征及可能的其神经机制，丰富知觉预测理论和专家学说，为网球运动员的科学训练及选材提供理论和方法指导。
研究结果显示：⑴在时间辨别实验研究中，被试诱发的CNV波幅和潜伏期与网球运动水平呈显著相关，专家诱发CNV波幅最大且潜伏期最早，新手组诱发波幅最小且潜伏期最晚。⑵在空间方位判断实验研究中，网球专家具有明显的速度优势，诱发的P1、N1和P300峰波幅均显著大于其他被试，潜伏期也显著早于其他被试。⑶根据时间序列呈现的专业发球情境实验结果，发现T3时间点所对应的发球过程中的搔背动作为关键技术动作；专家被试所诱发的P3b峰波幅显著大于经验组和新手组被试，但P3b峰潜伏期显著小于经验组和新手组，且在T4时间点诱发的峰潜伏期最小；专家被试在四个时间遮蔽点所诱发的PSW平均波幅呈递增趋势，且在顶叶的Pz电极点诱发的波幅最大，在额极区最小，专家组所诱发的PSW峰潜伏期明显早于其他组被试。⑷在空间遮蔽条件下的知觉预判结果发现，在两组不同的空间遮蔽方式下，网球专家的知觉预测结果均优于其他被试，视觉搜索的策略倾向于整体性，所诱发的P2、N2和LPC成分波幅均存在显著的组别差异，并且不同被试诱发的LPC波幅存在显著的大脑皮层分布区域效应，在posterior区域，专家组和经验组诱发LPC波幅达到最大值。通过以上研究结果，我们得出以下几点结论：⑴在时间和空间知觉判断中，网球专家具有明显的反应速度优势，对任务刺激的期待水平最高，注意的激活最早，知觉信息加工效率最高；在空间方位知觉判断中，网球专家和具有多年训练经验的网球运动员的空间注意优势性体现在左下空间方位。⑵网球专家对时间序列情境知觉灵敏，能够把握刺激呈现中的关键技术和关键时间点，信息加工采用自上而下的方式。⑶网球专家通过多年的专业训练形成了专项视觉空间记忆特征，其空间细节回忆和空间视野的定位受专业水平高低的影响，其中，空间信息的整体性在认知匹配和检索回忆过程中起着关键性的作用；在网球运动员的空间知觉判断中，大脑皮层的顶叶和枕叶参与信息检索与加工的过程。
本研究结果可以为提高网球运动员知觉预测绩效提供重要的帮助。首先，以专业比赛情境为实验素材，采用ERP和眼动技术，结合时间和空间遮蔽的实验范式，从方法上提高了实验材料的真实有效性、扩展了实验范式的适用性，并且从行为和机制的角度突破了传统研究方法的局限；其次，本研究从时间维度揭示了高水平网球运动员预测过程的关键时间点以及关键技术动作，从空间维度揭示了高水平网球运动员的空间视觉搜索策略和专家情境记忆的存在，同时证明了顶枕叶在网球运动员预测过程中的重要作用，为专家认知优势提供了可靠的理论支持。
Tennis is the combat item of high antagonism and competition project，with highdemands on the athlete's speed of response and sensitivity. Among them, the return ofserve is a critical link in the entire game against the process, according to theopponent's body position and movement information, required fast and accuratelypredict the ball position and placement to make a precise motor response, these are thecoach ongoing efforts to target members and athletes. It has been related studies haveshown that forecasting speed and accuracy of the perception of high-level athletesservice placement in the netted class sports, to be significantly better than the novice,expert and certain behavioral characteristics of the tennis serve, but perception predictthe characteristics of the mechanism is still at the exploratory stage. In view of this,the study predicted the behavioral characteristics of high-level tennis playerperception and the corresponding neural mechanisms provide a theoretical evidencefor the prediction mechanism of movement in the field of perception.
In this study, the acquired experience of the cognitive advantages of sportsexperts for the theoretical background, as the starting point of a specialized time andspace perception ability, the experimental subjects consists of three parts: tennisathletes in Jiangsu Province, Tennis special students and college students of ShanghaiUniversity of Sport, combined with time and spatial masking technique, the integrateduse of the recording technique of event-related potentials (ERP) and eye movementand other methods, the limit under the conditions of professional scenario forecastingprocess for high-level tennis players of the general time and space perception process,as well as time and space study, find the characteristics of the perception forecastadvantage of the high-level tennis player and possible neural mechanisms, the richperceptual prediction theory and expert theory, provide theoretical andmethodological guidance for the scientific selection and scientific training of tennisplayers.
The results showed that:(1) in the general time perceptual judgment experimentwere induced CNV amplitude and latency of the level of tennis was significantlyassociated experts to induce maximum CNV amplitude and incubation period of thefirst, the novice group induced amplitude minimum and the incubation period at thelatest.(2) in the spatial orientation perceptual judgment experiment, the tennis experthas a clear speed advantage, evoked P1, N1and P300peak amplitude was significantly greater than the rest of the incubation period was also significantlyearlier than the rest of the subjects.(3) professional ball situations experimentalresults presented in accordance with the time series and found that the T3time pointcorresponding to the tee in the process of scratching the back action is a key action;experts were induced by the P3b peak amplitude was significantly greater than theexperience group and novice group P3b peak latency was significantly less than theexperience group and novice group, and the peak latency induced by T4timeminimum; experts try to shelter at four time points induced by PSW mean amplitudeshowed an increasing trend, and in the parietal lobe of the Pz the volatility of theelectrode point induced minimum in the amount of the polar regions, the groupinduced by the PSW peak latency was significantly earlier than the other groups.(4)in the conditions of space obscured perception of pre-sentence results in two differentsets of space obscured the perception of tennis experts forecast results are better thanthe rest of the subjects, the visual search strategies tend to integrity, induced byP2, N2and LPC composition of volatility there are significant group differences, anddifferent test-induced LPC amplitude of the cerebral cortex of a significantdistribution of regional effects, in the posterior region, the Expert Group and theexperience of group-induced LPC amplitude maximum.
According above findings, we draw the following conclusions:(1) In thejudgment of time and space perception, the tennis expert has the advantage of theapparent reaction rate, the highest level of expectations of tasks to stimulate attentionactivated the earliest sensory information processing efficiency; perceptual judgmentsof spatial orientation, spatial attention of tennis experts and have years of trainingexperience tennis player advantage is reflected in the lower left spatial orientation.(2)Tennis expert perception on the time series context sensitive, able to grasp stimulatethe presentation of key technologies and key points in time, information processingusing top-down approach.(3) tennis experts formed by years of professional trainingin special visual spatial memory characteristics and details of their spatial memoryand spatial vision of positioning by the professional level of which, the integrity ofspatial information in cognitive matching and retrieval of memories process plays keyrole; space perceptual judgments of the tennis player, parietal and occipital lobes ofthe cerebral cortex involved in the process of information retrieval and processing.
Combining these results, this study provides important assistance for efforts toimprove the ability of movement in the process of perception tennis player. First, Thestudy discussed the characteristics and neur-mechanisms of the predominance ofspecial perception abilities and movement cognitive process of high-class tennisathletes from the three levels of behavior and mechanisms, used the real materials thatimproved the ecological validity. Secondly, from the practical point of departure, ourresults prove time and space dimensions of the key processes and influencing factorsof the high-level tennis player expertise can effectively guide the training and development of novice athletes. There is no doubt that professional training isnecessary to achieve a superior level of movement, even the so-called "sports genius",acquired development requires a lot of time to carry out professional training andlearning. If the experts formed to some extent, the genetic and biological factors, thenthis part of the innate gene must be acquired environment interactions. Therefore, ourfindings to the coaches with clear guidance how to conduct effective perceptiontraining, when it is the most critical technology to determine the time, what action isto predict the impact key action for the scientific selection and training reliabletheoretical support.
本研究以运动专家认知优势的后天经验说为理论背景，以专门化时间和空间知觉能力为切入点，以江苏省网球队运动员、上海体育学院网球专项生和普通大学生为实验对象，结合时间和空间遮蔽技术，综合运用事件相关电位记录技术（ERP）和眼动等方法，对高水平网球运动员的一般时间和空间知觉过程，以及时间和空间受限制条件下的专业情境预测过程进行研究，寻找高水平网球运动员的时空预测优势特征及可能的其神经机制，丰富知觉预测理论和专家学说，为网球运动员的科学训练及选材提供理论和方法指导。
研究结果显示：⑴在时间辨别实验研究中，被试诱发的CNV波幅和潜伏期与网球运动水平呈显著相关，专家诱发CNV波幅最大且潜伏期最早，新手组诱发波幅最小且潜伏期最晚。⑵在空间方位判断实验研究中，网球专家具有明显的速度优势，诱发的P1、N1和P300峰波幅均显著大于其他被试，潜伏期也显著早于其他被试。⑶根据时间序列呈现的专业发球情境实验结果，发现T3时间点所对应的发球过程中的搔背动作为关键技术动作；专家被试所诱发的P3b峰波幅显著大于经验组和新手组被试，但P3b峰潜伏期显著小于经验组和新手组，且在T4时间点诱发的峰潜伏期最小；专家被试在四个时间遮蔽点所诱发的PSW平均波幅呈递增趋势，且在顶叶的Pz电极点诱发的波幅最大，在额极区最小，专家组所诱发的PSW峰潜伏期明显早于其他组被试。⑷在空间遮蔽条件下的知觉预判结果发现，在两组不同的空间遮蔽方式下，网球专家的知觉预测结果均优于其他被试，视觉搜索的策略倾向于整体性，所诱发的P2、N2和LPC成分波幅均存在显著的组别差异，并且不同被试诱发的LPC波幅存在显著的大脑皮层分布区域效应，在posterior区域，专家组和经验组诱发LPC波幅达到最大值。通过以上研究结果，我们得出以下几点结论：⑴在时间和空间知觉判断中，网球专家具有明显的反应速度优势，对任务刺激的期待水平最高，注意的激活最早，知觉信息加工效率最高；在空间方位知觉判断中，网球专家和具有多年训练经验的网球运动员的空间注意优势性体现在左下空间方位。⑵网球专家对时间序列情境知觉灵敏，能够把握刺激呈现中的关键技术和关键时间点，信息加工采用自上而下的方式。⑶网球专家通过多年的专业训练形成了专项视觉空间记忆特征，其空间细节回忆和空间视野的定位受专业水平高低的影响，其中，空间信息的整体性在认知匹配和检索回忆过程中起着关键性的作用；在网球运动员的空间知觉判断中，大脑皮层的顶叶和枕叶参与信息检索与加工的过程。
本研究结果可以为提高网球运动员知觉预测绩效提供重要的帮助。首先，以专业比赛情境为实验素材，采用ERP和眼动技术，结合时间和空间遮蔽的实验范式，从方法上提高了实验材料的真实有效性、扩展了实验范式的适用性，并且从行为和机制的角度突破了传统研究方法的局限；其次，本研究从时间维度揭示了高水平网球运动员预测过程的关键时间点以及关键技术动作，从空间维度揭示了高水平网球运动员的空间视觉搜索策略和专家情境记忆的存在，同时证明了顶枕叶在网球运动员预测过程中的重要作用，为专家认知优势提供了可靠的理论支持。
Tennis is the combat item of high antagonism and competition project，with highdemands on the athlete's speed of response and sensitivity. Among them, the return ofserve is a critical link in the entire game against the process, according to theopponent's body position and movement information, required fast and accuratelypredict the ball position and placement to make a precise motor response, these are thecoach ongoing efforts to target members and athletes. It has been related studies haveshown that forecasting speed and accuracy of the perception of high-level athletesservice placement in the netted class sports, to be significantly better than the novice,expert and certain behavioral characteristics of the tennis serve, but perception predictthe characteristics of the mechanism is still at the exploratory stage. In view of this,the study predicted the behavioral characteristics of high-level tennis playerperception and the corresponding neural mechanisms provide a theoretical evidencefor the prediction mechanism of movement in the field of perception.
In this study, the acquired experience of the cognitive advantages of sportsexperts for the theoretical background, as the starting point of a specialized time andspace perception ability, the experimental subjects consists of three parts: tennisathletes in Jiangsu Province, Tennis special students and college students of ShanghaiUniversity of Sport, combined with time and spatial masking technique, the integrateduse of the recording technique of event-related potentials (ERP) and eye movementand other methods, the limit under the conditions of professional scenario forecastingprocess for high-level tennis players of the general time and space perception process,as well as time and space study, find the characteristics of the perception forecastadvantage of the high-level tennis player and possible neural mechanisms, the richperceptual prediction theory and expert theory, provide theoretical andmethodological guidance for the scientific selection and scientific training of tennisplayers.
The results showed that:(1) in the general time perceptual judgment experimentwere induced CNV amplitude and latency of the level of tennis was significantlyassociated experts to induce maximum CNV amplitude and incubation period of thefirst, the novice group induced amplitude minimum and the incubation period at thelatest.(2) in the spatial orientation perceptual judgment experiment, the tennis experthas a clear speed advantage, evoked P1, N1and P300peak amplitude was significantly greater than the rest of the incubation period was also significantlyearlier than the rest of the subjects.(3) professional ball situations experimentalresults presented in accordance with the time series and found that the T3time pointcorresponding to the tee in the process of scratching the back action is a key action;experts were induced by the P3b peak amplitude was significantly greater than theexperience group and novice group P3b peak latency was significantly less than theexperience group and novice group, and the peak latency induced by T4timeminimum; experts try to shelter at four time points induced by PSW mean amplitudeshowed an increasing trend, and in the parietal lobe of the Pz the volatility of theelectrode point induced minimum in the amount of the polar regions, the groupinduced by the PSW peak latency was significantly earlier than the other groups.(4)in the conditions of space obscured perception of pre-sentence results in two differentsets of space obscured the perception of tennis experts forecast results are better thanthe rest of the subjects, the visual search strategies tend to integrity, induced byP2, N2and LPC composition of volatility there are significant group differences, anddifferent test-induced LPC amplitude of the cerebral cortex of a significantdistribution of regional effects, in the posterior region, the Expert Group and theexperience of group-induced LPC amplitude maximum.
According above findings, we draw the following conclusions:(1) In thejudgment of time and space perception, the tennis expert has the advantage of theapparent reaction rate, the highest level of expectations of tasks to stimulate attentionactivated the earliest sensory information processing efficiency; perceptual judgmentsof spatial orientation, spatial attention of tennis experts and have years of trainingexperience tennis player advantage is reflected in the lower left spatial orientation.(2)Tennis expert perception on the time series context sensitive, able to grasp stimulatethe presentation of key technologies and key points in time, information processingusing top-down approach.(3) tennis experts formed by years of professional trainingin special visual spatial memory characteristics and details of their spatial memoryand spatial vision of positioning by the professional level of which, the integrity ofspatial information in cognitive matching and retrieval of memories process plays keyrole; space perceptual judgments of the tennis player, parietal and occipital lobes ofthe cerebral cortex involved in the process of information retrieval and processing.
Combining these results, this study provides important assistance for efforts toimprove the ability of movement in the process of perception tennis player. First, Thestudy discussed the characteristics and neur-mechanisms of the predominance ofspecial perception abilities and movement cognitive process of high-class tennisathletes from the three levels of behavior and mechanisms, used the real materials thatimproved the ecological validity. Secondly, from the practical point of departure, ourresults prove time and space dimensions of the key processes and influencing factorsof the high-level tennis player expertise can effectively guide the training and development of novice athletes. There is no doubt that professional training isnecessary to achieve a superior level of movement, even the so-called "sports genius",acquired development requires a lot of time to carry out professional training andlearning. If the experts formed to some extent, the genetic and biological factors, thenthis part of the innate gene must be acquired environment interactions. Therefore, ourfindings to the coaches with clear guidance how to conduct effective perceptiontraining, when it is the most critical technology to determine the time, what action isto predict the impact key action for the scientific selection and training reliabletheoretical support.
引文
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