辽宁省种植业规模经营模式及机具配备研究
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摘要
农业机械化是农业现代化的重要标志和内容,是提高农业劳动生产率,实现农业战略目标的重要措施。辽宁省是我国重要的粮食生产基地,农业机械化水平位于全国前列,但与发达国家相比,仍处于农业机械化发展的中级阶段。为了充分发挥农业机械化效能,解决农产分散经营和机械化大规模生产之间的矛盾,就要在土地承包权不变的情况下,通过土地的合理流转,使土地连片。并通过农机规模化经营,为实现农业现代化创造有力条件。本文通过对辽宁省主要地区机械化经营规模、经营形式、管理体制、服务体系、农机配备水平及经营效果的实地调研,搜集了大量基础数据和资料.以辽宁省农机规模经营的发展和现状为背景,从定性分析和定量分析两个方面对辽宁省农机规模经营模式进行了深入研究.
(1)确定机械化规模经营的临界规模确定种植业经济临界规模的条件,形成种植业规模经营的条件,建立理论经营临界规模的数学模型,探讨种植业经营规模的可行域和在不同机械化水平下的经营规模来求得理论适度经营规模。以理论和生产实际相结合的原则,提出了辽宁省典型区域适度规模范围。
(2)确定机械化规模经营的最佳形式借鉴发达国家机械化规模经营发展的经验,结合辽宁省农村经济发展和土地经营形式,对现有农机大户、家庭农场和农机专业合作社三种农机经营形式,对经营规模、农业机械化水平及劳动力转移率和经营效益等方面进行调查与分析,确定了机械化家庭农场是适合目前农机规模经营所处的水平、层次的最佳经营形式.
(3)家庭农场适度规模评价与分析建立家庭农场规模经营的评价指标体系,通过DEMATEL方法进行系统分析与辨识,筛选出影响规模经营的主导因素,并通过灰色关联度分析法进行影响因素重要程度的验证,最终确定在DEA模型中适用的输入输出指标。采用CCR和BCC方法对所调查家庭农场的规模有效性、技术有效性及规模效益增减方面进行分析与评价,确定家庭农场的最优经营规模为133.33hm~2。
(4)机具的选型与配备从农机选型与机具配套以及家庭农场专业化角度分析,通过不同机群结构的分析评价,力求实现劳动者、土地、机械等资源的最佳配置。以辽宁地区适度规模家庭农场为例,运用流水作业下的改进线性规划方法,通过lingo软件确定最优配备方案,对该规模农场玉米田间机械化作业项目所选的动力机械和配套机具进行数量配备。
Farming mechanization is an important symbol and aspect of agricultural modernization, is also a momentous measure to improve agricultural productivity and achieve strategic objectives in agriculture. As a major grain production province, the level of farm mechanization in Liaoning is at the forefront of other countries in China, but compared with developed countries agricultural mechanization is still in the intermediate stage. To display the farm mechanization potency fully, solve the contradiction between separate management of peasants and large scale management of farm machinery, it is necessary to make land lace through reasonable transfer of land and make sure that the rights of land contract belong to owners. And using large-scale management of farm machinery, peasants should create effective conditions for the agriculture modernization.This paper has collected a lot of basic data and information about mechanical management scales, management models, management systems, service systems, farm machinery level and management benefits in the main areas of Liaoning Province. On the basic of development and status about scale management of farm machinery in Liaoning Province, this paper has conducted the deep research about management model of farm machinery in Liaoning Province from two aspects of the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis.
(1) Determination the critical scale of the mechanical management. This paper has determined the conditions for the economic critical scale about planting, proposed the condition of scale management, set up theoretical mathematical model of critical scale, and analyzed the feasible region of planting management scale and scales under different level of mechanization. Using theoretical and practical research on the combination of scale management, it gives a moderate scale range for typical areas in Liaoning Province.
(2) Determination the best form about scale management of farm machinery. Benefitting from the experience of developed countries, combining with economic develoment and management scale of farmland in Liaoning Province, this paper anlyses management scale, farm mechanization level, labor transfer rate and scale benefit for the modles about rich owner of farm machinery, family farm and farm machinery specialized cooperative society, and deduces that family farm is the most moderate pattern.
(3) Evaluation and analysis on the optimal size of family farms. This paper has set up index system of scale management on the family farm, selected out main factors impacting management scale using DEMATEL method, proved important degree about these factors applying gray correlation analysis method and found out in-put and out-put indexes for DEA models. It analyses technical efficiency from CCR , technical efficiency and scale efficiency from BCC, and selected the farm with 133.33hm~2 as the most moderate scale.
(4) Selection and equipment of machinery. On the perspective of agricultural machinery selection, equipment, and specialized family farms, combined with different machine units, this paper puts forward a machinery equipment program to achieve the best allocation of resources incluing workers, farmland , machinery, etc..Take the moderate family farm for example, using the linear programming improvement model under assembly-line cultivation, by means of lingo software programs, this paper proposes the most optimum configuration about tractors and matching implements.
(1)确定机械化规模经营的临界规模确定种植业经济临界规模的条件,形成种植业规模经营的条件,建立理论经营临界规模的数学模型,探讨种植业经营规模的可行域和在不同机械化水平下的经营规模来求得理论适度经营规模。以理论和生产实际相结合的原则,提出了辽宁省典型区域适度规模范围。
(2)确定机械化规模经营的最佳形式借鉴发达国家机械化规模经营发展的经验,结合辽宁省农村经济发展和土地经营形式,对现有农机大户、家庭农场和农机专业合作社三种农机经营形式,对经营规模、农业机械化水平及劳动力转移率和经营效益等方面进行调查与分析,确定了机械化家庭农场是适合目前农机规模经营所处的水平、层次的最佳经营形式.
(3)家庭农场适度规模评价与分析建立家庭农场规模经营的评价指标体系,通过DEMATEL方法进行系统分析与辨识,筛选出影响规模经营的主导因素,并通过灰色关联度分析法进行影响因素重要程度的验证,最终确定在DEA模型中适用的输入输出指标。采用CCR和BCC方法对所调查家庭农场的规模有效性、技术有效性及规模效益增减方面进行分析与评价,确定家庭农场的最优经营规模为133.33hm~2。
(4)机具的选型与配备从农机选型与机具配套以及家庭农场专业化角度分析,通过不同机群结构的分析评价,力求实现劳动者、土地、机械等资源的最佳配置。以辽宁地区适度规模家庭农场为例,运用流水作业下的改进线性规划方法,通过lingo软件确定最优配备方案,对该规模农场玉米田间机械化作业项目所选的动力机械和配套机具进行数量配备。
Farming mechanization is an important symbol and aspect of agricultural modernization, is also a momentous measure to improve agricultural productivity and achieve strategic objectives in agriculture. As a major grain production province, the level of farm mechanization in Liaoning is at the forefront of other countries in China, but compared with developed countries agricultural mechanization is still in the intermediate stage. To display the farm mechanization potency fully, solve the contradiction between separate management of peasants and large scale management of farm machinery, it is necessary to make land lace through reasonable transfer of land and make sure that the rights of land contract belong to owners. And using large-scale management of farm machinery, peasants should create effective conditions for the agriculture modernization.This paper has collected a lot of basic data and information about mechanical management scales, management models, management systems, service systems, farm machinery level and management benefits in the main areas of Liaoning Province. On the basic of development and status about scale management of farm machinery in Liaoning Province, this paper has conducted the deep research about management model of farm machinery in Liaoning Province from two aspects of the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis.
(1) Determination the critical scale of the mechanical management. This paper has determined the conditions for the economic critical scale about planting, proposed the condition of scale management, set up theoretical mathematical model of critical scale, and analyzed the feasible region of planting management scale and scales under different level of mechanization. Using theoretical and practical research on the combination of scale management, it gives a moderate scale range for typical areas in Liaoning Province.
(2) Determination the best form about scale management of farm machinery. Benefitting from the experience of developed countries, combining with economic develoment and management scale of farmland in Liaoning Province, this paper anlyses management scale, farm mechanization level, labor transfer rate and scale benefit for the modles about rich owner of farm machinery, family farm and farm machinery specialized cooperative society, and deduces that family farm is the most moderate pattern.
(3) Evaluation and analysis on the optimal size of family farms. This paper has set up index system of scale management on the family farm, selected out main factors impacting management scale using DEMATEL method, proved important degree about these factors applying gray correlation analysis method and found out in-put and out-put indexes for DEA models. It analyses technical efficiency from CCR , technical efficiency and scale efficiency from BCC, and selected the farm with 133.33hm~2 as the most moderate scale.
(4) Selection and equipment of machinery. On the perspective of agricultural machinery selection, equipment, and specialized family farms, combined with different machine units, this paper puts forward a machinery equipment program to achieve the best allocation of resources incluing workers, farmland , machinery, etc..Take the moderate family farm for example, using the linear programming improvement model under assembly-line cultivation, by means of lingo software programs, this paper proposes the most optimum configuration about tractors and matching implements.
引文
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