虚拟现实技术在地铁站火灾模拟中的应用研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的飞速发展,我国目前许多大中型城市都在加速建设城市地铁。地铁在城市发展和市民日常工作生活中正发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是,目前国内外地铁安全事故时有发生,在造成了巨大生命和财产损失的同时,也造成了严重的社会影响。因此,对地铁安全的研究成为越来越需要关注的课题。
论文针对地铁火灾的特点,详细分析了地铁火灾发生的主要原因,并采用了地铁火灾安全的防护措施,介绍了虚拟现实技术及其在地铁火灾安全管理的重要作用和优势。
虚拟现实技术能够利用计算机生成较为真实的模拟环境,使用户沉浸在虚拟环境中,同时通过人机接口,实现用户与虚拟环境直接交互。在沉浸感、交互性和实时性综合效果方面的优势是传统平面效果图与动画技术所无法比拟的。基于虚拟现实技术的地铁站火灾模拟,为研究地铁运营安全及可视化仿真提供了技术保障。本文以地铁站环境为研究背景,运用虚拟现实相关技术,建立了地铁站三维环境、漫游交互控制、火灾模拟等基本功能,为传统的地铁安全管理提供新的方法,为地铁站的可视化安全防范奠定了基础。
论文综合应用3DS MAX软件和OpenGL图形编程技术,设计了虚拟地铁站场景渲染流程,分析了3DS数据的存储格式,实现了虚拟地铁站场景的漫游和交互,并采用基于AABB包围盒的碰撞检测算法,实现了场景漫游的碰撞检测功能,增强真实感。
论文介绍了火焰模拟的常用方法及其技术特点,重点分析了粒子系统火焰模拟基本模型,研究了基于粒子系统的实时火焰模拟算法,将多边形面片与纹理映射技术相结合,实现了火焰绘制的实时动态效果;最终,将火焰模型应用于虚拟地铁站三维环境中,模拟了机车及地铁站内环境的火灾现象,初步实现了地铁站火灾模拟仿真的构架。
With the development of society and economy, a lot of medium-sized and large cities in China are accelerating the construction of urban subway. The urban subway is playing an increasingly important role in urban development and the urban residents' daily work and life. But in the course of operation, security accidents often occur, it causes not only tremendous loss of lives and property but also serious effects. Therefore, to research subway safety has become a subject of great concern.
Aiming at characteristic of subway fire, the reason of subway fire and protective measures are analyzed. The virtual reality technique and its advantage in subway fire safety management are introduced.
Virtual Reality is one kind of technology that can produces a highly real simulation environment by using computer algorithm to make users immerse into the virtual environment. In this system, man-machine interfaces are used to accomplish interaction between users and virtual environment. Compared with the traditional planform and computer animation, the immersion, interaction and real time function of virtual reality is unapproachable. Based on virtual reality, fire simulation of the subway station provides a technological guarantees for researching subway operation safety and visualization simulation. Aiming at the environment simulation of the subway station, the basic function such as three-dimensional scene of the subway station, roaming and fire simulation are developed by applying the virtual reality technology. Providing a new method for the traditional subway safety simulation and laying a foundation of visualizing security protection of the subway station.
By using 3DS MAX software and OpenGL graphics programming techniques, the rendering pipeline of virtual subway station scene is designed Based on the 3DS file format, virtual subway station scene is rendered and can be roamed and implemented in real time. By applying AABB - Axis Aligned Bounding Box algorithm, the collision detection is implemented and strengthened the realistic effect.
The fire simulation methods and its technical features is introduced. According to the fire simulation model, the real time fire simulation algorithm based on particle system is studied. The dynamical fire effect is rendered, by using the polygon-patch and texture mapping techniques. Finally, the fire model is used in the virtual subway station, and the locomotive and subway station fire are simulated. Preliminary fire simulation framework of the virtual subway station is established.
论文针对地铁火灾的特点,详细分析了地铁火灾发生的主要原因,并采用了地铁火灾安全的防护措施,介绍了虚拟现实技术及其在地铁火灾安全管理的重要作用和优势。
虚拟现实技术能够利用计算机生成较为真实的模拟环境,使用户沉浸在虚拟环境中,同时通过人机接口,实现用户与虚拟环境直接交互。在沉浸感、交互性和实时性综合效果方面的优势是传统平面效果图与动画技术所无法比拟的。基于虚拟现实技术的地铁站火灾模拟,为研究地铁运营安全及可视化仿真提供了技术保障。本文以地铁站环境为研究背景,运用虚拟现实相关技术,建立了地铁站三维环境、漫游交互控制、火灾模拟等基本功能,为传统的地铁安全管理提供新的方法,为地铁站的可视化安全防范奠定了基础。
论文综合应用3DS MAX软件和OpenGL图形编程技术,设计了虚拟地铁站场景渲染流程,分析了3DS数据的存储格式,实现了虚拟地铁站场景的漫游和交互,并采用基于AABB包围盒的碰撞检测算法,实现了场景漫游的碰撞检测功能,增强真实感。
论文介绍了火焰模拟的常用方法及其技术特点,重点分析了粒子系统火焰模拟基本模型,研究了基于粒子系统的实时火焰模拟算法,将多边形面片与纹理映射技术相结合,实现了火焰绘制的实时动态效果;最终,将火焰模型应用于虚拟地铁站三维环境中,模拟了机车及地铁站内环境的火灾现象,初步实现了地铁站火灾模拟仿真的构架。
With the development of society and economy, a lot of medium-sized and large cities in China are accelerating the construction of urban subway. The urban subway is playing an increasingly important role in urban development and the urban residents' daily work and life. But in the course of operation, security accidents often occur, it causes not only tremendous loss of lives and property but also serious effects. Therefore, to research subway safety has become a subject of great concern.
Aiming at characteristic of subway fire, the reason of subway fire and protective measures are analyzed. The virtual reality technique and its advantage in subway fire safety management are introduced.
Virtual Reality is one kind of technology that can produces a highly real simulation environment by using computer algorithm to make users immerse into the virtual environment. In this system, man-machine interfaces are used to accomplish interaction between users and virtual environment. Compared with the traditional planform and computer animation, the immersion, interaction and real time function of virtual reality is unapproachable. Based on virtual reality, fire simulation of the subway station provides a technological guarantees for researching subway operation safety and visualization simulation. Aiming at the environment simulation of the subway station, the basic function such as three-dimensional scene of the subway station, roaming and fire simulation are developed by applying the virtual reality technology. Providing a new method for the traditional subway safety simulation and laying a foundation of visualizing security protection of the subway station.
By using 3DS MAX software and OpenGL graphics programming techniques, the rendering pipeline of virtual subway station scene is designed Based on the 3DS file format, virtual subway station scene is rendered and can be roamed and implemented in real time. By applying AABB - Axis Aligned Bounding Box algorithm, the collision detection is implemented and strengthened the realistic effect.
The fire simulation methods and its technical features is introduced. According to the fire simulation model, the real time fire simulation algorithm based on particle system is studied. The dynamical fire effect is rendered, by using the polygon-patch and texture mapping techniques. Finally, the fire model is used in the virtual subway station, and the locomotive and subway station fire are simulated. Preliminary fire simulation framework of the virtual subway station is established.
引文
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[34]张芹等。基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2001,13(1):78-82
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[36]Reeves W.T.,Blau.R.Approximate and probabilistic algorithms for shading and render sutructured particle system[J].Computer Graphics.1985:19(3):313-322
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[2]孟正夫,任运贵,伦敦地铁君王十字车站重大火灾情况及其主要教训[J].消防科技。1992,(3):34-37
[3]李进.伦敦地铁金克罗斯车站火灾的教训[J].消防技术与产品信息。1993(3):48-49
[4]魏平安。巴库地铁火灾的教训[J]。消防技术与产品信息.1996,(8):33
[5]林子,炼狱大火韩国大邱地铁“2.18”纵火案纪实[J].天津消防.2003,(3):34-39
[6]上海地铁运营有限公司,同济大学.轨道交通运营设施安全及事故应急处置研究[R].上海:上海地铁运营有限公司,2004
[7]赵惠祥.城市轨道交通系统的运营安全性与可靠性研究[D]。同济大学博士学位论文。2006
[8]刘天顺,朱效杰,徐瑞华.城市轨道交通系统运营安全和可靠性分析[J].城市轨道交通研究.2006,(01):15-17
[9]涂文轩.铁路隧道火灾的试验研究[J].消防技术与产品信息,1997(10):32-36
[10]Wu Y,Bakar M Z A.Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires using longitudinal ventilation systems-a study of critical velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal.2000,35(4):363-390
[11]霍然,袁宏永。性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M]安徽科学技术出版社.2003年9月
[12]屈璐,陈超,杨英霞,任明亮.地铁列车区间隧道着火时行车安全性的讨论[J].地下空间与工程学报.2007,3(5):832-836
[13]彭立敏,刘小兵,杜思村.不同燃烧温度量级对隧道衬砌强度损伤程度的试验研究[J]。铁道学报。1997,5(19):87-94
[14]沈友弟。地铁的消防安全问题及其对策[J]。消防科学与技术.2006,2(25):260-264
[15]张天巍,郭慧.地铁火灾的特点及原因分析[J].中国科技信息.2007.17:96-98
[16]崔艳萍.城市地铁火灾的特点及防护措施[J]。城市与减灾.2007.4:19-22
[17]孙文磊.基于虚拟现实的六自由度平台系统设计与仿真[D].厦门大学硕士学位论,2006
[18]王庆娇,方正,张铮.虚拟现实技术在火灾人员疏散行为调查中的应用[J].测绘信息与工程2008,28(4):45-47
[19]张齐,屈年赦.基于VC、OpenGL和DirectX的三维景观浏览[J].现代测绘.2006,29(1):18-20
[20]洪光,李洪懦,牟建国.基于Creator的三维模型的简化研究[J].计算机仿真.2004.21(1):57-58
[21]Ping Yuan,Mark Green,Rynson W.H.Lau.A framework for performance evaluation of real-time rendering algorithms in virtual reality[C].In Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality software and Technology.1997,9:189-196
[22]M.C.Lin,S.Gottschalk.Collision Detection between Geometric Model:A Survery[C].In the Proceeding of IMA Conference on Mathematics of Surfaces 1998:37-56
[23]范晓磊.混合包围盒碰撞检测算法研究[D]。青岛大学硕士学位文,2007
[24]Alan Watt,Mark Watt.Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques Theory and Practice[M].ACM Press,1992
[25]D.Peachey.Solid Texturing of Complex Surface[J].Computer Graphics.1985,19(3):279-286
[26]K.Perlin.An Image Synthesizer[J].Computer Graphics,1985,19(3):297-296
[27]K.Perlin,E.M.H offert.Hypertexture[J].Computer Graphics.1989,23(3):253-262
[28]M.Inakage.A Simple Model of Flames[C].Proceedings of the eighth international conference of the Computer Graphics Society on CG International '90.New York,1990:71-81
[29]Reeves W T.Particle Systems - A technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects[J].Computer Graphics.1983,17(3):359-376
[30]宋刚,基于粒子系统的风场火焰模拟[D].青岛大学硕士学位论文.2007
[31]王继州等。火焰的快速模拟[J]计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2007,19(1):102-107
[32]C.H.Perry,R.W.Picard.Synthesizing Flames and Their Spreading[C].In: proceeding 5~(th)Eurographics Workshop on Animation and Simulation.Oslo,Norway,1994,9.56-66
[33]Stare Jos,Fiune Eugene.Depicting Fire and Other Gaseous Phenomena Using Diffusing Processes[J].Computer Graphics.1994,29(4):129-135
[34]张芹等。基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2001,13(1):78-82
[35]Jos Stare,Eugene Finume.Depicting fire and other gaseous phenomena using diffusion processes[C].ACM Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH'95).1995,29(4):129-135
[36]Reeves W.T.,Blau.R.Approximate and probabilistic algorithms for shading and render sutructured particle system[J].Computer Graphics.1985:19(3):313-322
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