从关联理论视角看汉语网语隐喻的理解
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摘要
随着计算机网络的产生和发展,网络语言作为一种新兴的语言变体,吸引了人们越来越多的关注,并逐渐改变人们的思想、观念及生活方式,网络交际也已被人们普遍接受和广泛使用。为了更有效地交际,必须清楚地理解在具体的语境中汉语网络语言所代表的含义。以往对汉语网络语言中隐喻现象研究多从静态角度如分析词语的构成和特征,而本文采用关联理论从动态角度分析对汉语网络隐喻的理解。
隐喻是认知发展的重要途径,认知发展意味着由旧知识向新知识扩展。隐喻表达里的源域常是旧知识,熟悉的认知成果,目标域常指新知识、陌生的、期待深化的认知领域。目标域的产生往往是人们以源域为基础去理解另一领域的经验,从而形成一个隐喻的概念系统,引申出新的意义,这就是映射的过程。使源域和目标域产生了这种映射的必要条件就是相似性。本文基于以往对汉语网络语言隐喻各项研究上,根据其相似性将汉语网络隐喻分为两类,一类是以相似的物理属性来分,一类是以相似的物理及心理属性来分,并分别举例说明。
同时本文采用问卷调查的方式,对汉语网语隐喻的理解进行调查,并对所取得的数据进行分析。以此验证了关于汉语网络语言隐喻理解的三个预设问题:(1)交际者能否正确理解汉语网络语言隐喻?(2)不同年龄阶段的交际者对汉语网络语言隐喻理解是否不同?(3)交际者对两类汉语网络语言隐喻的理解是否存在差异?根据数据分析的结果,提出了相应的解决策略:选择最具关联性的解释;尝试用明示-推理模式理解汉语网络语言隐喻;如何正确运用最佳关联理解汉语网络语言隐喻。
本文的研究在理论上和实践上都具有一定的意义。理论上,本文的分析有助于关联理论对隐喻相关理论的解释力,有助于探索网络语言的交际理论;实践上,有助于消除网络交际中的障碍,促进网络交际;有助于正确对待汉语网语;促进不同年龄层的交流;了解网语所代表的文化内涵。
With the birth and rapid development of internet, internet language as a kind of language variant, attracts more and more attention and gradually changes thoughts, opinions and life styles of human beings. To communicate effectively, human beings must make it clear that Chinese internet language represents the exact meaning in different contexts. In the past, the researches into the metaphorical interpretation in Chinese internet language are carried out from the static perspective, such as word-formation and characteristics of Chinese internet language. Relevance theory will be applied to interpret metaphor in Chinese internet language from the dynamic perspective in this thesis.
Metaphor is an important manner for cognitive development. Cognitive development means that the old and familiar knowledge reaches an extension into the new and unfamiliar one. The source domain in metaphors often refers to the old, familiar and known object. The target domain means the new, strange, unfamiliar, and unknown object. On the basis of the source domain, human beings usually interpret the target domain, produce a conceptual metaphor system, and get the new meaning. This is a mapping process in which similarity is required. The mapping process plays the same role in Chinese internet language. Based on the previous study of metaphor in Chinese internet language, metaphors in Chinese internet language are classified into two categories in accordance with similarities. One category of metaphor is based on the physical similarities. The other category of metaphor is based on the physical and psychological similarities. Some examples are given to explain the metaphorical mapping.
A questionnaire is adopted to investigate metaphor interpretation in Chinese internet language and the collected data are analyzed and compared carefully. This method proves three presumptive questions on metaphor interpretation in Chinese internet language, that is, whether communicator can correctly interpret metaphors in Chinese internet language, whether communicators of different age groups differently interpret metaphors in Chinese internet language, and whether there are differences between metaphor interpretation of the first category and that of the second category. According to the result of the careful analysis, some solutions are proposed. Communicators can select the proper context, apply ostensive– inferential model and find the optimal relevance to interpret metaphors in Chinese internet language.
The present study has certain significance in theory and practice. Theoretically, it attempts to strengthen the interpretation power of relevance theory and related metaphor theory. And it contributes to probe the communicative theory of internet language. Practically, it facilitates to remove the communicative barriers to promote internet communication, helps correctly treat Chinese internet language, propel the communication among different age groups, and know the cultural meaning internet language represents.
隐喻是认知发展的重要途径,认知发展意味着由旧知识向新知识扩展。隐喻表达里的源域常是旧知识,熟悉的认知成果,目标域常指新知识、陌生的、期待深化的认知领域。目标域的产生往往是人们以源域为基础去理解另一领域的经验,从而形成一个隐喻的概念系统,引申出新的意义,这就是映射的过程。使源域和目标域产生了这种映射的必要条件就是相似性。本文基于以往对汉语网络语言隐喻各项研究上,根据其相似性将汉语网络隐喻分为两类,一类是以相似的物理属性来分,一类是以相似的物理及心理属性来分,并分别举例说明。
同时本文采用问卷调查的方式,对汉语网语隐喻的理解进行调查,并对所取得的数据进行分析。以此验证了关于汉语网络语言隐喻理解的三个预设问题:(1)交际者能否正确理解汉语网络语言隐喻?(2)不同年龄阶段的交际者对汉语网络语言隐喻理解是否不同?(3)交际者对两类汉语网络语言隐喻的理解是否存在差异?根据数据分析的结果,提出了相应的解决策略:选择最具关联性的解释;尝试用明示-推理模式理解汉语网络语言隐喻;如何正确运用最佳关联理解汉语网络语言隐喻。
本文的研究在理论上和实践上都具有一定的意义。理论上,本文的分析有助于关联理论对隐喻相关理论的解释力,有助于探索网络语言的交际理论;实践上,有助于消除网络交际中的障碍,促进网络交际;有助于正确对待汉语网语;促进不同年龄层的交流;了解网语所代表的文化内涵。
With the birth and rapid development of internet, internet language as a kind of language variant, attracts more and more attention and gradually changes thoughts, opinions and life styles of human beings. To communicate effectively, human beings must make it clear that Chinese internet language represents the exact meaning in different contexts. In the past, the researches into the metaphorical interpretation in Chinese internet language are carried out from the static perspective, such as word-formation and characteristics of Chinese internet language. Relevance theory will be applied to interpret metaphor in Chinese internet language from the dynamic perspective in this thesis.
Metaphor is an important manner for cognitive development. Cognitive development means that the old and familiar knowledge reaches an extension into the new and unfamiliar one. The source domain in metaphors often refers to the old, familiar and known object. The target domain means the new, strange, unfamiliar, and unknown object. On the basis of the source domain, human beings usually interpret the target domain, produce a conceptual metaphor system, and get the new meaning. This is a mapping process in which similarity is required. The mapping process plays the same role in Chinese internet language. Based on the previous study of metaphor in Chinese internet language, metaphors in Chinese internet language are classified into two categories in accordance with similarities. One category of metaphor is based on the physical similarities. The other category of metaphor is based on the physical and psychological similarities. Some examples are given to explain the metaphorical mapping.
A questionnaire is adopted to investigate metaphor interpretation in Chinese internet language and the collected data are analyzed and compared carefully. This method proves three presumptive questions on metaphor interpretation in Chinese internet language, that is, whether communicator can correctly interpret metaphors in Chinese internet language, whether communicators of different age groups differently interpret metaphors in Chinese internet language, and whether there are differences between metaphor interpretation of the first category and that of the second category. According to the result of the careful analysis, some solutions are proposed. Communicators can select the proper context, apply ostensive– inferential model and find the optimal relevance to interpret metaphors in Chinese internet language.
The present study has certain significance in theory and practice. Theoretically, it attempts to strengthen the interpretation power of relevance theory and related metaphor theory. And it contributes to probe the communicative theory of internet language. Practically, it facilitates to remove the communicative barriers to promote internet communication, helps correctly treat Chinese internet language, propel the communication among different age groups, and know the cultural meaning internet language represents.
引文
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[10] Crystal, David. Language and the Internet [M]. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press, 2001
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[17] Leech, Geoffrey. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1983
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[38]刘璐,史宝辉,孙亚.网络语言中的隐喻[J].和田师范专科学校学报, 2007,27(4)
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[41]冉永平,张新红.语用学纵横[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2007.99-300
[42]束定芳.隐喻学研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.13-291
[43]王文斌.隐喻的认知构建与解读[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2007
[44]王彦彦.网络语“杯具”及衍生词句的认知研究[J].当代修辞学, 2010(1)
[45]王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006.402-500
[46]吴智慧.网络用语的语音隐喻现象探析[J].河南工程学院学报(社会科学版), 2010,25(1)
[47]于根元.网络语言该说[M].北京:中国经济出版社. 2001
[48]于根元.中国网络语言字典[M].北京:中国经济出版社. 2001
[49]云贵彬.语言学名家讲座[C].北京:中国传媒大学出版社, 2006
[50]严世清.论关联理论的隐喻观[J].解放军外国语学院学报, 2002,25(2).7-11
[51]张发祥,康立新,赵文超.话语分析:理论与案例[M].北京:科学出版社, 2008
[52]张辉,蔡辉.认知语言学与关联理论的互补性[J].外国语, 2005(3)
[53]张慧芳.认知语境下的隐喻动态识解[J].湖北师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版), 2010, 30 (2)
[54]张维鼎.意义与认知范畴化[M].成都:四川大学出版社, 2007.146-215
[55]赵艳芳.认知语言学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.99-120
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[2] Aristotle. Rhetoric and Poetics [M]. New York: The Modern Library, 1954
[3] Blackmore, D. Understanding Utterances: An Introduction to Pragmatics [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992
[4] Blackmore, D. Semantic Constraints on Relevance [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987
[5] Black, M. Models and Metaphors [M]. Cornell University Press, 1962
[6] Black, M. More about Metaphor [A]. In Metaphor and Thought [C]. In Ortony (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1979
[7] Blass, R. Relevance Relations in Discourse: A Study with Special Reference to Sissala [M]., Cambrige: Cambrige University Press, 1990
[8] Cooper, David E. Metaphor [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986
[9] Cormac, R. M. A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor [M]. MIT Press (Bradford Book), 1971
[10] Crystal, David. Language and the Internet [M]. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press, 2001
[11] Dan Sperber & Deirdre Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[12] Davis, Boyd H. & Jeantonne P. Brewer. Electronic Discourse: Linguistic Individuals in Virtual Space [M]. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997
[13] Dudeney, Gavin. The Internet and the Language Classroom [M]. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 2000
[14] Goatly, A. The Language of Metaphors [M]. Routledge, 1997
[15] Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By [M]. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[16] Lakoff, G. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind [M]. University of Chicago Press, 1989
[17] Leech, Geoffrey. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1983
[18] Levinson, S. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge University Press, 1983
[19] Lynne Cameron & Graham Low. Researching and Applying Metaphor [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
[20] Richards, A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965
[21] Ricoeur, P. The Rule of Metaphor [M]. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977
[22] Sacks, S. On Metaphor [M]. The University of Chicago Press, 1978
[23] Searle, J. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts [M]. Cambridge Univerisity Press, 1978
[24] White, R.M. The Structure of Metaphor : the Way the Language of Metaphor works [M]. Blackwell, 1996
[25] Wilson, D. & D. Sperber. Linguistic form and Relevance [M]. Lingua 90.1/2 :1-25
[26]范文芳.隐喻理论研究[J].山东外语教学, 1997(1)
[27]郭贵春.隐喻、修辞与科学解释[M].北京:科学出版社, 2007
[28]郭春生,安军.隐喻[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社, 2007
[29]耿占春.隐喻[M].东方出版社, 1993
[30]胡壮麟.认知隐喻学[M].北京:北京大学出版社. 2004.71-84
[31]何自然.语用学与英语学习[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1997.122-146
[32]何自然.认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006
[33]何自然,陈新仁.当代语用学[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002
[34]何自然,冉永平.关联理论—认知语用学基础[J].现代外语, 1998(3)
[35]何兆熊.新编语用学概要[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000
[36]黄书芳.隐喻与网络语言的形成[J].黑龙江科技信息2008(16)
[37]林书武.隐喻其认知力及语言结构[J].外语教学与研究, 1994(4)
[38]刘璐,史宝辉,孙亚.网络语言中的隐喻[J].和田师范专科学校学报, 2007,27(4)
[39]刘世生,朱瑞青.文体学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2006.186-262
[40]匡方涛,文旭.隐喻的认知语用学研究[J].外语学刊, 2002(4)
[41]冉永平,张新红.语用学纵横[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2007.99-300
[42]束定芳.隐喻学研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.13-291
[43]王文斌.隐喻的认知构建与解读[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2007
[44]王彦彦.网络语“杯具”及衍生词句的认知研究[J].当代修辞学, 2010(1)
[45]王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006.402-500
[46]吴智慧.网络用语的语音隐喻现象探析[J].河南工程学院学报(社会科学版), 2010,25(1)
[47]于根元.网络语言该说[M].北京:中国经济出版社. 2001
[48]于根元.中国网络语言字典[M].北京:中国经济出版社. 2001
[49]云贵彬.语言学名家讲座[C].北京:中国传媒大学出版社, 2006
[50]严世清.论关联理论的隐喻观[J].解放军外国语学院学报, 2002,25(2).7-11
[51]张发祥,康立新,赵文超.话语分析:理论与案例[M].北京:科学出版社, 2008
[52]张辉,蔡辉.认知语言学与关联理论的互补性[J].外国语, 2005(3)
[53]张慧芳.认知语境下的隐喻动态识解[J].湖北师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版), 2010, 30 (2)
[54]张维鼎.意义与认知范畴化[M].成都:四川大学出版社, 2007.146-215
[55]赵艳芳.认知语言学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.99-120
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