长期施钾对北方典型土壤钾素及作物产量、品质的影响
|
摘要
本研究以1992/1993年开始布置的在东北(黑龙江、吉林、辽宁)、华北(河北、山西)和西北(宁夏、青海、新疆)地区的连续施用钾肥和秸秆还田的八个定位试验为基础，研究连续施用钾肥和/或小麦秸秆还田对土壤钾素状况、土壤对钾素固定能力以及作物产量和品质的影响。所选择的定位试验点包括中国北方有代表性种植制度(小麦单作、玉米单作、小麦—玉米轮作)和主要的土壤类型。试验处理包括连续不施用钾肥(NP)、施用钾肥(NPK或NPK1和NPK2)和在NP或NPK基础上增加小麦秸秆还田(St)。从不同处理试验区采取分别采取0-20 cm和20-40cm土层土壤样品，应用不同浸提剂提取土壤不同形态钾素含量，研究不同形态钾素在土壤的分布特征及其植物有效性；通过不同浓度外源钾素的加入研究土壤对外源钾素的固定能力；应用ASI联合浸提剂测定土壤样品中各种养分含量，并对作物品质指标进行测定。主要结果如下：
1．与只施氮磷肥(NP处理)比较，长期施用化学钾肥(NPK处理)或小麦秸秆还田(NP+St处理)显著提高耕层土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾、矿物态钾乃至全钾的含量，对特殊吸附钾含量影响不显著(可能由于所研究土壤中对钾素有特殊吸附能力的2：1黏土矿物的楔形位比较稳定，连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田影响不大)，钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对各种形态钾的影响不同。土壤不同形态钾含量和比例在不同的土壤层次中表现迥异，钾素投入对0-20 cm层土壤钾素状况影响较大，化学钾肥的施用效果更为明显。外源钾的投入使土壤全钾中有效钾所占比例增大，并可增加速效钾中水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾的比例，相应的降低特殊吸附钾的比例。作物吸钾量与耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量存在显著的正相关关系。相同施钾措施对各形态钾的贡献程度也因所在地区及种植制度的不同而异，与气候条件、矿物类型、作物消耗钾素量密切相关。
2．钾肥施用和秸秆还田可提高作物的吸钾量，除NPK2和NPK+St处理外，各点其余处理的钾素投入量均低于作物收获部分的移走量，造成土壤钾素不同程度的亏缺，以NP处理的亏缺量最大。华北和西北地区的小麦/玉米一年两季作物轮作的钾素移走量较高，年均移走量达到200-400kg K_2O/hm~2，钾素平衡系数低，土壤钾素亏缺相对严重。小麦秸秆还田对于缓解土壤钾素的消耗作用明显，是一项切实可行的补充土壤钾素的措施。与试验开始时土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量比较，各处理均有明显的差异，不补充钾素的处理(NP)或钾素补充不足的处理(NP+St)的土壤速效钾变化幅度在-51.9 mg/kg～40.6 mg/kg，缓效钾含量变化幅度在-158.6 mg/kg～71.0 mg/kg；而补充钾素量较大的处理(NPK2和NPK+St)土壤速效钾变化幅度在14.1 mg/kg～131.4 mg/kg，缓效钾含量变化幅度在-8.6 mg/kg～150.7 mg/kg，但是其增加或减少的幅度各试验点之间差别较大，受钾素投入量、作物吸钾量、土壤钾素耗竭到基本稳定的平衡点时的“最低水平值”、矿物态钾释放速率等因素的影响。
3．土壤平均固钾能力表现出明显的地带性规律，自西向东土壤对钾的固定能力逐渐增强，在钾浓度为1000 mg/L的环境溶液中，取自西北、华北和东北地区试验点NP处理土壤的平均固钾量分别为348.5 mg/kg、442.9 mg/kg、468.5 mg/kg。长期连续施用钾肥或秸秆还田可显著降低土壤对外源钾素的固定量，不同土壤在连续耗竭或补充钾素后土壤固钾能力的差异可作为判断土壤钾素状况的一种依据。土壤固钾量随环境溶液中钾素浓度的增加而增加，但固定率下降。20-40 cm土层土壤的固钾量高于0-20 cm土层。土壤固钾量与原始土的速效钾、缓效钾、有机质含量均呈
负相关，但其相关程度受试验点和土壤层次影响。
4．长期连续施钾或秸秆还田对土壤中其它养分含量也有程度不同的影响。长期施用钾肥或秸秆还田可提高土壤活性有机质含量与有机质总量，秸秆还田效果更为显著；两种措施均可降低土壤铵态氮、有效钙、有效镁含量，可能与补充的钾离子和这些阳离子的竞争吸附有关。施钾或秸秆还田的土壤全磷含量有下降的趋势，但是土壤有效磷含量增加。土壤速效钾含量与活性有机质和有效磷含量呈显著正相关，而与铵态氮、有效钙、有效镁和有效硼含量呈负相关。
5．钾肥和秸秆还田增产效果因定位试验的地点和作物不同而异，受土壤供钾能力影响较大。总体看，施用钾肥、秸秆还田和秸秆还田配合施钾肥均有明显的增产效应。在华北(小麦施钾平均增产5％-8％，玉米平均增产12％-19％)和东北地区(玉米施钾平均增产10％-20％)的增产效果显著高于西北地区(小麦施钾平均增产4％-6％，玉米平均增产3％-6.5％)，其中在青海点施钾效应不显著。不同施钾措施在玉米上的增产效果优于小麦，轮作制度下钾素投入显效时间较早，化学钾肥处理显效早于秸秆还田处理。施钾或秸秆还田显著提高作物体内钾素含量和总移走量，植物体内的钾素80％以上存在于作物秸秆中。施用钾肥和小麦秸秆还田还可提高作物籽粒氮磷和中微量元素的含量，但降低茎叶等营养器官的大部分中微量元素含量，表明钾素施用有增加养分向籽粒转移的功能。
6．长期施用化学钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对小麦和玉米蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性糖、氨基酸、小麦湿面筋含量等方面有不同程度的提高作用，但过量施钾(NPK2处理)其效果明显下降。同一品质指标在不同定位点对钾肥和秸秆施用的反应亦不一致。对作物籽粒多数品质性状的改善，化学钾肥的效果一般优于秸秆还田处理，但秸秆还田对改善某些品质指标的作用也不容忽视。施用钾肥和秸秆还田改善作物品质的作用可能与补充的钾素量有直接关系，同时也可能与不同钾素投入措施对养分平衡和土壤性状的改善有关，机制有待深入研究。
By using the eight fixed sites K fertilization field trials established in 1992/1993 in Northeast(Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang), Northcentral(Shanxi and Hebei) and Northwest(Ningxia,Qinghai and Xinjiang) regions, effect of long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw returned to soil on soil K status, on K fixation capacity of soils, and on crop yield and quality were investigated. The fixed site field trials were selected to represent the main cropping systems(single cropping of winter wheat, single cropping of spring maize, winter wheat and summer maize double cropping) and main soil types in the north of China. The treatments in the fixed site field trials include check with N and P fertilizer applied only(NP), KC1 application with different rates(NPK, or NPK1 and NPK2), and with wheat straw returned to soil(NP+St, NPK+St). Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in soil profile from field plots with different treatments. By using different extraction solutions, the amount of soil K in different forms, their distribution in various forms and their availability to plants were evaluated. Potassium fixation capability of the selected soil samples were determined by soil K adsorption study. The main findings were as following:
1. Compared with NP treatment, long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw increased content of water-soluble K, non-specifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K and total K of the soil. But the content of specifically adsorbed K was not significantly affected, indicating that the amount of specifically adsorbed sites for K, the wedge site of the 2:1 clay minerals, was not affected by the different treatments. The effects of K fertilization and straw returned to soil on different forms of soil K and their distribution varied greatly from location to location because of the difference in soil and the environment conditions. Potassium input either with KCl or straw showed greater influence on different form of K in top layer(0-20cm) than that in 20-40 cm layer soil. The effect of KCl application was more significant compared with straw returned to soil treatment. Potassium input from either K fertilization or straw returned to soil significantly increased the proportion of water soluble K and non-specifically adsorbed K, hence increased the proportion of available K in the total soil K. Significant correlation was found between amount of potassium taken up by crops and the available K and slow released K levels in the top layer soil. The effect also differs from site to site because of differences in cropping systems, in climatic conditions, in soil clay mineralogy.
2. Potassium fertilizer application and straw returned to soil increased plant K uptake. The amount of plant K uptake in NP, NP+St, NPK1 treatments in all field trials were greater than the corresponding K input, resulting in a negative balance of soil K budget, which was more severe with NP treatment. Positive balance was only found with NPK2 and NPK-St treatments. The highest removal of soil K was found from the field trial of winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in Hebei province of Northcentral region, with annual removal of 200-400 kg K_2O/ha. Straw provided part of the K uptake by crops, reduced the depletion of soil K. Compared with available K and slowly released K levels in the original soils collected at the beginning of the fixed site experiments, the available K and slowly released K contents in the treatments without K input(NP treatment) or with low level of input(NP+St) were reduced, while that in high K input treatment(NPK2 or NPK+St) increased. Change degree of soil available K was-51.9 mg/kg～40.6 mg/kg and slowly available K was-158.6 mg/kg～71.0 mg/kg in treatment of NP or NP+St, however, change degree of soil available K was 14.1 mg/kg～131.4 mg/kg and slowly available K was-8.6 mg/kg～150.7 mg/kg in treatment of NPK2 and NPK+St. The influence of K input on soil K status varied remarkably due to the differences in K input, K uptake by crops, and the dynamic process of K transformation in the soils.
3. Significant different K fixation capacity among the selected soil samples were found, with clear trend of K fixation capacity increasing when moving the location from the west toward the east. When the K concentration in the surrounding solution was 1000 mg/L, the average K fixation by soils from NP treatment were 348.5 mg/kg、442.9 mg/kg、468.5 mg/kg for soils from Northwestern, Northcentral and Northeastern regions, respectively. Continuous application of K fertilizer or straw returned to soil significantly reduced K fixation capacity of the soils. Soil K fixation capacity increased with the increase of K concentration in the surrounding solution, but the percentage of the total K in the solution fixed by soils was reduced with increase of K concentration. The K fixation capacity in subsoil layer(20-40 cm) was greater than that in the top layer soil(0-20 cm). Significantly negative correlation was found between soil K fixation capacity and soil available K, slowly released K, and soil organic matter contents, which was influenced by the different soil conditions at various locations.
4. Long-term application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil also affected content of other nutrients in the soil. Soil active organic matter and total organic matter contents were increased with both K fertilization and straw returned to soil treatment, with straw returned to soil showed more significant influence. Continuous application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil reduced soil NH_4~+-N, available Ca and Mg contents, which might be attributed to the possible competition of added K~+ with NH_4~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) for the same adsorption site in the soil colloid system. The total P content in treatment with K fertilizer application and with straw returned to soil decreased, but the available P increased. The possible reason was that the balanced fertilization in NPK treatment and the addition of organic matter in the straw returned to soil treatment increased total P removal from the soil with increased crop yields, at the same time, mobilized P in the soil-crop system. Significant positive correlation was found between soil available K and soil active organic matter, while negative correlation found with NH_4~+-N, available Ca, available Mg and available B contents.
5. The effect of K fertilizer application and straw returned to soil on crop yield varied with location and cropping system, and influenced by potassium supplying power of soil. In general, application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil increased crop yield. The average yield increase by K fertilizer application ranged from 5% to 8% for winter wheat and 12% to 19% for summer maize in field trials from Northcentral region, and that for spring maize located in Northeastern region ranged from 10% to 20%. The effect on crop yield in Northwestern region was relatively small, with average yield increase from 4% to 6% for wheat and from 3.0% to 6.5% for maize. No significant yield increase from K application was found in the field trial located in Qinghai province. It appeared that maize was more tentative to K application than wheat, and double cropping system in Northceantral region accelerated soil K depletion and resulted in significant crop yield response to K application soon after the establishment of the field trials. Application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil treatments significantly increased K content in the plants and the total K removal by crops. More than 80% of K in plants was in the straw or stalk. Application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil also increased content of N, P and the secondary nutrients and micro-nutrients in kernels, but reduced content of most micro-nutrients in leaves and stalks, indicating that K application might have improved the translocation of nutrients from vegetative parts to kernels.
6. Long-term application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil increased content of crude protein, lipid, soluble sugar and amino acid of wheat and maize, and wet gluten of wheat. But the effect was reduced when K fertilizer was over used(in NPK2 treatment). The effect varied from location to location, and the K fertilizer treatments generally showed greater effect than straw returned to soil treatment. The positive effect of K fertilization and straw returned to soil on crop product quality might attribute partly to the direct influence of improved K nutrition in the plants, and might also affected by improved balance nutrition and soil condition. The associated mechanism needs to be further investigated.
1．与只施氮磷肥(NP处理)比较，长期施用化学钾肥(NPK处理)或小麦秸秆还田(NP+St处理)显著提高耕层土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾、矿物态钾乃至全钾的含量，对特殊吸附钾含量影响不显著(可能由于所研究土壤中对钾素有特殊吸附能力的2：1黏土矿物的楔形位比较稳定，连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田影响不大)，钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对各种形态钾的影响不同。土壤不同形态钾含量和比例在不同的土壤层次中表现迥异，钾素投入对0-20 cm层土壤钾素状况影响较大，化学钾肥的施用效果更为明显。外源钾的投入使土壤全钾中有效钾所占比例增大，并可增加速效钾中水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾的比例，相应的降低特殊吸附钾的比例。作物吸钾量与耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量存在显著的正相关关系。相同施钾措施对各形态钾的贡献程度也因所在地区及种植制度的不同而异，与气候条件、矿物类型、作物消耗钾素量密切相关。
2．钾肥施用和秸秆还田可提高作物的吸钾量，除NPK2和NPK+St处理外，各点其余处理的钾素投入量均低于作物收获部分的移走量，造成土壤钾素不同程度的亏缺，以NP处理的亏缺量最大。华北和西北地区的小麦/玉米一年两季作物轮作的钾素移走量较高，年均移走量达到200-400kg K_2O/hm~2，钾素平衡系数低，土壤钾素亏缺相对严重。小麦秸秆还田对于缓解土壤钾素的消耗作用明显，是一项切实可行的补充土壤钾素的措施。与试验开始时土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量比较，各处理均有明显的差异，不补充钾素的处理(NP)或钾素补充不足的处理(NP+St)的土壤速效钾变化幅度在-51.9 mg/kg～40.6 mg/kg，缓效钾含量变化幅度在-158.6 mg/kg～71.0 mg/kg；而补充钾素量较大的处理(NPK2和NPK+St)土壤速效钾变化幅度在14.1 mg/kg～131.4 mg/kg，缓效钾含量变化幅度在-8.6 mg/kg～150.7 mg/kg，但是其增加或减少的幅度各试验点之间差别较大，受钾素投入量、作物吸钾量、土壤钾素耗竭到基本稳定的平衡点时的“最低水平值”、矿物态钾释放速率等因素的影响。
3．土壤平均固钾能力表现出明显的地带性规律，自西向东土壤对钾的固定能力逐渐增强，在钾浓度为1000 mg/L的环境溶液中，取自西北、华北和东北地区试验点NP处理土壤的平均固钾量分别为348.5 mg/kg、442.9 mg/kg、468.5 mg/kg。长期连续施用钾肥或秸秆还田可显著降低土壤对外源钾素的固定量，不同土壤在连续耗竭或补充钾素后土壤固钾能力的差异可作为判断土壤钾素状况的一种依据。土壤固钾量随环境溶液中钾素浓度的增加而增加，但固定率下降。20-40 cm土层土壤的固钾量高于0-20 cm土层。土壤固钾量与原始土的速效钾、缓效钾、有机质含量均呈
负相关，但其相关程度受试验点和土壤层次影响。
4．长期连续施钾或秸秆还田对土壤中其它养分含量也有程度不同的影响。长期施用钾肥或秸秆还田可提高土壤活性有机质含量与有机质总量，秸秆还田效果更为显著；两种措施均可降低土壤铵态氮、有效钙、有效镁含量，可能与补充的钾离子和这些阳离子的竞争吸附有关。施钾或秸秆还田的土壤全磷含量有下降的趋势，但是土壤有效磷含量增加。土壤速效钾含量与活性有机质和有效磷含量呈显著正相关，而与铵态氮、有效钙、有效镁和有效硼含量呈负相关。
5．钾肥和秸秆还田增产效果因定位试验的地点和作物不同而异，受土壤供钾能力影响较大。总体看，施用钾肥、秸秆还田和秸秆还田配合施钾肥均有明显的增产效应。在华北(小麦施钾平均增产5％-8％，玉米平均增产12％-19％)和东北地区(玉米施钾平均增产10％-20％)的增产效果显著高于西北地区(小麦施钾平均增产4％-6％，玉米平均增产3％-6.5％)，其中在青海点施钾效应不显著。不同施钾措施在玉米上的增产效果优于小麦，轮作制度下钾素投入显效时间较早，化学钾肥处理显效早于秸秆还田处理。施钾或秸秆还田显著提高作物体内钾素含量和总移走量，植物体内的钾素80％以上存在于作物秸秆中。施用钾肥和小麦秸秆还田还可提高作物籽粒氮磷和中微量元素的含量，但降低茎叶等营养器官的大部分中微量元素含量，表明钾素施用有增加养分向籽粒转移的功能。
6．长期施用化学钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对小麦和玉米蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性糖、氨基酸、小麦湿面筋含量等方面有不同程度的提高作用，但过量施钾(NPK2处理)其效果明显下降。同一品质指标在不同定位点对钾肥和秸秆施用的反应亦不一致。对作物籽粒多数品质性状的改善，化学钾肥的效果一般优于秸秆还田处理，但秸秆还田对改善某些品质指标的作用也不容忽视。施用钾肥和秸秆还田改善作物品质的作用可能与补充的钾素量有直接关系，同时也可能与不同钾素投入措施对养分平衡和土壤性状的改善有关，机制有待深入研究。
By using the eight fixed sites K fertilization field trials established in 1992/1993 in Northeast(Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang), Northcentral(Shanxi and Hebei) and Northwest(Ningxia,Qinghai and Xinjiang) regions, effect of long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw returned to soil on soil K status, on K fixation capacity of soils, and on crop yield and quality were investigated. The fixed site field trials were selected to represent the main cropping systems(single cropping of winter wheat, single cropping of spring maize, winter wheat and summer maize double cropping) and main soil types in the north of China. The treatments in the fixed site field trials include check with N and P fertilizer applied only(NP), KC1 application with different rates(NPK, or NPK1 and NPK2), and with wheat straw returned to soil(NP+St, NPK+St). Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in soil profile from field plots with different treatments. By using different extraction solutions, the amount of soil K in different forms, their distribution in various forms and their availability to plants were evaluated. Potassium fixation capability of the selected soil samples were determined by soil K adsorption study. The main findings were as following:
1. Compared with NP treatment, long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw increased content of water-soluble K, non-specifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K and total K of the soil. But the content of specifically adsorbed K was not significantly affected, indicating that the amount of specifically adsorbed sites for K, the wedge site of the 2:1 clay minerals, was not affected by the different treatments. The effects of K fertilization and straw returned to soil on different forms of soil K and their distribution varied greatly from location to location because of the difference in soil and the environment conditions. Potassium input either with KCl or straw showed greater influence on different form of K in top layer(0-20cm) than that in 20-40 cm layer soil. The effect of KCl application was more significant compared with straw returned to soil treatment. Potassium input from either K fertilization or straw returned to soil significantly increased the proportion of water soluble K and non-specifically adsorbed K, hence increased the proportion of available K in the total soil K. Significant correlation was found between amount of potassium taken up by crops and the available K and slow released K levels in the top layer soil. The effect also differs from site to site because of differences in cropping systems, in climatic conditions, in soil clay mineralogy.
2. Potassium fertilizer application and straw returned to soil increased plant K uptake. The amount of plant K uptake in NP, NP+St, NPK1 treatments in all field trials were greater than the corresponding K input, resulting in a negative balance of soil K budget, which was more severe with NP treatment. Positive balance was only found with NPK2 and NPK-St treatments. The highest removal of soil K was found from the field trial of winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in Hebei province of Northcentral region, with annual removal of 200-400 kg K_2O/ha. Straw provided part of the K uptake by crops, reduced the depletion of soil K. Compared with available K and slowly released K levels in the original soils collected at the beginning of the fixed site experiments, the available K and slowly released K contents in the treatments without K input(NP treatment) or with low level of input(NP+St) were reduced, while that in high K input treatment(NPK2 or NPK+St) increased. Change degree of soil available K was-51.9 mg/kg～40.6 mg/kg and slowly available K was-158.6 mg/kg～71.0 mg/kg in treatment of NP or NP+St, however, change degree of soil available K was 14.1 mg/kg～131.4 mg/kg and slowly available K was-8.6 mg/kg～150.7 mg/kg in treatment of NPK2 and NPK+St. The influence of K input on soil K status varied remarkably due to the differences in K input, K uptake by crops, and the dynamic process of K transformation in the soils.
3. Significant different K fixation capacity among the selected soil samples were found, with clear trend of K fixation capacity increasing when moving the location from the west toward the east. When the K concentration in the surrounding solution was 1000 mg/L, the average K fixation by soils from NP treatment were 348.5 mg/kg、442.9 mg/kg、468.5 mg/kg for soils from Northwestern, Northcentral and Northeastern regions, respectively. Continuous application of K fertilizer or straw returned to soil significantly reduced K fixation capacity of the soils. Soil K fixation capacity increased with the increase of K concentration in the surrounding solution, but the percentage of the total K in the solution fixed by soils was reduced with increase of K concentration. The K fixation capacity in subsoil layer(20-40 cm) was greater than that in the top layer soil(0-20 cm). Significantly negative correlation was found between soil K fixation capacity and soil available K, slowly released K, and soil organic matter contents, which was influenced by the different soil conditions at various locations.
4. Long-term application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil also affected content of other nutrients in the soil. Soil active organic matter and total organic matter contents were increased with both K fertilization and straw returned to soil treatment, with straw returned to soil showed more significant influence. Continuous application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil reduced soil NH_4~+-N, available Ca and Mg contents, which might be attributed to the possible competition of added K~+ with NH_4~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) for the same adsorption site in the soil colloid system. The total P content in treatment with K fertilizer application and with straw returned to soil decreased, but the available P increased. The possible reason was that the balanced fertilization in NPK treatment and the addition of organic matter in the straw returned to soil treatment increased total P removal from the soil with increased crop yields, at the same time, mobilized P in the soil-crop system. Significant positive correlation was found between soil available K and soil active organic matter, while negative correlation found with NH_4~+-N, available Ca, available Mg and available B contents.
5. The effect of K fertilizer application and straw returned to soil on crop yield varied with location and cropping system, and influenced by potassium supplying power of soil. In general, application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil increased crop yield. The average yield increase by K fertilizer application ranged from 5% to 8% for winter wheat and 12% to 19% for summer maize in field trials from Northcentral region, and that for spring maize located in Northeastern region ranged from 10% to 20%. The effect on crop yield in Northwestern region was relatively small, with average yield increase from 4% to 6% for wheat and from 3.0% to 6.5% for maize. No significant yield increase from K application was found in the field trial located in Qinghai province. It appeared that maize was more tentative to K application than wheat, and double cropping system in Northceantral region accelerated soil K depletion and resulted in significant crop yield response to K application soon after the establishment of the field trials. Application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil treatments significantly increased K content in the plants and the total K removal by crops. More than 80% of K in plants was in the straw or stalk. Application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil also increased content of N, P and the secondary nutrients and micro-nutrients in kernels, but reduced content of most micro-nutrients in leaves and stalks, indicating that K application might have improved the translocation of nutrients from vegetative parts to kernels.
6. Long-term application of K fertilizer and straw returned to soil increased content of crude protein, lipid, soluble sugar and amino acid of wheat and maize, and wet gluten of wheat. But the effect was reduced when K fertilizer was over used(in NPK2 treatment). The effect varied from location to location, and the K fertilizer treatments generally showed greater effect than straw returned to soil treatment. The positive effect of K fertilization and straw returned to soil on crop product quality might attribute partly to the direct influence of improved K nutrition in the plants, and might also affected by improved balance nutrition and soil condition. The associated mechanism needs to be further investigated.
引文
1．鲍士旦，于军．钾耗竭后土壤对铵钾离子的固定竞争．土壤，1994，26(6)：301-304，309．
2．曹荣祥，王志明，童晓利，等．稻麦轮作制中秸秆钾与化肥钾利用的研究．土壤肥料，2000(4)：23-26．
3．陈防，鲁剑巍，万运帆，等．长期施钾对作物增产及土壤钾素含量及形态的影响．土壤学报，2000，37(2)：233-241．
4．陈际型．钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响．土壤学报，1997，34(2)：182-188．
5．陈力平，王正银，黄云，郝志军．土壤性状和营养物质对小麦品质的影响．麦类作物学报，2004，24(4)：143-146．
6．陈旭晖，陈湘燕．贵州土壤钾素状况与钾肥施用问题．西南农业大学学报，2003，25(2)：157-160．
7．陈英取，张承林．氮磷钾用量及配比对甜玉米产量与品质的影响．华南农业大学学报，1993，14(1)：33-38．
8．陈宇晖．钾与作物品质．荆州师专学报，1998，21(5)：87-91．
9．程明芳，金继运，李春花，王磊．施用钾肥和有机肥对小麦产量、品质的影响．2004，(5)：9-11．
10．崔德杰，刘永辉，隋方功，张玉龙．长期定位施肥对土壤钾素形态的影响．莱阳农学院学报，2005，22(3)：165-167．
11．单索薇．钾对农作物品质影响的浅析．农业与技术，2003，23(6)：88-89．
12．党廷辉．有机质、全氮、土壤质地与土壤供氮能力的关系．陕西农业科学，1990(1)：27-28，43．
13．邓志英，田纪春，胡瑞波，等．基因型和环境对小麦主要品质性状参数的影响．2006，26(8)：2757-2763．
14．董玉良，劳秀荣，孙伟红，张昌爱．麦玉轮作体系中秸秆钾对土壤钾素平衡的影响．安徽农业科学，2005，33(6)：993-994，999．
15．段云锋．增施钾肥有利于提高农产品品质．农村经济与科技，2000，11(10)：42．
16．樊虎玲，郝明德，李志西．施肥对黄土高原旱地小麦品质和籽粒氨基酸含量的影响．西北农林科技大学学报，2005，33(12)：53-57．
17．范钦桢，谢建昌．长期肥料定位试验中土壤钾素肥力的演变．土壤学报，2005，42(4)：591-599．
18．范钦桢．铵对土壤钾素释放、固定影响的研究．土壤学报，1993，30(3)：245-251．
19．范闻捷，介晓磊，李有田，等．潮土区小麦—玉米轮作周期内土壤钾素的动态研究Ⅱ．施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素动态的影响．华中农业大学学报，1999，18(5)：427-430．
20．范闻捷，介晓磊，李有田，等．潮土区小麦—玉米轮作周期内土壤钾素的动态研究Ⅰ．不施钾条件下土壤钾素动态与垂直变化．华中农业大学学报，1998，17(5)：452-458．
21．封克，殷士学，张山泉．矿物钾在作物营养中的意义．土壤通报，1992，23(2)：58-60．
22．高亚军，黄东迈，朱培立，王志明．稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对氮素肥力的影响．土壤学报，2000，37(4)：456-463．
23．高亚军，朱培立，黄东迈，等．稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对有机质和全氮的影响．土壤与环境，2000，9(1)：27-30．
24．高宗，刘杏兰，刘存寿，司立征．长期施肥对关中(楼)土肥力和作物产量的影响．西北农业学报，1992，1(3)：65-68．
25．古巧珍，杨学云，孙本华，等．长期定位施肥对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响．麦类作物学报，2004，24(3)： 76-79．
26．郭建华，邢竹，李春杰，韩宝文．秸秆还田和施肥对耕层土壤养分变异的影响．河北农业科学，2003，7(9)：1-4．
27．韩宝文，邢竹，郭建华，李春杰．冬小麦—夏玉米轮作中的施钾效应及钾素平衡．河北农业科学，2004，8(3)：25-27．
28．韩晓日，邹德乙，刘杰．长期施用有机肥和化肥对土壤锌锰铜铁养分平衡的影响．硫、镁和微量元素在作物营养平衡中的作用．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1993，p：329-398．
29．韩志卿，张电学，陈洪斌，等．长期定位施肥小麦—玉米轮作制度下土壤有机质质量演变规律．河北职业技术师范学院学报，2003，17(4)：10-14．
30．郝明德，来璐，王改玲，等．黄土高原塬区旱地长期施肥对小麦产量的影响．应用生态学报，2003，14(11)：1893-1896．
31．何萍，金继运，李文娟，等．施钾对高油玉米和普通玉米吸钾特性及子粒产量和品质的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2005，11(5)：620-626．
32．何萍，李玉影，金继运．氮钾营养对面包强筋小麦产量和品质的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8(4)：395-398．
33．何照范．粮油子粒品质及其分析技术．北京：中国农业出版社．1985．
34．洪春梅．秸秆还田对土壤生态因子的影响效应研究．2002．p：1-42．
35．胡承孝，王运华．不同小麦品种钾吸收、分配特性及其钾营养效率的差异(英文)．华中农业大学学报，2000，19(3)：233-239．
36．黄绍文，金继运，程明芳，杨俐萍．北方主要土壤对当季作物的供钾能力．土壤肥料，1999，(3)：3-7，21
37．黄绍文，金继运，王泽良，程明芳．北方主要土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(2)：156-164
38．黄绍文，金继运．土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究进展．土壤肥料，1995，5：23-29．
39．黄绍文，金继运．我国北方一些土壤对外源钾的固定．植物营养与肥料学报，1996，(2)：131-138．
40．黄绍文，孙桂芳，金继运，等．氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2004，10(3)：225-230．
41．姜东，戴廷波，荆奇，等．氮磷钾肥长期配合施用对冬小麦子粒品质的影响．中国农业科学，2004，37(4)：566-571．
42．姜东，戴廷波，荆奇，等．有机无机肥长期配合施用对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响．生态学报，2004，24(7)：1548-1555．
43．姜丽娜，詹长庚，符建荣，等．长期施钾对钾肥效应及农田钾平衡和土壤钾肥力的影响．中国土壤学会第九次全国会员代表大会暨第三届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术研讨会．1999．p：66-70．
44．姜子绍，宇万太．农田生态系统中钾循环研究进展．应用生态学报，2006，17(3)：545-550．
45．蒋梅茵．土壤含钾矿物中钾的固定与释放．土壤通报，1982，3：44-49．
46．金继运，白由路．精准农业与土壤养分管理．北京：中国大地出版社．2001．p：152-159．
47．金继运，高广领，王泽良，等．不同土壤钾素释放动力学及其供钾特征的研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1994(1)：39-48
48．金继运，何萍．氮钾互作对春玉米生物产量及其组分动态的影响．玉米科学，1999，7(4)：57-60．
49．金继运．土壤钾素研究进展．土壤学报，1993，30(1)：94-101．
50．孔宏敏，何圆球，吴大付，李成亮．长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量何土壤肥力的影响．应用生态学报，2004，15(5)：782-786．
51．劳秀荣，孙伟红，王真，等．秸秆还田与化肥配合施用对土壤肥力的影响．土壤学报，2003，40(4)：618-623．
52．劳秀荣，吴子一，高燕春．长期秸秆还田改土培肥效应的研究．农业工程学报，2002，18(2)：49-52．
53．雷永振，邱卫文，王祥珍，等．玉米钾肥长期定位试验作物产量和土壤钾素的变化．辽宁农业科学，2003，(4)：1-3．
54．雷振生，吴政卿，田云峰，等．生态环境变异对优质强筋小麦品质性状的影响．华北农学报，2005，20(3)：1-4．
55．李冬花，郭瑞林，张毅．钾肥对小麦产量及营养品质的影响研究．河南农业大学学报，1997，(4)：357-361．
56．李建和，陈克文，刘淑欣．不同类型土壤N、K的转化特征．福建农业大学学报，1997，263(1)：77-81．
57．李金洪，李伯航．矿质营养对玉米籽粒营养品质的影响．玉米科学，1995，3：54-58．
58．李菊梅，王朝辉，李生秀．有机质、全氮和可矿化氮在反应土壤供氮能力方面的意义．土壤学报，2003，40(2)：232-238．
59．李秋梅，陈新平，张福锁，V．Romheld．冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系中磷钾平衡的研究．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8：152-156．
60．李新爱，童成立，蒋平，等．长期不同施肥对稻田土壤有机质和全氮的影响．土壤，2006，38(3)：298-303．
61．李彦，董晓霞，高贤彪，等．长期定位施肥条件下磷钾对玉米产量品质影响的研究．西南农业学报，2004，17(增刊)：298-301．
62．李友军，熊瑛，骆炳山．氮、钾及其互作对两种质型小麦品质性状的影响．干旱地区农业研究，2006，24(2)：43-47．
63．李玉影，吴英，刘双权，等．钾对春小麦产量及品质的影响．土壤肥料，2002，(2)：33-35．
64．李忠佩，唐永良，石华，高坤林．不同施肥制度下红壤稻田的养分循环与平衡规律．中国农业科学，1998，31(1)：46-54．
65．梁德印．钾肥对我国主要作物的增产作用．国际平衡施肥学术讨论会论文集．北京：农业出版社．1989．p：106-109．
66．梁晓芳．冬小麦植株—土壤钾素循环及其与产量和品质关系的研究．山东农业大学论文．2004．
67．林克惠，Don Lytton，郑毅，等．钾肥对冬小麦产量和氨基酸含量的影响．云南农业大学学报，1996，11(4)：228-234．
68．刘红霞，王月，吴正超，等．长期轮作施肥对棕壤钾素动态变化的影响．中国农学通报，2006，22(2)：229-233．
69．刘会玲，陈亚恒，段毅力，许嗥．土壤钾素研究进展．河北农业大学学报，2002，25(增刊)：66-68．
70．刘荣乐，金继运，吴荣贵，等．我国北方土壤—作物系统内钾素循环特征及秸秆还田与施钾肥的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(2)：123-132．
71．刘世平，张洪程，戴其根，等．免耕套种与秸秆还田对农田生态环境及小麦生长的影响．应用生态学报，2005，16(2)：393-396．
72．刘树堂，刘培利，王锋，等．冬小麦—夏玉米轮作中长期定位施肥的土壤钾素变化研究．河北农业科学，2005，9(1)：10-14．
73．刘树堂，姚源喜，隋方功，等．长期定位施肥对土壤磷、钾素动态变化的影响．生态环境，2003，12(4)： 452-455．
74．刘树堂，赵永厚，孙玉林，等．25年长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响．水土保持学报，2005，19(1)：164-167．
75．鲁如坤．土壤农业化学分析方法．北京：中国农业科技出版社．1999．
76．吕树鸣，霍兴祥，罗皓．长期施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．耕作与栽培，2004(3)：3-5．
77．农业部科技司．中国南方农业中的钾．北京：农业出版社．1991．
78．潘大伟，梁成华，杜立宇．土壤含钾矿物的释钾研究进展．土壤通报，2005，36(2)：253-258．
79．曲环，赵秉强，陈雨海，等．灰漠土长期定位施肥对小麦品质和产量的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2004，10(1)：12-17．
80．任顺荣，邵玉翠，高宝岩，王德芳．长期定位施肥对土壤微量元素含量的影响．生态环境，2005，14(6)：921-924．
81．沈善敏．长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值．植物营养与肥料学报，1995，1(1)：1-9．
82．沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验(一)(二)(三)．土壤通报，1984，15(2)：85-91，15(3)：134-138，15(4)：184-185．
83．史吉平，张夫道，林葆．长期施用氮磷钾化肥和有机肥对土壤氮磷钾养分的影响．土壤肥料，1998，(1)：7-10．
84．史建文，鲍士旦，史瑞和．耗竭条件下层间钾的释放及耗竭后土壤的固钾特性．土壤学报，1994，31(1)：42-49．
85．史瑞和．土壤农化分析．北京：农业出版社．1986．
86．史振声，张喜华．钾肥对甜玉米籽粒品质和茎秆含糖量的影响．玉米科学，1994，2(1)：76-80．
87．隋跃宇，张兴义，焦晓光，等．长期不同施肥制度对农田黑土有机质和氮素的影响．水土保持学报，2005，19(6)：190-193．
88．孙克刚，李锦辉，姚健，等．不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO_3~--N累积的长期定位试验．土壤肥料，1999(6)：18-20．
89．孙伟红．长期秸秆还田改土培肥综合效应的研究．山东农业大学．2004．
90．孙羲，章永松．有机肥料和土壤中的有机磷对水稻的营养效果．土壤学报，1992，29(4)：365-369．
91．索东让，王托和，李多忠．河西走廊富钾土壤钾肥效应及钾素平衡的长期定位研究．中国生态农业学报，2002，10(3)：90-92．
92．唐薇，张传云，辛承松．秸秆腐熟前后氮磷钾养分状况变化的研究．河南农业科学，2000，(9)：24-25．
93．陶其骧，罗其祥，刘光荣，李祖章．施钾对改善作物产品品质的效果．江西农业学报，1999，11(3)：29-34．
94．田秀英，石孝均．定位施肥对小麦产量和品质的影响研究．西南师范大学学报，2003，28(2)：283-288．
95．同延安，高宗，刘杏兰．有机肥及化肥对土中微量元素平衡的影响．土壤学报，1995，32(3)：315-319．
96．涂书新，郭智芬，张平，孙锦荷．植物吸收利用钾索研究的某些进展．土壤，2000，5：248-253．
97．王德芳，姚炳贵，高宝岩，吕伟．津郊潮土长期定位试验中施钾效应研究．2003，9(1)：20-22．
98．王改兰，段建南，贾宁凤，廖建平．长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响．水土保持学报，2006，20(4)：82-86．
99．王根林，李玉梅，李忠库，田秀平．长期定位试验下土壤微量元素研究进展．黑龙江八一农垦大学学报，2004，16(2)：22-25．
100．王宏庭，金继运，刘荣乐．山西省几种典型土壤供钾能力评价．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8(2)：144-151．
101．王经权，周健民，钦绳武，顾益初．三种施肥模式对石灰性土壤培肥的影响．土壤学报，2002，39(6)：844-852．
102．王敬国．植物营养的土壤化学．北京：北京农业大学出版社出版．1995．p：107-120．
103．王秋杰，刘春增，武继承，等．砂质潮土供钾特性与钾肥效应研究，土壤通报，1994，25(6)：269-271．
104．王慎强，蒋其鳌，钦绳武，顾益初．长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学及生物学性质的影响．中国生态农业学报，2001，9(4)：67-69．
105．王石军．发展我国钾肥工业的几点思考．化肥工业，1996，26(1)：12-14．
106．王文忠，徐生瑞．施钾对两种土壤钾素动态变化影响的研究．土壤通报，2001，32(3)：120-122．
107．王西娜，王朝辉，李生秀．黄土高原旱地冬小麦／夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡．植物营养与肥料学报，2006，12(6)：759-764．
108．王旭东，于振文，樊广华．钾素对冬小麦品质和产量的影响．山东农业科学，2000，(5)：16-18．
109．王旭东，于振文，王东．钾对小麦茎和叶鞘碳水化合物含量及子粒淀粉积累的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2003，9(1)：57-62．
110．王旭东，于振文，王东．钾对小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累的影响．植物生态学报，2003，27(2)：196-201．
111．王英，孙克刚，焦有，等．河南主要土类施用钾肥配合秸秆还田定位试验初报．河南农业科学，1996，(1)：20-24．
112．王振忠，董百舒，吴敬民．太湖稻麦地区秸秆还田增产及培肥效果．安徽农业科学，2002，30(2)：269-271．
113．王芝寿，曹承富，孔令聪．施肥对土壤肥力和作物产量及品质的影响．安徽农业科学，1995，23(3)：240-242．
114．吴巍，张宽，王秀芳，等．钾肥对玉米的增产增收效果与利用率．玉米科学，1998，1：61-65．
115．吴巍，张宽，王秀芳，等．土壤有效钾的吸附特征与钾肥有效性的研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(3)：271-276
116．吴政．麦稻稻三季秸秆长期还田对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．中国土壤学会第九次全国会员代表大会暨第三届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术研讨会．1999．p：92-97．
117．谢建昌，周健民，Hardter R．钾与中国农业．南京：河海大学出版社．2000．p：142-155．
118．谢建昌，周健民．我国土壤钾素研究和钾肥使用的进展．土壤，1999，31(5)：244-254．
119．谢建昌．土壤钾素研究的现状与展望．土壤学进展，1981，9(1)：1-16．
120．谢文，胡辉，翟均平，等．长期定位施肥对不同种植模式作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．安徽农业科学，2005，33(9)：1605-1608．
121．邢世和，周碧青，林世进．耕作土壤释钾速率及其与钾有效性的关系研究．土壤通报，2000，31(3)：132-134．
122．熊明彪，舒芬，宋光煜，等．多年定位施肥对紫色土钾素形态变化的影响．四川农业大学学报，2001，19(1)：44-47
123．徐国华，鲍士旦，史瑞和．生物耗竭土壤的层间钾自然释放及固钾特性．土壤，1995，27(4)：182-185．
124．徐国华，鲍士旦，史瑞和．土壤钾素供应状况的研究Ⅳ．禾谷类及豆类作物对土壤层间钾的利用．南京农业大学学报，1991，14(2)：47-52．
125．徐国伟，常二华，蔡建．秸秆还田的效应及影响因素．耕作与栽培，2005，(1)：6-9．
126．徐玲，张杨珠，周卫军，等．不同施肥结构下稻田产量及土壤有机质何氮素营养的变化．农业现代化研究，2006，27(2)：153-156．
127．徐晓燕，马毅杰，张瑞平，沈培友．外源钾对三种不同土壤钾转化影响的研究．土壤通报，2005，36(1)： 58-61．
128．徐晓燕，马毅杰．土壤矿物钾的释放及其在植物营养中的意义土壤通报，2001，(32)4：173-176．
129．徐祖祥．连续秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤养分的影响．浙江农业科学，2003，(1)：35-36．
130．阎俊，何中虎，张艳，等．基因型、环境及其互作对黄淮麦区小麦主要品质性状的影响．中国小麦育种进展．北京：中国科学技术出版社．2002．p：200-209．
131．杨丽娟，李天来，付时丰，邱忠祥．长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2006，12(4)：549-533．
132．杨振明，王波，鲍士旦，史瑞和．耗竭条件下冬小麦的吸钾特点及其对土壤不同形态钾的利用．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(1)：43-49．
133．杨振明，阎飞，韩丽梅．土壤钾素研究的新进展．吉林农业大学学报，1998，20(3)：99-106．
134．杨振明，周文佐，鲍士旦，史瑞和．我国主要土壤供钾能力的综合评价．土壤学报，1999，36(3)：377-386．
135．姚源喜，刘树堂，郇恒福．长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土钾素状况的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2004，10(3)：241-244．
136．姚源喜，杨延蕃，刘树堂，等．长期定位施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．莱阳农学院学报，1991，8(4)：245-251．
137．于杰，孙丽，胡永红．长期定位施肥条件下淮北潮土钾素的变化研究．江苏农业科学，2004，(6)：157-160．
138．于振文，张炜，余松烈．钾营养对冬小麦养分吸收分配、产量形成和品质的影响．作物学报，1996，22(4)：441-447．
139．曾木祥，王蓉芳，彭世琪，等．我国主要农区秸秆还田试验总结．土壤通报，2002，33(5)：336-339．
140．曾木祥，张玉洁．秸秆还田对农田生态环境的影响．农业环境与发展，1997，1：1-7．
141．曾庆芳．豫北褐土、潮土钾素动态及钾肥施用效益、策略．第三届中国国际农业科技年会．1999．p：606-611．
142．詹其厚，陈杰．基于长期定位试验的变性土养分持续供给能力和作物响应研究．土壤学报，2006，43(1)：124-132．
143．张爱君，马飞，张明普．黄潮土的钾素状况与钾肥效应的长期定位试验．江苏农业学报，2000，16(4)：237-241．
144．张爱君，张明普，蒋仁成．15年定位试验土壤钾素状况及其产量效应．耕作与栽培，1999，2：41-43．
145．张春霞，郝明德，谢佰承．不同化肥用量对土壤碳库的影响．土壤通报，2006，37(5)：861-864．
146．张恩平，张淑红，李天来，李华．有机肥与无机肥配施对菜田土壤氮磷钾养分含量的影响．黑龙江农业科学，2001，(2)：5-7．
147．张会民，刘红霞，王林生，等．钾对旱地冬小麦后期生长及籽粒品质德影响．麦类作物学报，2004，24(3)：73-75．
148．张睿，郭月霞，南春芹．不同施肥水平下小麦籽粒中部分微量元素含量的研究．西北植物学报，2004，24(1)：125-129．
149．张炜．钾对冬小麦生理特性、产量和品质的影响．山东农业大学硕士论文，1994．
150．张翔，朱洪勋，孙春河，崔转玲．轮作制下长期施肥对小麦籽粒品质的影响．干旱地区农业研究，1997，15(4)：26-29，65．
151．张艳，何中虎，周桂英，等．基因型和环境对我国冬播麦区小麦品质性状的影响．中国粮油学报，1999，14(5)：1-4．
152．赵广才，周阳，常旭虹，等．氮磷钾硫对冬小麦产量及加工品质的调节效应．植物遗传资源学报，2005，6 (4)：423-426．
153．赵兰坡．施用作物秸秆对土壤的培肥作用．土壤通报，1996，27(2)：76-78．
154．赵利梅，赵继文，高炳德，王文玲．钾肥对春玉米籽粒建成与品质形成影响的研究．内蒙古农业大学学报，2000，21(12)：11-15．
155．赵玉臣，严红．钾素营养对大豆氮钾代谢与优质高产效应的研究．东北农学院学报，1991，22(1)：1-7．
156．中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，加拿大钾磷研究所北京办事处．北方土壤钾素和钾肥效益．北京：中国农业科技出版社．1994．p：1-5．
157．周晓芬，张彦才，李巧云，步丰骥．厩肥、秸秆和绿肥的含钾状况及其对土壤和作物钾素的供应能力．华北农学报，1999，14(4)：83-88．
158．周晓芬，张彦才，李巧云．不同供钾源及其用量对钾素营养的影响．土壤通报，2001，32(1)：32-34．
159．周艺敏，黄峰，王正祥，朱静华．天津地区农田土壤钾素状况及不同施肥措施对钾素的调控作用．第三届中国国际农业科技年会．1999．p：533-539．
160．朱洪勋，张翔，孙春河，王英．长期施肥对小麦、玉米的增产效应及其对土壤养分的影响．土壤通报，1997，28(4)：160-163．
161．朱金宝，刘广田，张树榛．基因型与环境对小麦烘烤品质的影响．作物学报，1995，21(6)：679-684．
162．朱永官，罗家贤．我国南方某些土壤对钾素的固定及其影响因素．土壤，1993(2)：64-67．
163．邹德乙，韩晓日．棕壤连续施用钾肥对玉米籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸影响的研究．土壤通报，1997，28(1)：28-30．
164. Abedin, Mian M J, Blume H P, et al. Water and nutrient dynamics of a paddy soil of Bangladesh. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci., 1991, 154: 93-99.
165. Askegaard M, Eriksen J, Olesen J E. Exchangeable potassium and potassium balances in organic crop rotations on a coarse sand. Soil Use Manage, 2003, 19: 96-103.
166. Barzegar A R, Yousefi A, Daryashenas A. The effect of addition of different amounts and types of organic materials on soil physical properties and yield of wheat. Plant Soil, 2002, 247: 295-301.
167. Belay A, Claassens A S, Wehner F C. Effect of direct nitrogen and potassium and residual phosphorus fertilizers on soil chemical properties, microbial components and maize yield under long-term crop rotation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2002, 35(6): 420-427.
168. Benbi D K, Biswas C R, Bawa S S, Kumar K. Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use Manage, 1998, 14: 52-54.
169. Benbi D K, Biswas C R. Nutrient budgeting for phosphorus and potassium in a long-term fertilizer trial. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999, 54: 125-132.
170. Bengtsson H, oborn I, Jonsson S, et al. Field balances of some mineral nutrients and trace elements in organic and conventional dairy farming-a case study at ojebyn, Sweden. Eur. J. Agron., 2003, 20: 101-116.
171. Berry P M, Stockdale E A, Sylvester-Bradley R, et al. N, P and K budgets for crop rotations on nine organic farms in the UK. Soil Use Manage, 2003, 19: 112-118.
172. Bertsch P M, Thomas G W. Potassium status of temperate region soils. In: Munson R D (ed.) Potassium in Agriculture. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1985: 131-162.
173. Bhandad A L, Ladha J K, Pathak H, et al. Yield and soil nutrient changes in a long-term rice-wheat rotation in India. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002, 66: 162-170.
174. Bijay S, Yadvinder S, Patricia I, et al. Potassium nutrition of the rice-wheat cropping system. Advances in agronomy, 2004, 81: 203-259.
175. Bordoli J M, Mallarino A P. Deep and shallow banding of phosphorus and potassium as alternatives to broadcast fertilization for no-till corn. Agron. J., 1998, 90: 27-33.
176. Burns A F, Barber S A. The effect of temperature and moisture on exchangeable potassium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc, 1961,25:349-352.
177. Campbell C A, McConkey B G, Zentner R P, et al. Long-term effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil organic C and total N in a clay soil in southwestern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1996, 76: 395-401.
178. Cox A E, Joern B C, Brouder S M, Gao D. Plant-available potassium assessment with a modified sodium tetraphyboron method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1999, 63: 902-911.
179. Dale G B. The relationship between potassium and protein. Crops and Soils Magazine, 1984, 36(4): 1-32.
180. Daniel M, Daniel D R. Long-term soil potassium availability from a Kanhapludult to an aggrading loblolly pine ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000,130: 109-129.
181. Dhillon S K, Dhillon K S. Kinetics of release of potassium by sodium tetraphenyl boron from some top soil samples of red (alfisol), black (vertisol) and alluvial (inceptisols and entisols) soils of Indian. Fertil. Res., 1992, 32: 135-138.
182. Dobermann A, Sta Cruz P C, Cassman K G. Fertilizer input nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice system. Potassium uptake and K balance. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 1996b, 46: 1-10.
183. Drury C F, Oloya T O, McKenney D J, et al. Long-term effects of fertilization and rotation on denitrification and soil carbon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1998, 62: 1572-1579.
184. Du Preez C C, Steyn J T, Kotze E. Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semi-arid Plinthosol. Soil Tillage Res., 2001, 63: 25-33.
185. Ghosh B N, Singh R D. Potassium release characteristics of some soils of Utter Pradesh hills varying in altitude and their relationship with forms of soil K and clay mineralogy. Geoderma, 2001,104: 135-144.
186. Gosling P, Shepherd M. Long-term changes in soil fertility in organic arable farming systems in England, with particular reference to phosphorus and potassium. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2005,105: 425-432.
187. Goulding K W T. The availability of potassium in soils to crops as measured by its release to a calcium-saturated cation exchange resin. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge, 1984,103: 265-215.
188. Hagin J, Feigenbaum S. Estimation of available potassium reserves in soils. Potassium Symposium, 1962: 219-227.
189. Hao M D, Fan J, Wei X R, et al. Effect of fertilization on soil fertility and wheat yield of dry land in the Loess Plateau. Pedosphere, 2005,15(2): 189-195.
190. Holmqvist J, 0gaard A F, oborn I, et al. Application of the profile model to estimate potassium release from mineral weathering in northern European agricultural soils. European Journal of Agronomy, 2003, 20: 149-163.
191. Hu H, Wang G H. Nutrient uptakes and use efficiency of irrigated rice in response to potassium application. Pedosphere, 2004,14(1): 125-136.
192. Hunter A H. Laboratory and greenhouse technique for nutrient survey studies to deternmine the soil amendments required for optimum plant growth. Agro. Service International. Inc. 1980.
193. Jaiyeoba I A. Changes in soil properties due to continuous cultivation in Nigerian semiarid Savannah. Soil and Tillage Research, 2003, 70(1): 91-98.
194. Jalali M. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release and availability in some calcareous soils of western Iran. Geoderma, 2006, 135: 63-71.
195. Jardin P M, Sparks D L. Potassium-calcium exchange in a multireactive soil system: 1. Kinetics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1984, 47: 39-45.
196. Jiang D, Hengsdijk H, Dai T B, et al. Long-term effects of manure and inorganic fertilizers on yield and soil fertility for a winter wheat-maize System in Jiangsu, China. Pedosphere, 2006, 16(1): 25-32.
197. Jouany C, Colomb B, Bosc M. Long-term effects of potassium fertilization on yields and fertility status of calcareous soils of south-west France. European Journal of Agronomy, 1996, 5: 287-294.
198. Kirchmann H. Properties and classification of soils of the Swedish long-term fertility experiments. I. Sites at Fors and Kungsangen. Acta Agric. Scand., 1991, 41: 227-242.
199. Kirkman J H, Basket A, Saurapaneni A. Potassium in the soils of New Zealand-A review. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1994, 37(2): 207-227.
200. Koch K, Mengel K. Effect of K on N utilization by spring wheat during grain protein formation. Agron J., 1997, 69: 477-480.
201. Kumar A, Yadav D S. Long-term effects of fertilizers on the soil fertility and productivity of a rice-wheat system. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science, 2001, 186: 47-54.
202. Kumar R, Singh G, Walia S S. Long-term effect of manure and fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility status in rice wheat system. Environment Ecology, 2000, 18: 546-549.
203. López-Bellido L, López-Bellido R L, Castillo J E, et al. Effects of long-term tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on bread-making quality of hard red spring wheat. Field Crops Res., 2001, 72: 197-210.
204. Lopez-Pineiro A, Garcia Navarro A. Potassium release kinetics and availability in unfertilized vertisols of south western Spain. Soil Sci., 1997, 162: 912-918.
205. Lukow O M, Mcvetty P B E. Effect of cultivar and environment on quality characteristics of spring wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 1991, 68(6): 597-601.
206. Malakouti M J. Iran confronts the imbalances in fertilizer use. In: Johnston A E, Maibaum W (ed.), Balanced Fertilization and Crop Response to Potassium. I.P.I., Basel, Switzerland. 1999: 11-23.
207. Mallarino A P, Bordoli J M, Borges R. Phosphorus and potassium placement effects on early growth and nutrient uptake of no-till corn and relationships with grain yield. Agron. J., 1999, 91: 37-45.
208. Manna M C, Swarnp A, Wanjari R H, et al. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Res., 2005, 93: 264-280.
209. Mclean E O. Influence of clay content and clay composition on potassium availability. In: Potash Res. Inst. of India(ed.). Potassium in soil and crop, 1978. p: 1-19.
210. Mengel K, Rahmatullah, Dou H. Release of potassium from the silt and sand fraction of loess-derived soils. Soil Sci., 1998, 163: 805-813.
211. Nambiar K K M, Abrol I P. Long-term fertilizer experiments in India: an overview. Fertil News, 1989, 34: 11-20.
212. Nel P C, Bamard R O, Steynberg R E, et al. Trends in maize grain yields in a long-term fertilizer trial. Field Crops Research, 1996,47:53-64.
213. Officer S J, Tillman R W, Palmer A S. Plant available potassium in New Zealand steep-land pasturngweie soils. Geoderma, 2006,133: 408-420.
214. Olk D C, Cassman K G, Carlson R M. Kinetics of potassium fixation in vermiclitic soils under different moisture regimes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1995, 59: 423-429.
215. Pal Y, Wong M T F, Gilkes R J. The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res., 1999, 37: 695-709.
216. Parker D R, Sparks D L, Hendricks G H, Sadusky M C. Potassium in atlantic coastal plain soils: II. Soil characterization and distribution of potassium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1989, 53: 392-396.
217. Pearson W. Potassium supplying power of eight Alabama soils. Soil Sci., 1952, 74: 301-309.
218. Peterson C J, Graybosch R A, Baenziger P S, etal. Genetics and environment effects on quality characteristics of hard red wheat. Crop Sci., 1992, 32: 98-103.
219. Rahmatullah, Mengel K. Potassium release from mineral structures by H~+ ion resin. Geoderma, 2000, 96: 291-305.
220. Rappaport B D, Axley J H. Potassium Chloride for improved Urea fertilizer efficiency. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1984, 48: 399-401.
221. Ravindra S, Agarwal S K, Jat M L. Quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and nutrient in soil as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Indian journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2002, 72(8): 456-460.
222. Reddy K S, Singh M, Tripathy A K, et al. Changes in organic and inorganic sulfur fractions and S mineralization in a Typic Haplustert after long-term cropping with different fertilizer and organic manure inputs. Aust. J. Soil Res., 2001,39:737-748.
223. Regmi A P, Ladha J K, Pasuquin E, et al. The role of potassium in sustaining yields in a long-term rice-wheat experiment in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2002, 36: 240-247.
224. Regmi A P, Ladha J K, Pathak H, et al. Yield and soil fertility trends in a 20-year rice-rice-wheat experiment in Nepal. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2002,66: 857-867.
225. Richards J E, Bates T E. Studies on the potassium-supplying capacities of southern Ontario soils: III. Measurement of available K. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1989, 69: 596-610.
226. Saleque M A, Abedin M J, Bhuiyan N I, et al. Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice. Field crops research, 2004, 86: 53-65.
227. Savvas D, Gizas G Response of hydroponically grown gerbera to nutrient solution recycling and different nutrient cation ratios. Scientia Horticulturae, 2002, 96: 267-280.
228. Schwab A P. Changes in soil chemical properties due to 40 years of fertilization. Soil Science, 1990,149: 35-46.
229. Sharpley A N. The kinetics of soil potassium desorption. Soil Sci. Am. J., 1987,51: 912-917.
230. Singh M, Singh V P, Reddy D D. Potassium balance and release kinetics under continuous rice-wheat cropping system in Vertisol. Field Crops Res., 2002, 77: 81-91.
231. Srini D, Liu B F. Fixation and release of potassium at typical tobacco soil in India. Foreign Tobacco, 1994, (1): 22-27.
232. Srinivasa Rao Ch, Anand S, Subba Rao A, Raja Gopal V. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release from a Tropaquept as influenced by long term cropping, fertilization and manuring. Aust. J. Soil Res., 1999, 37: 317-328.
233. Surapaneni A, Palmer A S, Tillman R W, et al. The mineralogy and potassium supplying power of some loessial and related soils of New Zealand. Geoderma, 2002,110: 191-204.
234. Talibudeen O, Beasley J D, Lane P, Rajendran N. Assessment of soil potassium reserves available to plant roots. J. Soil Sci., 1978, 29: 207-218.
235. Tan P S, Anh T N, Luat N V, Puckridge D W. Yield trend of a long-term NPK experiment for intensive rice monoculture in the Mekong River Delta of Viet Nam. Field Crops Research, 1995,42: 101-109.
236. Tiwari K N. Changes in potassium status of alluvial soils under intensive cropping. Fert. New., 1985, 30 (9): 17-24.
237. Tomm G O, Santos H P, Spera S T, Kochhann, R A. Effects of soil management systems on nutrient availability and soil organic matter content after nine years. In: II World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, vol. II, Foz de Iguazu, Brasil, August 11-15, 2003. p: 417-420.
238. Turley D B, Philb'ps M C, Johnson P, et al. Long-term straw management effects on yields of sequential wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) crops in clay and silty clay loam soils in England. Soil Till. Res., 2003,71: 59-69.
239. Uebel E, Heinsdorf D. Results of long-term K and Mg fertilizer experiments in afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management, 1997, 91:47-52.
240. Vyn T J, Galic D M, Janovicek K J. Corn response to potassium placement in conservation tillage. Soil Till. Res., 2002, 67: 159-169.
241. Vyn T J, Janovicek K J. Potassium placement and tillage system effects on corn response following long-term no-till. Agron. J., 2001,93: 487-495.
242. Welch L F, Flanney R L. Potassium nutrition of corn. In: Munson R D(ed.).Potassium in agriculture. 1985. p: 647-664.
243. Wihardjaka A G, Kirk G J D, Abdulrachman S, Mamaril C P. Potassium balances in rainfed lowland rice on a lighttextured soil. Field Crops Res., 1999, 64: 237-247.
244. Withers P J A, Unwin R J, Grylls J P, Kane R. Effects of withholding phosphate and potash fertilizer on grain yield of cereals and on plant-available phosphorus and potassium in calcareous soils. Eur. J. Agron., 1994, 3:1-8.
245. Yadav R L, Yadav D S, Singh R M, Kumar A. Long-term effects of inorganic fertilizer inputs on crop productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst, 1998,51: 193-200.
246. Yang S M, Li F M, Suo D R, et al. Effect of long-term fertilization on soil productivity and nitrate accumulation in Gansu Oasis. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2006,5(1): 57-67.
247. Zhang G P, Chen J X, Eshetu A T. Genotypic variation for potassium uptake and utilization efficiency in wheat. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999, 54: 41-48.
248. Zhang X, Zhu H X, Sun C H, et al. Effect of long-term fertilizer application on wheat seed quality in rotation culture. Agricultural research in the arid areas, 1997,15(4): 26-29.
2．曹荣祥，王志明，童晓利，等．稻麦轮作制中秸秆钾与化肥钾利用的研究．土壤肥料，2000(4)：23-26．
3．陈防，鲁剑巍，万运帆，等．长期施钾对作物增产及土壤钾素含量及形态的影响．土壤学报，2000，37(2)：233-241．
4．陈际型．钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响．土壤学报，1997，34(2)：182-188．
5．陈力平，王正银，黄云，郝志军．土壤性状和营养物质对小麦品质的影响．麦类作物学报，2004，24(4)：143-146．
6．陈旭晖，陈湘燕．贵州土壤钾素状况与钾肥施用问题．西南农业大学学报，2003，25(2)：157-160．
7．陈英取，张承林．氮磷钾用量及配比对甜玉米产量与品质的影响．华南农业大学学报，1993，14(1)：33-38．
8．陈宇晖．钾与作物品质．荆州师专学报，1998，21(5)：87-91．
9．程明芳，金继运，李春花，王磊．施用钾肥和有机肥对小麦产量、品质的影响．2004，(5)：9-11．
10．崔德杰，刘永辉，隋方功，张玉龙．长期定位施肥对土壤钾素形态的影响．莱阳农学院学报，2005，22(3)：165-167．
11．单索薇．钾对农作物品质影响的浅析．农业与技术，2003，23(6)：88-89．
12．党廷辉．有机质、全氮、土壤质地与土壤供氮能力的关系．陕西农业科学，1990(1)：27-28，43．
13．邓志英，田纪春，胡瑞波，等．基因型和环境对小麦主要品质性状参数的影响．2006，26(8)：2757-2763．
14．董玉良，劳秀荣，孙伟红，张昌爱．麦玉轮作体系中秸秆钾对土壤钾素平衡的影响．安徽农业科学，2005，33(6)：993-994，999．
15．段云锋．增施钾肥有利于提高农产品品质．农村经济与科技，2000，11(10)：42．
16．樊虎玲，郝明德，李志西．施肥对黄土高原旱地小麦品质和籽粒氨基酸含量的影响．西北农林科技大学学报，2005，33(12)：53-57．
17．范钦桢，谢建昌．长期肥料定位试验中土壤钾素肥力的演变．土壤学报，2005，42(4)：591-599．
18．范钦桢．铵对土壤钾素释放、固定影响的研究．土壤学报，1993，30(3)：245-251．
19．范闻捷，介晓磊，李有田，等．潮土区小麦—玉米轮作周期内土壤钾素的动态研究Ⅱ．施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素动态的影响．华中农业大学学报，1999，18(5)：427-430．
20．范闻捷，介晓磊，李有田，等．潮土区小麦—玉米轮作周期内土壤钾素的动态研究Ⅰ．不施钾条件下土壤钾素动态与垂直变化．华中农业大学学报，1998，17(5)：452-458．
21．封克，殷士学，张山泉．矿物钾在作物营养中的意义．土壤通报，1992，23(2)：58-60．
22．高亚军，黄东迈，朱培立，王志明．稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对氮素肥力的影响．土壤学报，2000，37(4)：456-463．
23．高亚军，朱培立，黄东迈，等．稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对有机质和全氮的影响．土壤与环境，2000，9(1)：27-30．
24．高宗，刘杏兰，刘存寿，司立征．长期施肥对关中(楼)土肥力和作物产量的影响．西北农业学报，1992，1(3)：65-68．
25．古巧珍，杨学云，孙本华，等．长期定位施肥对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响．麦类作物学报，2004，24(3)： 76-79．
26．郭建华，邢竹，李春杰，韩宝文．秸秆还田和施肥对耕层土壤养分变异的影响．河北农业科学，2003，7(9)：1-4．
27．韩宝文，邢竹，郭建华，李春杰．冬小麦—夏玉米轮作中的施钾效应及钾素平衡．河北农业科学，2004，8(3)：25-27．
28．韩晓日，邹德乙，刘杰．长期施用有机肥和化肥对土壤锌锰铜铁养分平衡的影响．硫、镁和微量元素在作物营养平衡中的作用．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1993，p：329-398．
29．韩志卿，张电学，陈洪斌，等．长期定位施肥小麦—玉米轮作制度下土壤有机质质量演变规律．河北职业技术师范学院学报，2003，17(4)：10-14．
30．郝明德，来璐，王改玲，等．黄土高原塬区旱地长期施肥对小麦产量的影响．应用生态学报，2003，14(11)：1893-1896．
31．何萍，金继运，李文娟，等．施钾对高油玉米和普通玉米吸钾特性及子粒产量和品质的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2005，11(5)：620-626．
32．何萍，李玉影，金继运．氮钾营养对面包强筋小麦产量和品质的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8(4)：395-398．
33．何照范．粮油子粒品质及其分析技术．北京：中国农业出版社．1985．
34．洪春梅．秸秆还田对土壤生态因子的影响效应研究．2002．p：1-42．
35．胡承孝，王运华．不同小麦品种钾吸收、分配特性及其钾营养效率的差异(英文)．华中农业大学学报，2000，19(3)：233-239．
36．黄绍文，金继运，程明芳，杨俐萍．北方主要土壤对当季作物的供钾能力．土壤肥料，1999，(3)：3-7，21
37．黄绍文，金继运，王泽良，程明芳．北方主要土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(2)：156-164
38．黄绍文，金继运．土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究进展．土壤肥料，1995，5：23-29．
39．黄绍文，金继运．我国北方一些土壤对外源钾的固定．植物营养与肥料学报，1996，(2)：131-138．
40．黄绍文，孙桂芳，金继运，等．氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2004，10(3)：225-230．
41．姜东，戴廷波，荆奇，等．氮磷钾肥长期配合施用对冬小麦子粒品质的影响．中国农业科学，2004，37(4)：566-571．
42．姜东，戴廷波，荆奇，等．有机无机肥长期配合施用对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响．生态学报，2004，24(7)：1548-1555．
43．姜丽娜，詹长庚，符建荣，等．长期施钾对钾肥效应及农田钾平衡和土壤钾肥力的影响．中国土壤学会第九次全国会员代表大会暨第三届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术研讨会．1999．p：66-70．
44．姜子绍，宇万太．农田生态系统中钾循环研究进展．应用生态学报，2006，17(3)：545-550．
45．蒋梅茵．土壤含钾矿物中钾的固定与释放．土壤通报，1982，3：44-49．
46．金继运，白由路．精准农业与土壤养分管理．北京：中国大地出版社．2001．p：152-159．
47．金继运，高广领，王泽良，等．不同土壤钾素释放动力学及其供钾特征的研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1994(1)：39-48
48．金继运，何萍．氮钾互作对春玉米生物产量及其组分动态的影响．玉米科学，1999，7(4)：57-60．
49．金继运．土壤钾素研究进展．土壤学报，1993，30(1)：94-101．
50．孔宏敏，何圆球，吴大付，李成亮．长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量何土壤肥力的影响．应用生态学报，2004，15(5)：782-786．
51．劳秀荣，孙伟红，王真，等．秸秆还田与化肥配合施用对土壤肥力的影响．土壤学报，2003，40(4)：618-623．
52．劳秀荣，吴子一，高燕春．长期秸秆还田改土培肥效应的研究．农业工程学报，2002，18(2)：49-52．
53．雷永振，邱卫文，王祥珍，等．玉米钾肥长期定位试验作物产量和土壤钾素的变化．辽宁农业科学，2003，(4)：1-3．
54．雷振生，吴政卿，田云峰，等．生态环境变异对优质强筋小麦品质性状的影响．华北农学报，2005，20(3)：1-4．
55．李冬花，郭瑞林，张毅．钾肥对小麦产量及营养品质的影响研究．河南农业大学学报，1997，(4)：357-361．
56．李建和，陈克文，刘淑欣．不同类型土壤N、K的转化特征．福建农业大学学报，1997，263(1)：77-81．
57．李金洪，李伯航．矿质营养对玉米籽粒营养品质的影响．玉米科学，1995，3：54-58．
58．李菊梅，王朝辉，李生秀．有机质、全氮和可矿化氮在反应土壤供氮能力方面的意义．土壤学报，2003，40(2)：232-238．
59．李秋梅，陈新平，张福锁，V．Romheld．冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系中磷钾平衡的研究．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8：152-156．
60．李新爱，童成立，蒋平，等．长期不同施肥对稻田土壤有机质和全氮的影响．土壤，2006，38(3)：298-303．
61．李彦，董晓霞，高贤彪，等．长期定位施肥条件下磷钾对玉米产量品质影响的研究．西南农业学报，2004，17(增刊)：298-301．
62．李友军，熊瑛，骆炳山．氮、钾及其互作对两种质型小麦品质性状的影响．干旱地区农业研究，2006，24(2)：43-47．
63．李玉影，吴英，刘双权，等．钾对春小麦产量及品质的影响．土壤肥料，2002，(2)：33-35．
64．李忠佩，唐永良，石华，高坤林．不同施肥制度下红壤稻田的养分循环与平衡规律．中国农业科学，1998，31(1)：46-54．
65．梁德印．钾肥对我国主要作物的增产作用．国际平衡施肥学术讨论会论文集．北京：农业出版社．1989．p：106-109．
66．梁晓芳．冬小麦植株—土壤钾素循环及其与产量和品质关系的研究．山东农业大学论文．2004．
67．林克惠，Don Lytton，郑毅，等．钾肥对冬小麦产量和氨基酸含量的影响．云南农业大学学报，1996，11(4)：228-234．
68．刘红霞，王月，吴正超，等．长期轮作施肥对棕壤钾素动态变化的影响．中国农学通报，2006，22(2)：229-233．
69．刘会玲，陈亚恒，段毅力，许嗥．土壤钾素研究进展．河北农业大学学报，2002，25(增刊)：66-68．
70．刘荣乐，金继运，吴荣贵，等．我国北方土壤—作物系统内钾素循环特征及秸秆还田与施钾肥的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(2)：123-132．
71．刘世平，张洪程，戴其根，等．免耕套种与秸秆还田对农田生态环境及小麦生长的影响．应用生态学报，2005，16(2)：393-396．
72．刘树堂，刘培利，王锋，等．冬小麦—夏玉米轮作中长期定位施肥的土壤钾素变化研究．河北农业科学，2005，9(1)：10-14．
73．刘树堂，姚源喜，隋方功，等．长期定位施肥对土壤磷、钾素动态变化的影响．生态环境，2003，12(4)： 452-455．
74．刘树堂，赵永厚，孙玉林，等．25年长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响．水土保持学报，2005，19(1)：164-167．
75．鲁如坤．土壤农业化学分析方法．北京：中国农业科技出版社．1999．
76．吕树鸣，霍兴祥，罗皓．长期施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．耕作与栽培，2004(3)：3-5．
77．农业部科技司．中国南方农业中的钾．北京：农业出版社．1991．
78．潘大伟，梁成华，杜立宇．土壤含钾矿物的释钾研究进展．土壤通报，2005，36(2)：253-258．
79．曲环，赵秉强，陈雨海，等．灰漠土长期定位施肥对小麦品质和产量的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2004，10(1)：12-17．
80．任顺荣，邵玉翠，高宝岩，王德芳．长期定位施肥对土壤微量元素含量的影响．生态环境，2005，14(6)：921-924．
81．沈善敏．长期土壤肥力试验的科学价值．植物营养与肥料学报，1995，1(1)：1-9．
82．沈善敏．国外的长期肥料试验(一)(二)(三)．土壤通报，1984，15(2)：85-91，15(3)：134-138，15(4)：184-185．
83．史吉平，张夫道，林葆．长期施用氮磷钾化肥和有机肥对土壤氮磷钾养分的影响．土壤肥料，1998，(1)：7-10．
84．史建文，鲍士旦，史瑞和．耗竭条件下层间钾的释放及耗竭后土壤的固钾特性．土壤学报，1994，31(1)：42-49．
85．史瑞和．土壤农化分析．北京：农业出版社．1986．
86．史振声，张喜华．钾肥对甜玉米籽粒品质和茎秆含糖量的影响．玉米科学，1994，2(1)：76-80．
87．隋跃宇，张兴义，焦晓光，等．长期不同施肥制度对农田黑土有机质和氮素的影响．水土保持学报，2005，19(6)：190-193．
88．孙克刚，李锦辉，姚健，等．不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO_3~--N累积的长期定位试验．土壤肥料，1999(6)：18-20．
89．孙伟红．长期秸秆还田改土培肥综合效应的研究．山东农业大学．2004．
90．孙羲，章永松．有机肥料和土壤中的有机磷对水稻的营养效果．土壤学报，1992，29(4)：365-369．
91．索东让，王托和，李多忠．河西走廊富钾土壤钾肥效应及钾素平衡的长期定位研究．中国生态农业学报，2002，10(3)：90-92．
92．唐薇，张传云，辛承松．秸秆腐熟前后氮磷钾养分状况变化的研究．河南农业科学，2000，(9)：24-25．
93．陶其骧，罗其祥，刘光荣，李祖章．施钾对改善作物产品品质的效果．江西农业学报，1999，11(3)：29-34．
94．田秀英，石孝均．定位施肥对小麦产量和品质的影响研究．西南师范大学学报，2003，28(2)：283-288．
95．同延安，高宗，刘杏兰．有机肥及化肥对土中微量元素平衡的影响．土壤学报，1995，32(3)：315-319．
96．涂书新，郭智芬，张平，孙锦荷．植物吸收利用钾索研究的某些进展．土壤，2000，5：248-253．
97．王德芳，姚炳贵，高宝岩，吕伟．津郊潮土长期定位试验中施钾效应研究．2003，9(1)：20-22．
98．王改兰，段建南，贾宁凤，廖建平．长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响．水土保持学报，2006，20(4)：82-86．
99．王根林，李玉梅，李忠库，田秀平．长期定位试验下土壤微量元素研究进展．黑龙江八一农垦大学学报，2004，16(2)：22-25．
100．王宏庭，金继运，刘荣乐．山西省几种典型土壤供钾能力评价．植物营养与肥料学报，2002，8(2)：144-151．
101．王经权，周健民，钦绳武，顾益初．三种施肥模式对石灰性土壤培肥的影响．土壤学报，2002，39(6)：844-852．
102．王敬国．植物营养的土壤化学．北京：北京农业大学出版社出版．1995．p：107-120．
103．王秋杰，刘春增，武继承，等．砂质潮土供钾特性与钾肥效应研究，土壤通报，1994，25(6)：269-271．
104．王慎强，蒋其鳌，钦绳武，顾益初．长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学及生物学性质的影响．中国生态农业学报，2001，9(4)：67-69．
105．王石军．发展我国钾肥工业的几点思考．化肥工业，1996，26(1)：12-14．
106．王文忠，徐生瑞．施钾对两种土壤钾素动态变化影响的研究．土壤通报，2001，32(3)：120-122．
107．王西娜，王朝辉，李生秀．黄土高原旱地冬小麦／夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡．植物营养与肥料学报，2006，12(6)：759-764．
108．王旭东，于振文，樊广华．钾素对冬小麦品质和产量的影响．山东农业科学，2000，(5)：16-18．
109．王旭东，于振文，王东．钾对小麦茎和叶鞘碳水化合物含量及子粒淀粉积累的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2003，9(1)：57-62．
110．王旭东，于振文，王东．钾对小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累的影响．植物生态学报，2003，27(2)：196-201．
111．王英，孙克刚，焦有，等．河南主要土类施用钾肥配合秸秆还田定位试验初报．河南农业科学，1996，(1)：20-24．
112．王振忠，董百舒，吴敬民．太湖稻麦地区秸秆还田增产及培肥效果．安徽农业科学，2002，30(2)：269-271．
113．王芝寿，曹承富，孔令聪．施肥对土壤肥力和作物产量及品质的影响．安徽农业科学，1995，23(3)：240-242．
114．吴巍，张宽，王秀芳，等．钾肥对玉米的增产增收效果与利用率．玉米科学，1998，1：61-65．
115．吴巍，张宽，王秀芳，等．土壤有效钾的吸附特征与钾肥有效性的研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(3)：271-276
116．吴政．麦稻稻三季秸秆长期还田对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．中国土壤学会第九次全国会员代表大会暨第三届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术研讨会．1999．p：92-97．
117．谢建昌，周健民，Hardter R．钾与中国农业．南京：河海大学出版社．2000．p：142-155．
118．谢建昌，周健民．我国土壤钾素研究和钾肥使用的进展．土壤，1999，31(5)：244-254．
119．谢建昌．土壤钾素研究的现状与展望．土壤学进展，1981，9(1)：1-16．
120．谢文，胡辉，翟均平，等．长期定位施肥对不同种植模式作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．安徽农业科学，2005，33(9)：1605-1608．
121．邢世和，周碧青，林世进．耕作土壤释钾速率及其与钾有效性的关系研究．土壤通报，2000，31(3)：132-134．
122．熊明彪，舒芬，宋光煜，等．多年定位施肥对紫色土钾素形态变化的影响．四川农业大学学报，2001，19(1)：44-47
123．徐国华，鲍士旦，史瑞和．生物耗竭土壤的层间钾自然释放及固钾特性．土壤，1995，27(4)：182-185．
124．徐国华，鲍士旦，史瑞和．土壤钾素供应状况的研究Ⅳ．禾谷类及豆类作物对土壤层间钾的利用．南京农业大学学报，1991，14(2)：47-52．
125．徐国伟，常二华，蔡建．秸秆还田的效应及影响因素．耕作与栽培，2005，(1)：6-9．
126．徐玲，张杨珠，周卫军，等．不同施肥结构下稻田产量及土壤有机质何氮素营养的变化．农业现代化研究，2006，27(2)：153-156．
127．徐晓燕，马毅杰，张瑞平，沈培友．外源钾对三种不同土壤钾转化影响的研究．土壤通报，2005，36(1)： 58-61．
128．徐晓燕，马毅杰．土壤矿物钾的释放及其在植物营养中的意义土壤通报，2001，(32)4：173-176．
129．徐祖祥．连续秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤养分的影响．浙江农业科学，2003，(1)：35-36．
130．阎俊，何中虎，张艳，等．基因型、环境及其互作对黄淮麦区小麦主要品质性状的影响．中国小麦育种进展．北京：中国科学技术出版社．2002．p：200-209．
131．杨丽娟，李天来，付时丰，邱忠祥．长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2006，12(4)：549-533．
132．杨振明，王波，鲍士旦，史瑞和．耗竭条件下冬小麦的吸钾特点及其对土壤不同形态钾的利用．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(1)：43-49．
133．杨振明，阎飞，韩丽梅．土壤钾素研究的新进展．吉林农业大学学报，1998，20(3)：99-106．
134．杨振明，周文佐，鲍士旦，史瑞和．我国主要土壤供钾能力的综合评价．土壤学报，1999，36(3)：377-386．
135．姚源喜，刘树堂，郇恒福．长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土钾素状况的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2004，10(3)：241-244．
136．姚源喜，杨延蕃，刘树堂，等．长期定位施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响．莱阳农学院学报，1991，8(4)：245-251．
137．于杰，孙丽，胡永红．长期定位施肥条件下淮北潮土钾素的变化研究．江苏农业科学，2004，(6)：157-160．
138．于振文，张炜，余松烈．钾营养对冬小麦养分吸收分配、产量形成和品质的影响．作物学报，1996，22(4)：441-447．
139．曾木祥，王蓉芳，彭世琪，等．我国主要农区秸秆还田试验总结．土壤通报，2002，33(5)：336-339．
140．曾木祥，张玉洁．秸秆还田对农田生态环境的影响．农业环境与发展，1997，1：1-7．
141．曾庆芳．豫北褐土、潮土钾素动态及钾肥施用效益、策略．第三届中国国际农业科技年会．1999．p：606-611．
142．詹其厚，陈杰．基于长期定位试验的变性土养分持续供给能力和作物响应研究．土壤学报，2006，43(1)：124-132．
143．张爱君，马飞，张明普．黄潮土的钾素状况与钾肥效应的长期定位试验．江苏农业学报，2000，16(4)：237-241．
144．张爱君，张明普，蒋仁成．15年定位试验土壤钾素状况及其产量效应．耕作与栽培，1999，2：41-43．
145．张春霞，郝明德，谢佰承．不同化肥用量对土壤碳库的影响．土壤通报，2006，37(5)：861-864．
146．张恩平，张淑红，李天来，李华．有机肥与无机肥配施对菜田土壤氮磷钾养分含量的影响．黑龙江农业科学，2001，(2)：5-7．
147．张会民，刘红霞，王林生，等．钾对旱地冬小麦后期生长及籽粒品质德影响．麦类作物学报，2004，24(3)：73-75．
148．张睿，郭月霞，南春芹．不同施肥水平下小麦籽粒中部分微量元素含量的研究．西北植物学报，2004，24(1)：125-129．
149．张炜．钾对冬小麦生理特性、产量和品质的影响．山东农业大学硕士论文，1994．
150．张翔，朱洪勋，孙春河，崔转玲．轮作制下长期施肥对小麦籽粒品质的影响．干旱地区农业研究，1997，15(4)：26-29，65．
151．张艳，何中虎，周桂英，等．基因型和环境对我国冬播麦区小麦品质性状的影响．中国粮油学报，1999，14(5)：1-4．
152．赵广才，周阳，常旭虹，等．氮磷钾硫对冬小麦产量及加工品质的调节效应．植物遗传资源学报，2005，6 (4)：423-426．
153．赵兰坡．施用作物秸秆对土壤的培肥作用．土壤通报，1996，27(2)：76-78．
154．赵利梅，赵继文，高炳德，王文玲．钾肥对春玉米籽粒建成与品质形成影响的研究．内蒙古农业大学学报，2000，21(12)：11-15．
155．赵玉臣，严红．钾素营养对大豆氮钾代谢与优质高产效应的研究．东北农学院学报，1991，22(1)：1-7．
156．中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，加拿大钾磷研究所北京办事处．北方土壤钾素和钾肥效益．北京：中国农业科技出版社．1994．p：1-5．
157．周晓芬，张彦才，李巧云，步丰骥．厩肥、秸秆和绿肥的含钾状况及其对土壤和作物钾素的供应能力．华北农学报，1999，14(4)：83-88．
158．周晓芬，张彦才，李巧云．不同供钾源及其用量对钾素营养的影响．土壤通报，2001，32(1)：32-34．
159．周艺敏，黄峰，王正祥，朱静华．天津地区农田土壤钾素状况及不同施肥措施对钾素的调控作用．第三届中国国际农业科技年会．1999．p：533-539．
160．朱洪勋，张翔，孙春河，王英．长期施肥对小麦、玉米的增产效应及其对土壤养分的影响．土壤通报，1997，28(4)：160-163．
161．朱金宝，刘广田，张树榛．基因型与环境对小麦烘烤品质的影响．作物学报，1995，21(6)：679-684．
162．朱永官，罗家贤．我国南方某些土壤对钾素的固定及其影响因素．土壤，1993(2)：64-67．
163．邹德乙，韩晓日．棕壤连续施用钾肥对玉米籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸影响的研究．土壤通报，1997，28(1)：28-30．
164. Abedin, Mian M J, Blume H P, et al. Water and nutrient dynamics of a paddy soil of Bangladesh. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci., 1991, 154: 93-99.
165. Askegaard M, Eriksen J, Olesen J E. Exchangeable potassium and potassium balances in organic crop rotations on a coarse sand. Soil Use Manage, 2003, 19: 96-103.
166. Barzegar A R, Yousefi A, Daryashenas A. The effect of addition of different amounts and types of organic materials on soil physical properties and yield of wheat. Plant Soil, 2002, 247: 295-301.
167. Belay A, Claassens A S, Wehner F C. Effect of direct nitrogen and potassium and residual phosphorus fertilizers on soil chemical properties, microbial components and maize yield under long-term crop rotation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2002, 35(6): 420-427.
168. Benbi D K, Biswas C R, Bawa S S, Kumar K. Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use Manage, 1998, 14: 52-54.
169. Benbi D K, Biswas C R. Nutrient budgeting for phosphorus and potassium in a long-term fertilizer trial. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999, 54: 125-132.
170. Bengtsson H, oborn I, Jonsson S, et al. Field balances of some mineral nutrients and trace elements in organic and conventional dairy farming-a case study at ojebyn, Sweden. Eur. J. Agron., 2003, 20: 101-116.
171. Berry P M, Stockdale E A, Sylvester-Bradley R, et al. N, P and K budgets for crop rotations on nine organic farms in the UK. Soil Use Manage, 2003, 19: 112-118.
172. Bertsch P M, Thomas G W. Potassium status of temperate region soils. In: Munson R D (ed.) Potassium in Agriculture. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1985: 131-162.
173. Bhandad A L, Ladha J K, Pathak H, et al. Yield and soil nutrient changes in a long-term rice-wheat rotation in India. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002, 66: 162-170.
174. Bijay S, Yadvinder S, Patricia I, et al. Potassium nutrition of the rice-wheat cropping system. Advances in agronomy, 2004, 81: 203-259.
175. Bordoli J M, Mallarino A P. Deep and shallow banding of phosphorus and potassium as alternatives to broadcast fertilization for no-till corn. Agron. J., 1998, 90: 27-33.
176. Burns A F, Barber S A. The effect of temperature and moisture on exchangeable potassium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc, 1961,25:349-352.
177. Campbell C A, McConkey B G, Zentner R P, et al. Long-term effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil organic C and total N in a clay soil in southwestern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1996, 76: 395-401.
178. Cox A E, Joern B C, Brouder S M, Gao D. Plant-available potassium assessment with a modified sodium tetraphyboron method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1999, 63: 902-911.
179. Dale G B. The relationship between potassium and protein. Crops and Soils Magazine, 1984, 36(4): 1-32.
180. Daniel M, Daniel D R. Long-term soil potassium availability from a Kanhapludult to an aggrading loblolly pine ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000,130: 109-129.
181. Dhillon S K, Dhillon K S. Kinetics of release of potassium by sodium tetraphenyl boron from some top soil samples of red (alfisol), black (vertisol) and alluvial (inceptisols and entisols) soils of Indian. Fertil. Res., 1992, 32: 135-138.
182. Dobermann A, Sta Cruz P C, Cassman K G. Fertilizer input nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice system. Potassium uptake and K balance. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 1996b, 46: 1-10.
183. Drury C F, Oloya T O, McKenney D J, et al. Long-term effects of fertilization and rotation on denitrification and soil carbon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1998, 62: 1572-1579.
184. Du Preez C C, Steyn J T, Kotze E. Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semi-arid Plinthosol. Soil Tillage Res., 2001, 63: 25-33.
185. Ghosh B N, Singh R D. Potassium release characteristics of some soils of Utter Pradesh hills varying in altitude and their relationship with forms of soil K and clay mineralogy. Geoderma, 2001,104: 135-144.
186. Gosling P, Shepherd M. Long-term changes in soil fertility in organic arable farming systems in England, with particular reference to phosphorus and potassium. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2005,105: 425-432.
187. Goulding K W T. The availability of potassium in soils to crops as measured by its release to a calcium-saturated cation exchange resin. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge, 1984,103: 265-215.
188. Hagin J, Feigenbaum S. Estimation of available potassium reserves in soils. Potassium Symposium, 1962: 219-227.
189. Hao M D, Fan J, Wei X R, et al. Effect of fertilization on soil fertility and wheat yield of dry land in the Loess Plateau. Pedosphere, 2005,15(2): 189-195.
190. Holmqvist J, 0gaard A F, oborn I, et al. Application of the profile model to estimate potassium release from mineral weathering in northern European agricultural soils. European Journal of Agronomy, 2003, 20: 149-163.
191. Hu H, Wang G H. Nutrient uptakes and use efficiency of irrigated rice in response to potassium application. Pedosphere, 2004,14(1): 125-136.
192. Hunter A H. Laboratory and greenhouse technique for nutrient survey studies to deternmine the soil amendments required for optimum plant growth. Agro. Service International. Inc. 1980.
193. Jaiyeoba I A. Changes in soil properties due to continuous cultivation in Nigerian semiarid Savannah. Soil and Tillage Research, 2003, 70(1): 91-98.
194. Jalali M. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release and availability in some calcareous soils of western Iran. Geoderma, 2006, 135: 63-71.
195. Jardin P M, Sparks D L. Potassium-calcium exchange in a multireactive soil system: 1. Kinetics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1984, 47: 39-45.
196. Jiang D, Hengsdijk H, Dai T B, et al. Long-term effects of manure and inorganic fertilizers on yield and soil fertility for a winter wheat-maize System in Jiangsu, China. Pedosphere, 2006, 16(1): 25-32.
197. Jouany C, Colomb B, Bosc M. Long-term effects of potassium fertilization on yields and fertility status of calcareous soils of south-west France. European Journal of Agronomy, 1996, 5: 287-294.
198. Kirchmann H. Properties and classification of soils of the Swedish long-term fertility experiments. I. Sites at Fors and Kungsangen. Acta Agric. Scand., 1991, 41: 227-242.
199. Kirkman J H, Basket A, Saurapaneni A. Potassium in the soils of New Zealand-A review. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1994, 37(2): 207-227.
200. Koch K, Mengel K. Effect of K on N utilization by spring wheat during grain protein formation. Agron J., 1997, 69: 477-480.
201. Kumar A, Yadav D S. Long-term effects of fertilizers on the soil fertility and productivity of a rice-wheat system. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science, 2001, 186: 47-54.
202. Kumar R, Singh G, Walia S S. Long-term effect of manure and fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility status in rice wheat system. Environment Ecology, 2000, 18: 546-549.
203. López-Bellido L, López-Bellido R L, Castillo J E, et al. Effects of long-term tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on bread-making quality of hard red spring wheat. Field Crops Res., 2001, 72: 197-210.
204. Lopez-Pineiro A, Garcia Navarro A. Potassium release kinetics and availability in unfertilized vertisols of south western Spain. Soil Sci., 1997, 162: 912-918.
205. Lukow O M, Mcvetty P B E. Effect of cultivar and environment on quality characteristics of spring wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 1991, 68(6): 597-601.
206. Malakouti M J. Iran confronts the imbalances in fertilizer use. In: Johnston A E, Maibaum W (ed.), Balanced Fertilization and Crop Response to Potassium. I.P.I., Basel, Switzerland. 1999: 11-23.
207. Mallarino A P, Bordoli J M, Borges R. Phosphorus and potassium placement effects on early growth and nutrient uptake of no-till corn and relationships with grain yield. Agron. J., 1999, 91: 37-45.
208. Manna M C, Swarnp A, Wanjari R H, et al. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Res., 2005, 93: 264-280.
209. Mclean E O. Influence of clay content and clay composition on potassium availability. In: Potash Res. Inst. of India(ed.). Potassium in soil and crop, 1978. p: 1-19.
210. Mengel K, Rahmatullah, Dou H. Release of potassium from the silt and sand fraction of loess-derived soils. Soil Sci., 1998, 163: 805-813.
211. Nambiar K K M, Abrol I P. Long-term fertilizer experiments in India: an overview. Fertil News, 1989, 34: 11-20.
212. Nel P C, Bamard R O, Steynberg R E, et al. Trends in maize grain yields in a long-term fertilizer trial. Field Crops Research, 1996,47:53-64.
213. Officer S J, Tillman R W, Palmer A S. Plant available potassium in New Zealand steep-land pasturngweie soils. Geoderma, 2006,133: 408-420.
214. Olk D C, Cassman K G, Carlson R M. Kinetics of potassium fixation in vermiclitic soils under different moisture regimes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1995, 59: 423-429.
215. Pal Y, Wong M T F, Gilkes R J. The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res., 1999, 37: 695-709.
216. Parker D R, Sparks D L, Hendricks G H, Sadusky M C. Potassium in atlantic coastal plain soils: II. Soil characterization and distribution of potassium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1989, 53: 392-396.
217. Pearson W. Potassium supplying power of eight Alabama soils. Soil Sci., 1952, 74: 301-309.
218. Peterson C J, Graybosch R A, Baenziger P S, etal. Genetics and environment effects on quality characteristics of hard red wheat. Crop Sci., 1992, 32: 98-103.
219. Rahmatullah, Mengel K. Potassium release from mineral structures by H~+ ion resin. Geoderma, 2000, 96: 291-305.
220. Rappaport B D, Axley J H. Potassium Chloride for improved Urea fertilizer efficiency. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1984, 48: 399-401.
221. Ravindra S, Agarwal S K, Jat M L. Quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and nutrient in soil as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Indian journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2002, 72(8): 456-460.
222. Reddy K S, Singh M, Tripathy A K, et al. Changes in organic and inorganic sulfur fractions and S mineralization in a Typic Haplustert after long-term cropping with different fertilizer and organic manure inputs. Aust. J. Soil Res., 2001,39:737-748.
223. Regmi A P, Ladha J K, Pasuquin E, et al. The role of potassium in sustaining yields in a long-term rice-wheat experiment in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2002, 36: 240-247.
224. Regmi A P, Ladha J K, Pathak H, et al. Yield and soil fertility trends in a 20-year rice-rice-wheat experiment in Nepal. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2002,66: 857-867.
225. Richards J E, Bates T E. Studies on the potassium-supplying capacities of southern Ontario soils: III. Measurement of available K. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1989, 69: 596-610.
226. Saleque M A, Abedin M J, Bhuiyan N I, et al. Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice. Field crops research, 2004, 86: 53-65.
227. Savvas D, Gizas G Response of hydroponically grown gerbera to nutrient solution recycling and different nutrient cation ratios. Scientia Horticulturae, 2002, 96: 267-280.
228. Schwab A P. Changes in soil chemical properties due to 40 years of fertilization. Soil Science, 1990,149: 35-46.
229. Sharpley A N. The kinetics of soil potassium desorption. Soil Sci. Am. J., 1987,51: 912-917.
230. Singh M, Singh V P, Reddy D D. Potassium balance and release kinetics under continuous rice-wheat cropping system in Vertisol. Field Crops Res., 2002, 77: 81-91.
231. Srini D, Liu B F. Fixation and release of potassium at typical tobacco soil in India. Foreign Tobacco, 1994, (1): 22-27.
232. Srinivasa Rao Ch, Anand S, Subba Rao A, Raja Gopal V. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release from a Tropaquept as influenced by long term cropping, fertilization and manuring. Aust. J. Soil Res., 1999, 37: 317-328.
233. Surapaneni A, Palmer A S, Tillman R W, et al. The mineralogy and potassium supplying power of some loessial and related soils of New Zealand. Geoderma, 2002,110: 191-204.
234. Talibudeen O, Beasley J D, Lane P, Rajendran N. Assessment of soil potassium reserves available to plant roots. J. Soil Sci., 1978, 29: 207-218.
235. Tan P S, Anh T N, Luat N V, Puckridge D W. Yield trend of a long-term NPK experiment for intensive rice monoculture in the Mekong River Delta of Viet Nam. Field Crops Research, 1995,42: 101-109.
236. Tiwari K N. Changes in potassium status of alluvial soils under intensive cropping. Fert. New., 1985, 30 (9): 17-24.
237. Tomm G O, Santos H P, Spera S T, Kochhann, R A. Effects of soil management systems on nutrient availability and soil organic matter content after nine years. In: II World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, vol. II, Foz de Iguazu, Brasil, August 11-15, 2003. p: 417-420.
238. Turley D B, Philb'ps M C, Johnson P, et al. Long-term straw management effects on yields of sequential wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) crops in clay and silty clay loam soils in England. Soil Till. Res., 2003,71: 59-69.
239. Uebel E, Heinsdorf D. Results of long-term K and Mg fertilizer experiments in afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management, 1997, 91:47-52.
240. Vyn T J, Galic D M, Janovicek K J. Corn response to potassium placement in conservation tillage. Soil Till. Res., 2002, 67: 159-169.
241. Vyn T J, Janovicek K J. Potassium placement and tillage system effects on corn response following long-term no-till. Agron. J., 2001,93: 487-495.
242. Welch L F, Flanney R L. Potassium nutrition of corn. In: Munson R D(ed.).Potassium in agriculture. 1985. p: 647-664.
243. Wihardjaka A G, Kirk G J D, Abdulrachman S, Mamaril C P. Potassium balances in rainfed lowland rice on a lighttextured soil. Field Crops Res., 1999, 64: 237-247.
244. Withers P J A, Unwin R J, Grylls J P, Kane R. Effects of withholding phosphate and potash fertilizer on grain yield of cereals and on plant-available phosphorus and potassium in calcareous soils. Eur. J. Agron., 1994, 3:1-8.
245. Yadav R L, Yadav D S, Singh R M, Kumar A. Long-term effects of inorganic fertilizer inputs on crop productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst, 1998,51: 193-200.
246. Yang S M, Li F M, Suo D R, et al. Effect of long-term fertilization on soil productivity and nitrate accumulation in Gansu Oasis. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2006,5(1): 57-67.
247. Zhang G P, Chen J X, Eshetu A T. Genotypic variation for potassium uptake and utilization efficiency in wheat. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999, 54: 41-48.
248. Zhang X, Zhu H X, Sun C H, et al. Effect of long-term fertilizer application on wheat seed quality in rotation culture. Agricultural research in the arid areas, 1997,15(4): 26-29.