大气气溶胶含量及其透过率初步研究
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摘要
随着人们生活水平的提高,公众的环境意识逐渐增强。可吸入颗粒物PM10已经成为我国城市的首要污染物,PM2.5的监测数据在部分城市已经开始对公众公布。这主要是可吸入颗粒物的对人体健康的影响和对城市视觉质量的影响造成的。可吸入颗粒物对人体健康的影响主要取决于颗粒物的粒径和相应的成分；同时可吸入颗粒物能吸收和散射大部分太阳辐射,降低空气质量。
本文研究了2011年南京北郊生活区冬季不同粒径可吸入颗粒物的含量及其透过率。首先,利用两台Anderson九级粒子撞击采样器分别于2011年11月至12月在南京北郊生活区采集可吸入颗粒物样品,再利用称重法测量不同粒径上颗粒物的含量。结果显示：大气中可吸入颗粒物的质量浓度平均值是228.65μg／m3,是国家日平均二级标准值(100μg／m。)的2.28倍左右。小于5.8μm的颗粒物占可吸入的83.03%,小于2.1μm的颗粒物占可吸入颗粒物的59.88%,小于1.1μm的颗粒物所占比例为41.74%,小于0.43μm的颗粒物所占比例为12.26%,这表明空气中细粒子污染严重。l0μm以下的颗粒物可进入鼻腔,小于7μm的微粒能进入咽喉,小于3μm的可达支气管,小于1μm的在肺泡的沉积率最高。长期居住在那里的人们将可能有大量的细小颗粒物进入肺泡、支气管和咽喉；可吸入颗粒物质量浓度在0.65-1.10m和5.80-9.0m之间有峰值,在0.65-1.10μm之间达到了最大值；而5.8-9.0μm粒径段有点不太明显。其原因是亚微米粒子数浓度较大,而粗粒子的体积正比于其尺度三次方,才导致了这两个粒径范围累积的质量浓度较大。PM10、PM2.1、PM1.1两两之间有很好的相关性。
利用实验室组装的光学测量系统分析样品的透过率。分析得出不同粒径的透过率的结果如下：(1)细颗粒物(粒径r<2.1μm)相比于粗颗粒物(2.1 基于实验室组装的带有FLA4000+的微型光纤光谱仪测量粗颗粒物透过率,得到了粗颗粒物的透过率光谱图；同时,基于测出的透过率估算粗颗粒物的消光系数,结果表明：(1)粗颗粒物粒径越大,透过率随波长变化幅度越小,即粒径较大粗颗粒物对波长的选择性不强,对可见光的敏感性差。(2)粗颗粒物的消光系数的数量级在10-5-10-4之间,这一数值比大气中一般出现的气溶胶消光系数值在10-4-10-3之间要小一个数量级,这也说明了粗颗粒气溶胶的消光作用弱,主要原因是粗颗粒物的数浓度较小造成。
With improvement of living standards, the environmental awareness of the public is gradually increased. Particulate matter (PM10) has become the primary pollutant of our city and the monitoring data of PM2.5have begun to the public. This is mainly caused by the impact of inhalable particulate matter on human health and the urban visual quality. Inhalable particulate matter on human health effects depends on the particle size and the corresponding component. It absorbs and scatters lots of solar radiation and reduces air quality.
This paper had surveyed the different size of inhalable particle content and its transmittance at Nanjing northern suburb of living area in winter,2011. First, FA-3impingement sampler was used to measure aerosol particle size distribution to collect the information of the atmospheric particles and the weight method was adopted to measure its content. Results showed that the average mass concentration reading was228.65μg/m3, which was about2.28times for the national two standard value (100μg/m3). On average83.03%of urban mass concentration of the inhalable particle was<5.8μm,59.88%below approximately2.1μm, and12.26%of PM10was<0.43μm, suggested that fine particle was serious in air pollution. Particulate matter less than10μm can enter the nasal cavity, less than7μm particles can enter the throat, less than3μm up to bronchial, less than1μm had the highest deposition rate in the alveoli, suggested that long-term residents have serious health effects. There existed double peaks,0.65-1.1μm and5.8-9.0μm respectively, and reached a maximum between0.65-1.1μm. The reason was that the sub-micron particle had higher number concentration and that the volume of coarse particle was proportional to the cube of the scale, which leaded to higher mass concentration. Good correlation between PM10、PM2.1and PM1.0.
The transmittance of different size of inhalable particle was conducted by the laboratory assembly of the optical measurement system. Results showed that fine particles (particle size r<2.1μm) had smaller value than the coarse particles (2.1 The laboratory-based assembly with FLA4000+Miniature Fiber Optic Spectrometer was used to measure the transmittance of the coarse particulates, and estimated its extinction coefficient. Results showed that the greater of the coarse particulates, variation amplitude of its transmittance with the wavelength was smaller, that means the larger particle size on the wavelength selectivity lower. The magnitude of its extinction coefficient was between10－5-10-4, which was lower than the generally value between10-4-10-3, this was also explained the roles of extinction of the coarse particle aerosol weakly.
本文研究了2011年南京北郊生活区冬季不同粒径可吸入颗粒物的含量及其透过率。首先,利用两台Anderson九级粒子撞击采样器分别于2011年11月至12月在南京北郊生活区采集可吸入颗粒物样品,再利用称重法测量不同粒径上颗粒物的含量。结果显示：大气中可吸入颗粒物的质量浓度平均值是228.65μg／m3,是国家日平均二级标准值(100μg／m。)的2.28倍左右。小于5.8μm的颗粒物占可吸入的83.03%,小于2.1μm的颗粒物占可吸入颗粒物的59.88%,小于1.1μm的颗粒物所占比例为41.74%,小于0.43μm的颗粒物所占比例为12.26%,这表明空气中细粒子污染严重。l0μm以下的颗粒物可进入鼻腔,小于7μm的微粒能进入咽喉,小于3μm的可达支气管,小于1μm的在肺泡的沉积率最高。长期居住在那里的人们将可能有大量的细小颗粒物进入肺泡、支气管和咽喉；可吸入颗粒物质量浓度在0.65-1.10m和5.80-9.0m之间有峰值,在0.65-1.10μm之间达到了最大值；而5.8-9.0μm粒径段有点不太明显。其原因是亚微米粒子数浓度较大,而粗粒子的体积正比于其尺度三次方,才导致了这两个粒径范围累积的质量浓度较大。PM10、PM2.1、PM1.1两两之间有很好的相关性。
利用实验室组装的光学测量系统分析样品的透过率。分析得出不同粒径的透过率的结果如下：(1)细颗粒物(粒径r<2.1μm)相比于粗颗粒物(2.1
With improvement of living standards, the environmental awareness of the public is gradually increased. Particulate matter (PM10) has become the primary pollutant of our city and the monitoring data of PM2.5have begun to the public. This is mainly caused by the impact of inhalable particulate matter on human health and the urban visual quality. Inhalable particulate matter on human health effects depends on the particle size and the corresponding component. It absorbs and scatters lots of solar radiation and reduces air quality.
This paper had surveyed the different size of inhalable particle content and its transmittance at Nanjing northern suburb of living area in winter,2011. First, FA-3impingement sampler was used to measure aerosol particle size distribution to collect the information of the atmospheric particles and the weight method was adopted to measure its content. Results showed that the average mass concentration reading was228.65μg/m3, which was about2.28times for the national two standard value (100μg/m3). On average83.03%of urban mass concentration of the inhalable particle was<5.8μm,59.88%below approximately2.1μm, and12.26%of PM10was<0.43μm, suggested that fine particle was serious in air pollution. Particulate matter less than10μm can enter the nasal cavity, less than7μm particles can enter the throat, less than3μm up to bronchial, less than1μm had the highest deposition rate in the alveoli, suggested that long-term residents have serious health effects. There existed double peaks,0.65-1.1μm and5.8-9.0μm respectively, and reached a maximum between0.65-1.1μm. The reason was that the sub-micron particle had higher number concentration and that the volume of coarse particle was proportional to the cube of the scale, which leaded to higher mass concentration. Good correlation between PM10、PM2.1and PM1.0.
The transmittance of different size of inhalable particle was conducted by the laboratory assembly of the optical measurement system. Results showed that fine particles (particle size r<2.1μm) had smaller value than the coarse particles (2.1
引文
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