沙漠地区被动微波遥感研究——以塔克拉玛干沙漠为例
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摘要
对于微波遥感来说，研究沙漠地区至少有三方面的意义：1)沙漠地区面积广大，地表无植被，可以作为星载微波辐射计天然的定标场；2)沙漠地区的微波遥感问题，不仅涉及到大气和地表辐射，更需要考虑微波穿透性的影响，本质上是浅表层遥感问题，因而它是各种辐射模型的天然试验场；3)拓展微波遥感的应用领域。此外，沙漠中频繁发生的沙尘暴、大风等对微波的影响，也是微波遥感研究的热点。
以往对沙漠地区的微波遥感研究数量较少，还不系统。在“973”项目“地球表面时空多变要素的定量遥感理论及应用”和“复杂自然环境时空定量信息获取与融合处理的理论与应用”以及中国科学院重大创新项目“地物微波辐射特性研究”的支持下，本文利用星载微波辐射计数据系统的以塔克拉玛干沙漠为例研究了沙漠地区的被动微波遥感问题，涉及微波辐射特性的时空分布，地表要素反演，地表要素分布以及沙漠地区的浅表层遥感等。
在相关课题的支持下，本文还进行了主被动微波遥感之间的关系研究。以往的研究表明，综合利用微波散射辐射特性能够帮助人们选择决定反演参量的观测参数、提高反演精度和加深对地表面与微波辐射之间交互作用的机理的理解。但未引起足够重视。本文利用统一基础的微波辐射散射模型，对主被动微波遥感之间的关系进行了深入研究。
具体来说，本文有以下工作和结论：
1)详细描述了目前广泛使用的几种随机粗糙面微波散射的模型，包括几何光学模型、物理光学模型、微扰模型和积分方程模型。通过与实测数据的对比分析和理论分析，表明各种模型在其适用范围内能够与实测数据符合。积分方程模型具有更宽的适用范围。
通过利用IEM模型模拟了C波段(5.3GHz)，入射角为40°，地表粗糙度服从高斯分布时，两种不同土壤水分条件下(介电常数分别为36.0—j0.1，4.3-j1.2)下均方根高度从0.1～7.0，相关长度从0.5～17.0的后向散射系数和发射率。分析所建立的数据库后，得出在0.2＜均方根高度＜1.7，均方根坡度＜0.2和2.0＜均方根高度＜4.0，0.2＜均方根坡度＜0.4两种情况下后向散射系数与反射率之比与土
中国科学院遥感应用研究所博卜学位论文
壤粗糙度的关系。模拟结果同时表明，这一关系与土壤水分含量无关。利用导出
的主被动微波遥感之间的关系，可望由后向散射系数计算发射率，并使用经验、
半经验模型来反演地表参量，这也为反演地表参量提供了一种新的思路。
2)利用sMMR数据对塔克拉玛干沙漠微波辐射的时空分布研究发现，在大
部分时间里，沙漠腹地的亮温低于沙漠边缘，亮温图仍然呈现很稳定的环状结构，
东北和西南角明显高于腹地。这可能是受到微波辐射采样深度的影响。在一年的
大部分时间里，SMMRV极化的观测亮温在塔克拉玛干沙漠都较为均一，标准差
在ZK以下，H极化较V极化略微离散，标准差在2K以下或2K左右。在夏季，
由于由降水、多云等因素的影响，离散程度较高，V极化可达10K，H极化可达
16K。
从时间变化上，亮温分别上半年和下半年有较好的对称性。SMMR各频率的V
极化亮温彼此之间相差不大，但H极化则随着地温升高和由冬季转向夏季，高频
亮温高于低频亮温且差距逐渐扩大。塔克拉玛干沙漠的微波亮温随时间呈规律性
变化，模拟了这种时间变化，取得了较好的模拟效果。
3)以辐射传输方程为正演模型，用带边界条件的Levenberg一Marquardt方
法进行了塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地表要素的反演研究，这些地表要素包括地表温
度，下垫面介电常数(含水量)、粗糙度和大气水汽含量等。利用沙漠腹地塔中站
和沙漠周边20个气象站的气象和气候资料对反演结果进行了验证，反演的温度
精度在2K以内。
4)根据对塔克拉玛干沙漠地表温度的反演算法，重建了1980、1981、1983、
1984和1985年该地区冬季的地表温度序列。在此基础上分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠
冬季地温的空间分布规律。塔克拉玛干沙漠冬季地温分布较为均一，较为明显的
是边缘带温度低于沙漠腹地，从边缘向腹地推进，地表温度呈环状上升。沙漠内
地温的频度分布为近似正态分布。
5)给出了我国自行研制发射的52一IV微波辐射计的全球观测亮温图。在对
该数据整理分析的基础上，认为在塔克拉玛于上空，SZ一IV微波辐射计的表现是
稳定的。通过统计回归分析，证明该辐射计23V、19H和6V通道亮温的线性组合
与地面温度有很好的相关关系。
6)对塔克拉玛干沙漠冬季低频亮温高于高频亮温或十分接近高频亮温的现
象提出了一种新的解释。结合对塔克拉玛干沙漠微波辐射特性的时空分布研究，
根据SMMR数据在塔中点的观测和SZ一工V在塔克拉玛干沙漠的观测，高频亮温在
夏季高于低频，且差距最大。由夏季转入冬季的过程中，这种差距逐渐减小。随
着观测角的不同，在冬季低频亮温与高频亮温接近甚至高于高频。这是由于低频
采样深度深，冬季深层地温高于表层地温和积雪散射效应的综合影响造成的。如
果仅仅从此前积雪的散射效应考虑，则不能很好解释SMMR数据从冬季到夏季高
中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文
频亮温与低频亮温的差距逐渐加大以及SZ一IV观测到的即使没有积雪，低频也能
高于?
As for passive microwave remote sensing, there are at least three aspects of meaning to study on sand desert area: 1) area in sand desert take a great percentage of the whole land area on earth, there is almost no vegetation in this area, so it can be used as natural calibration site for spaceborne microwave radiometer; 2) passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert is not only related to radiation of atmosphere and land surface, but also microwave penetration effects, essentially it is a problem of near-surface remote sensing. Thus it can be used as natural validation site for varies kind of emission model; 3) it can make more space for remote sensing applications. In addition, sand storm, wind storm that occurs in this area are also hot spots for passive microwave remote sensing.
Passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert had seldom been studied so far. In this thesis, using Takelimgan Sand Desert as an example and spaceborne radiometry data as data source, passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert has been studied systemically. It includes spatial and temporal distribution of microwave radiometry characteristics, retrieving surface parameters, distribution of surface parameters and near-surface passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert area.
Research before has illustrated that synergism of active and passive microwave remote sensing can be helpful to choose observing parameters to retrieve surface parameters, to improve accuracy of retrieving algorithm and deepen understanding of interactions between land surface and microwave radiation. But it has not been paid
attention enough so far. And relationship between active and passive microwave remote sensing has been studied in detail using uniform based microwave scattering and emission model.
Here below are the main works and conclusions in this thesis:
1) Several microwave scattering models on random roughness surface have been described in detail, these models include geometric optical model, physical optical model, small perturbation model and integrated equation model. By comparison of these models with real observation data, every model can fit for real data in there validity conditions. IEM model can be applied for a wider range.
By simulating the natural conditions and building up a database of backscattering coefficient and emissivities using IEM model, it is found that when ratio of rms height and correlation length is in some certain range, the ratio of backscattering coefficient to reflectivity is linear or polynomial with surface roughness. This relationship is independent of soil moisture. Backscattering coefficient can be calculated from emissivity using relationship derived in thi's thesis, and thus surface parameters can be retrieved by using empirical or semi-empirical emission models. This put forward a new method to retrieve surface parameters.
2) By study on spatial and temporal distribution of Takelimgan Sand Desert using SMMR data, it is found that in most of time, brightness temperature in inner part of the desert is lower than around the desert. Map of brightness temperature illustrate a stable ring-like structure, brightness temperature in northeast corner is above that in southwest corner obviously. This can be affected by microwave sampling depth. In most time of a year, brightness on Takelimgan Sand Desert of V polarization of every frequency of SMMR is relatively uniform; the standard deviation is below 2K. Brightness temperature of H polarization is not as concentrated as V polarization, the standard deviation is below or about 2K. In summer, brightness temperature is more dispersed with influence of precipitation and clouds, the standard deviation of V polarization can reach 10K, and 16K for H polarization.
For temporal distribution, it is symmetry between brightness temperatures of fore-half year and back-half year. Deviation among brightness temperatures of V polarization of SMMR frequencies are small, but brightness temperatures of high frequencies are higher and higher than that of low frequencies fro
以往对沙漠地区的微波遥感研究数量较少，还不系统。在“973”项目“地球表面时空多变要素的定量遥感理论及应用”和“复杂自然环境时空定量信息获取与融合处理的理论与应用”以及中国科学院重大创新项目“地物微波辐射特性研究”的支持下，本文利用星载微波辐射计数据系统的以塔克拉玛干沙漠为例研究了沙漠地区的被动微波遥感问题，涉及微波辐射特性的时空分布，地表要素反演，地表要素分布以及沙漠地区的浅表层遥感等。
在相关课题的支持下，本文还进行了主被动微波遥感之间的关系研究。以往的研究表明，综合利用微波散射辐射特性能够帮助人们选择决定反演参量的观测参数、提高反演精度和加深对地表面与微波辐射之间交互作用的机理的理解。但未引起足够重视。本文利用统一基础的微波辐射散射模型，对主被动微波遥感之间的关系进行了深入研究。
具体来说，本文有以下工作和结论：
1)详细描述了目前广泛使用的几种随机粗糙面微波散射的模型，包括几何光学模型、物理光学模型、微扰模型和积分方程模型。通过与实测数据的对比分析和理论分析，表明各种模型在其适用范围内能够与实测数据符合。积分方程模型具有更宽的适用范围。
通过利用IEM模型模拟了C波段(5.3GHz)，入射角为40°，地表粗糙度服从高斯分布时，两种不同土壤水分条件下(介电常数分别为36.0—j0.1，4.3-j1.2)下均方根高度从0.1～7.0，相关长度从0.5～17.0的后向散射系数和发射率。分析所建立的数据库后，得出在0.2＜均方根高度＜1.7，均方根坡度＜0.2和2.0＜均方根高度＜4.0，0.2＜均方根坡度＜0.4两种情况下后向散射系数与反射率之比与土
中国科学院遥感应用研究所博卜学位论文
壤粗糙度的关系。模拟结果同时表明，这一关系与土壤水分含量无关。利用导出
的主被动微波遥感之间的关系，可望由后向散射系数计算发射率，并使用经验、
半经验模型来反演地表参量，这也为反演地表参量提供了一种新的思路。
2)利用sMMR数据对塔克拉玛干沙漠微波辐射的时空分布研究发现，在大
部分时间里，沙漠腹地的亮温低于沙漠边缘，亮温图仍然呈现很稳定的环状结构，
东北和西南角明显高于腹地。这可能是受到微波辐射采样深度的影响。在一年的
大部分时间里，SMMRV极化的观测亮温在塔克拉玛干沙漠都较为均一，标准差
在ZK以下，H极化较V极化略微离散，标准差在2K以下或2K左右。在夏季，
由于由降水、多云等因素的影响，离散程度较高，V极化可达10K，H极化可达
16K。
从时间变化上，亮温分别上半年和下半年有较好的对称性。SMMR各频率的V
极化亮温彼此之间相差不大，但H极化则随着地温升高和由冬季转向夏季，高频
亮温高于低频亮温且差距逐渐扩大。塔克拉玛干沙漠的微波亮温随时间呈规律性
变化，模拟了这种时间变化，取得了较好的模拟效果。
3)以辐射传输方程为正演模型，用带边界条件的Levenberg一Marquardt方
法进行了塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地表要素的反演研究，这些地表要素包括地表温
度，下垫面介电常数(含水量)、粗糙度和大气水汽含量等。利用沙漠腹地塔中站
和沙漠周边20个气象站的气象和气候资料对反演结果进行了验证，反演的温度
精度在2K以内。
4)根据对塔克拉玛干沙漠地表温度的反演算法，重建了1980、1981、1983、
1984和1985年该地区冬季的地表温度序列。在此基础上分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠
冬季地温的空间分布规律。塔克拉玛干沙漠冬季地温分布较为均一，较为明显的
是边缘带温度低于沙漠腹地，从边缘向腹地推进，地表温度呈环状上升。沙漠内
地温的频度分布为近似正态分布。
5)给出了我国自行研制发射的52一IV微波辐射计的全球观测亮温图。在对
该数据整理分析的基础上，认为在塔克拉玛于上空，SZ一IV微波辐射计的表现是
稳定的。通过统计回归分析，证明该辐射计23V、19H和6V通道亮温的线性组合
与地面温度有很好的相关关系。
6)对塔克拉玛干沙漠冬季低频亮温高于高频亮温或十分接近高频亮温的现
象提出了一种新的解释。结合对塔克拉玛干沙漠微波辐射特性的时空分布研究，
根据SMMR数据在塔中点的观测和SZ一工V在塔克拉玛干沙漠的观测，高频亮温在
夏季高于低频，且差距最大。由夏季转入冬季的过程中，这种差距逐渐减小。随
着观测角的不同，在冬季低频亮温与高频亮温接近甚至高于高频。这是由于低频
采样深度深，冬季深层地温高于表层地温和积雪散射效应的综合影响造成的。如
果仅仅从此前积雪的散射效应考虑，则不能很好解释SMMR数据从冬季到夏季高
中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文
频亮温与低频亮温的差距逐渐加大以及SZ一IV观测到的即使没有积雪，低频也能
高于?
As for passive microwave remote sensing, there are at least three aspects of meaning to study on sand desert area: 1) area in sand desert take a great percentage of the whole land area on earth, there is almost no vegetation in this area, so it can be used as natural calibration site for spaceborne microwave radiometer; 2) passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert is not only related to radiation of atmosphere and land surface, but also microwave penetration effects, essentially it is a problem of near-surface remote sensing. Thus it can be used as natural validation site for varies kind of emission model; 3) it can make more space for remote sensing applications. In addition, sand storm, wind storm that occurs in this area are also hot spots for passive microwave remote sensing.
Passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert had seldom been studied so far. In this thesis, using Takelimgan Sand Desert as an example and spaceborne radiometry data as data source, passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert has been studied systemically. It includes spatial and temporal distribution of microwave radiometry characteristics, retrieving surface parameters, distribution of surface parameters and near-surface passive microwave remote sensing on sand desert area.
Research before has illustrated that synergism of active and passive microwave remote sensing can be helpful to choose observing parameters to retrieve surface parameters, to improve accuracy of retrieving algorithm and deepen understanding of interactions between land surface and microwave radiation. But it has not been paid
attention enough so far. And relationship between active and passive microwave remote sensing has been studied in detail using uniform based microwave scattering and emission model.
Here below are the main works and conclusions in this thesis:
1) Several microwave scattering models on random roughness surface have been described in detail, these models include geometric optical model, physical optical model, small perturbation model and integrated equation model. By comparison of these models with real observation data, every model can fit for real data in there validity conditions. IEM model can be applied for a wider range.
By simulating the natural conditions and building up a database of backscattering coefficient and emissivities using IEM model, it is found that when ratio of rms height and correlation length is in some certain range, the ratio of backscattering coefficient to reflectivity is linear or polynomial with surface roughness. This relationship is independent of soil moisture. Backscattering coefficient can be calculated from emissivity using relationship derived in thi's thesis, and thus surface parameters can be retrieved by using empirical or semi-empirical emission models. This put forward a new method to retrieve surface parameters.
2) By study on spatial and temporal distribution of Takelimgan Sand Desert using SMMR data, it is found that in most of time, brightness temperature in inner part of the desert is lower than around the desert. Map of brightness temperature illustrate a stable ring-like structure, brightness temperature in northeast corner is above that in southwest corner obviously. This can be affected by microwave sampling depth. In most time of a year, brightness on Takelimgan Sand Desert of V polarization of every frequency of SMMR is relatively uniform; the standard deviation is below 2K. Brightness temperature of H polarization is not as concentrated as V polarization, the standard deviation is below or about 2K. In summer, brightness temperature is more dispersed with influence of precipitation and clouds, the standard deviation of V polarization can reach 10K, and 16K for H polarization.
For temporal distribution, it is symmetry between brightness temperatures of fore-half year and back-half year. Deviation among brightness temperatures of V polarization of SMMR frequencies are small, but brightness temperatures of high frequencies are higher and higher than that of low frequencies fro
引文
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