从观众接受角度研究电影字幕翻译
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摘要
自从改革开放以来，我国与世界各国加强文化交流。其中影视交流占了较大比例。随着国际间文化交流日益频繁，信息时代数码技术不断发展，影视作品的对外译介和引进外国影视作品在数量和质量上均取得很大发展。外国影视剧作为文化传播的一种方式，越来越多地出现在我国电影电视屏幕上。在过去的几十年间，影视翻译已进入专业翻译领域。与传统的文学文本翻译相比，影视翻译仍然是比较新的领域。译论界还未给予影视翻译足够的重视。
影视翻译有两种主要方式：字幕翻译和配音。字幕翻译由于其低成本和高效率成为影视翻译的主流。本文以电影字幕翻译为重点，将电影作为字幕翻译的文本，分析电影文本中画面和字幕之间的相互作用，以及这种相互作用对目标观众的影响。本文在西方学者研究的基础之上，另辟蹊径引入戏剧符号学的相关理论分析电影文本。与传统戏剧的符号系统相比，电影文本的符号系统分类更为复杂，不同符号系统之间的相互作用更加丰富，因此电影字幕的翻译过程和决策过程均不同与文学文本。
字幕翻译是高度受限的翻译方式。在时间和空间限制的基础上，本文从电影文本中画面和字幕的相互作用中总结出另外两类限制。这四类限制影响着字幕翻译的决策过程。针对字幕翻译的限制，本文提出了不完全翻译，补偿翻译和零翻译。同时字幕翻译是以目标观众为归宿的翻译方式。目标观众对字幕的接收和理解程度是译者首先必须关注的。译者在字幕翻译过程中所做出的翻译决
The demand for cultural exchanges on international basis and technical innovation give rise to mass distribution of audiovisual products. Over the past decades, the practice of audio-visual translation has become one of the major activities in the world of professional translations. As a newly emerging translation category, audio-visual translation has remained marginalized compared with translation categories in traditional sense.
There are two major ways of screen translation: subtitling and dubbing. Focusing on subtitling, this thesis takes the interaction between text and image and its influence on audience as the basis of discussion and highlights the application of general norms in the specific discourse of Chinese language. Based on the semiotic systems of dramatic texts, film texts are made up by both visual and auditory signs, which are transmitted through four channels including verbal auditory, nonverbal auditory, verbal visual and nonverbal visual channels. These features of film texts give rise to complexity of subtitling translation referred to as subtitling.
Subtitling is a highly constrained way of translation. Apart from temporal and spatial constraints, two other constraints caused by interactions between visual and auditory signs also influence decision making of subtitlers. Due to these constraints, incomplete translation, compensation translation and zero translation are often be practised by subtitlers.
Subtitling is a highly viewer-oriented way of translation. Viewer perception is the first and foremost concern of subtitlers. As long as subtitling concerned, semantic, syntactic, contextual and stylistic elements are tackled on the premise that adequate
影视翻译有两种主要方式：字幕翻译和配音。字幕翻译由于其低成本和高效率成为影视翻译的主流。本文以电影字幕翻译为重点，将电影作为字幕翻译的文本，分析电影文本中画面和字幕之间的相互作用，以及这种相互作用对目标观众的影响。本文在西方学者研究的基础之上，另辟蹊径引入戏剧符号学的相关理论分析电影文本。与传统戏剧的符号系统相比，电影文本的符号系统分类更为复杂，不同符号系统之间的相互作用更加丰富，因此电影字幕的翻译过程和决策过程均不同与文学文本。
字幕翻译是高度受限的翻译方式。在时间和空间限制的基础上，本文从电影文本中画面和字幕的相互作用中总结出另外两类限制。这四类限制影响着字幕翻译的决策过程。针对字幕翻译的限制，本文提出了不完全翻译，补偿翻译和零翻译。同时字幕翻译是以目标观众为归宿的翻译方式。目标观众对字幕的接收和理解程度是译者首先必须关注的。译者在字幕翻译过程中所做出的翻译决
The demand for cultural exchanges on international basis and technical innovation give rise to mass distribution of audiovisual products. Over the past decades, the practice of audio-visual translation has become one of the major activities in the world of professional translations. As a newly emerging translation category, audio-visual translation has remained marginalized compared with translation categories in traditional sense.
There are two major ways of screen translation: subtitling and dubbing. Focusing on subtitling, this thesis takes the interaction between text and image and its influence on audience as the basis of discussion and highlights the application of general norms in the specific discourse of Chinese language. Based on the semiotic systems of dramatic texts, film texts are made up by both visual and auditory signs, which are transmitted through four channels including verbal auditory, nonverbal auditory, verbal visual and nonverbal visual channels. These features of film texts give rise to complexity of subtitling translation referred to as subtitling.
Subtitling is a highly constrained way of translation. Apart from temporal and spatial constraints, two other constraints caused by interactions between visual and auditory signs also influence decision making of subtitlers. Due to these constraints, incomplete translation, compensation translation and zero translation are often be practised by subtitlers.
Subtitling is a highly viewer-oriented way of translation. Viewer perception is the first and foremost concern of subtitlers. As long as subtitling concerned, semantic, syntactic, contextual and stylistic elements are tackled on the premise that adequate
引文
[1] Baker, Mona. Ed. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge, 1998.
[2] Bogucki, Lukasz. "The Constraint of Relevance in Subtitling" The Journal of Specialized Translation, Issue 1, January 2004.
[3] Cattrysse, Patrick. "Multimedia and Translation: Methodological Considerations". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[4] Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge, 2002.
[5] Danan, Martine. "Dubbing as an Expression of Nationalism". Meta, ⅩⅩⅩⅥ 4. 1991
[6] Del Camino Gutierrez Lanza, Maria. "Spanish Film Translation: Ideology, Censorship and the National Language". In The Changing Scene in the World Languages. American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series. Vol. Ⅸ, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1997
[7] De Linde, Zoe. "Read My Lips: Subtitling Principals: Practices and Problems". Perspectives 1995
[8] Den Boer, Corien. "Live Interlingual Subtitling". in Gambler, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[9] Dewolf, Linda. Subtitling Opera: With Examples of Translations from German into French and Dutch
[10] Diaz-Cintas, Jorge. "Dubbing or Subtitling: The Eternal Dilemma". Perspectives, 1999(1). ——"Striving for Quality in Subtitling: the Role of a Good Dialogue List". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[11] Domingo Sanchez-Mesa Martines. "Hypertext and Cyberspace: New Challenges to Translation Studies". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[12] Elam, Keir. The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama. London and New York: Methuen. 1980.
[13] Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research.Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[14] Goethals,Gregor. "Images of Translation". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[15] Gottlieb, Henrik. "Subtitling: Diagonal Translation". Perspectives——"Subtitling-a new university discipline," in C. Dollerup et al (eds) Teaching Translation and Interpreting Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992.
[16] Hajmohammadi, Ali. "The Viewer as the Focus of Subtitling", Translation Journal, 2004, Volumn8, No. 4
[17] Hatim, Basil and Ian Mason. The Translator as Communicator. London: Routledge, 2002.
[18] Hurt, C. & Widler, B. "Untertitelung/Ubertitelung". in Handbuch Translation. Snell-Hornby, M. (et. al, eds). Stauffenburg. Tubingen 1999.
[19] Jackel, Anne. "The Subtitling of La Haine: A Case Study". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[20] James, Heulwen. "Quality Control of Subtitles: Review or Preview?" in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjarnins Publishing Company. 2001.
[21] Johansen, Jorgen-Dines and Svend Erik Larsen. Signs in Use: An Introduction. to Semiotics. London: Routledge, 2002.
[22] Karamitroglou, Fotios. "A Methodology for the Investigation of Norms in Audiovisual Translation", Translation Journal,——"Audiovisual Translation at the Dawn of the Digital Age: Prospects and Potentials",. Translation Journal,.Volume 3.1999.——Kammitroglou, Fotios. "A Proposed Set of Subtitling Standards in Europe". Translation Journal. Volume 7.1998.
[23] Kowzan, Tadeusz. "The Sign in the Theater: An Introduction to the Serniology of the Art of the Spectacle." Trans. Simon Pleasance. Diogenes 61.1968.
[24] Kussmaul, Paul. "Translation through Visualization". Meta. Volume 50.2005
[25] Meylaerts, Reine. "The Position of Foreign Languages in the Flemish Media". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[26] Morgen, Hazel R. "Subtitling for Channel 4 Television". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[27] Munday, Jeremy. Introduction Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routledge. 2001.
[28] Nikolarea, Ekaterini. "Performability versus Readability: A Historical Overview of a Theoretical Polarization in Theater Translation". Translation Journal Volumn6, No.4.2002.
[29] Nir, Raphael. "Linguistic and Socio-linguistic Problems in the Translation of Imported TV Films in Israel". EBSCO Publishing. 2003
[30] Paquin, Robert. "Translator, Adapter, Screenwriter: Translation for the Audiovisual". Translation Journal.——Paquin, Robert. "In the Footsteps of Giants: Translating Shakespeare for Dubbing". Translation Journal. Volume 5, No.3.2001
[31] Pym, Anthony. "Four Remarks on Translation Research and Multimedia". in Gambier, Yves and Hertrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[32] Rosa, Alexandra Assis. "Features of Oral and Written Communication in Subtitling". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[33] Remael, Aline. "Some Thoughts on the Study of Multimodal and Multimedia Translation". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[34] Schwarz, Barbara. "Translation in a Confined Spaee—Film Sub-titling with special reference to Dennis Potter's Lipstick on Your Collar". Translation Journal. Volume 6, No.4.2002.
[35] Szarkowska, Agnieszka. "The Power of Film Translation". Translation Journal Volume 9.No.2. 2005,
[36] Wehn, Karin. "About Remakes, Dubbing and Morphing: Some Comments on Visual Transformation Processes and their Relevance for Translation Theory". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[37] Wemer, J. Ritter. "Text and Context in Multimedia Translation". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[38] Varela, Frederic-Chaume. "Models of Research in Audiovisual Translation". Research Models in Translation Studies Conference 2000.
[1] 柴梅萍，“配音与字幕声画同步翻译的策略”，《山东外语教学》，2003／5
[2] 段鸿欣，“译制片与字母片翻译的差异”，《中国广播电视学刊》，2001／7增刊
[3] 李运兴，“字幕翻译的策略”，《中国翻译》，2001／4
[4] 刘宏球，《影视艺术概论》，上海文艺出版社，2002
[5] 刘利民，《心理语言学》，四川大学出版社，2000
[6] 卢红梅，“翻译与混杂文体”，《现代外语》，2003第3期
[7] 盘剑主编，《影视艺术》，浙江大学出版社，2004
[8] 彭聃龄，《语言心理学》，北京师范大学出版社，1991
[9] 钱绍昌，“影视翻译—翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域”，《中国翻译》，2000年第1期
[10] 王新法，“汉语句子阅读阈限的初步研究”，《心理科学》，2003第1期
[11] 张必隐，《阅读心理学》，北京师范大学出版社，1992
[12] 张凤铸“影视艺术前沿—影视本体和走向论”中国广播电视出版社1997
[13] 赵春梅，“论译制片翻译中的四对主要矛盾”，《中国翻译》，2002／4
[14] 周传基，《电影电视广播中的声音》，中国电影出版社1991
[15] 孟祥芝 沙淑颖 周晓林，“语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读”，《心理科学》2004，27(6)
[16] 魏连娣 李晓东，“汉语短时识别中的偏好效应”，《心理科学》，2005，28(3)
[2] Bogucki, Lukasz. "The Constraint of Relevance in Subtitling" The Journal of Specialized Translation, Issue 1, January 2004.
[3] Cattrysse, Patrick. "Multimedia and Translation: Methodological Considerations". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[4] Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge, 2002.
[5] Danan, Martine. "Dubbing as an Expression of Nationalism". Meta, ⅩⅩⅩⅥ 4. 1991
[6] Del Camino Gutierrez Lanza, Maria. "Spanish Film Translation: Ideology, Censorship and the National Language". In The Changing Scene in the World Languages. American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series. Vol. Ⅸ, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1997
[7] De Linde, Zoe. "Read My Lips: Subtitling Principals: Practices and Problems". Perspectives 1995
[8] Den Boer, Corien. "Live Interlingual Subtitling". in Gambler, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[9] Dewolf, Linda. Subtitling Opera: With Examples of Translations from German into French and Dutch
[10] Diaz-Cintas, Jorge. "Dubbing or Subtitling: The Eternal Dilemma". Perspectives, 1999(1). ——"Striving for Quality in Subtitling: the Role of a Good Dialogue List". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[11] Domingo Sanchez-Mesa Martines. "Hypertext and Cyberspace: New Challenges to Translation Studies". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[12] Elam, Keir. The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama. London and New York: Methuen. 1980.
[13] Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research.Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[14] Goethals,Gregor. "Images of Translation". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[15] Gottlieb, Henrik. "Subtitling: Diagonal Translation". Perspectives——"Subtitling-a new university discipline," in C. Dollerup et al (eds) Teaching Translation and Interpreting Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992.
[16] Hajmohammadi, Ali. "The Viewer as the Focus of Subtitling", Translation Journal, 2004, Volumn8, No. 4
[17] Hatim, Basil and Ian Mason. The Translator as Communicator. London: Routledge, 2002.
[18] Hurt, C. & Widler, B. "Untertitelung/Ubertitelung". in Handbuch Translation. Snell-Hornby, M. (et. al, eds). Stauffenburg. Tubingen 1999.
[19] Jackel, Anne. "The Subtitling of La Haine: A Case Study". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[20] James, Heulwen. "Quality Control of Subtitles: Review or Preview?" in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjarnins Publishing Company. 2001.
[21] Johansen, Jorgen-Dines and Svend Erik Larsen. Signs in Use: An Introduction. to Semiotics. London: Routledge, 2002.
[22] Karamitroglou, Fotios. "A Methodology for the Investigation of Norms in Audiovisual Translation", Translation Journal,——"Audiovisual Translation at the Dawn of the Digital Age: Prospects and Potentials",. Translation Journal,.Volume 3.1999.——Kammitroglou, Fotios. "A Proposed Set of Subtitling Standards in Europe". Translation Journal. Volume 7.1998.
[23] Kowzan, Tadeusz. "The Sign in the Theater: An Introduction to the Serniology of the Art of the Spectacle." Trans. Simon Pleasance. Diogenes 61.1968.
[24] Kussmaul, Paul. "Translation through Visualization". Meta. Volume 50.2005
[25] Meylaerts, Reine. "The Position of Foreign Languages in the Flemish Media". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[26] Morgen, Hazel R. "Subtitling for Channel 4 Television". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[27] Munday, Jeremy. Introduction Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routledge. 2001.
[28] Nikolarea, Ekaterini. "Performability versus Readability: A Historical Overview of a Theoretical Polarization in Theater Translation". Translation Journal Volumn6, No.4.2002.
[29] Nir, Raphael. "Linguistic and Socio-linguistic Problems in the Translation of Imported TV Films in Israel". EBSCO Publishing. 2003
[30] Paquin, Robert. "Translator, Adapter, Screenwriter: Translation for the Audiovisual". Translation Journal.——Paquin, Robert. "In the Footsteps of Giants: Translating Shakespeare for Dubbing". Translation Journal. Volume 5, No.3.2001
[31] Pym, Anthony. "Four Remarks on Translation Research and Multimedia". in Gambier, Yves and Hertrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[32] Rosa, Alexandra Assis. "Features of Oral and Written Communication in Subtitling". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[33] Remael, Aline. "Some Thoughts on the Study of Multimodal and Multimedia Translation". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[34] Schwarz, Barbara. "Translation in a Confined Spaee—Film Sub-titling with special reference to Dennis Potter's Lipstick on Your Collar". Translation Journal. Volume 6, No.4.2002.
[35] Szarkowska, Agnieszka. "The Power of Film Translation". Translation Journal Volume 9.No.2. 2005,
[36] Wehn, Karin. "About Remakes, Dubbing and Morphing: Some Comments on Visual Transformation Processes and their Relevance for Translation Theory". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[37] Wemer, J. Ritter. "Text and Context in Multimedia Translation". in Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb. Ed. (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. 2001.
[38] Varela, Frederic-Chaume. "Models of Research in Audiovisual Translation". Research Models in Translation Studies Conference 2000.
[1] 柴梅萍，“配音与字幕声画同步翻译的策略”，《山东外语教学》，2003／5
[2] 段鸿欣，“译制片与字母片翻译的差异”，《中国广播电视学刊》，2001／7增刊
[3] 李运兴，“字幕翻译的策略”，《中国翻译》，2001／4
[4] 刘宏球，《影视艺术概论》，上海文艺出版社，2002
[5] 刘利民，《心理语言学》，四川大学出版社，2000
[6] 卢红梅，“翻译与混杂文体”，《现代外语》，2003第3期
[7] 盘剑主编，《影视艺术》，浙江大学出版社，2004
[8] 彭聃龄，《语言心理学》，北京师范大学出版社，1991
[9] 钱绍昌，“影视翻译—翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域”，《中国翻译》，2000年第1期
[10] 王新法，“汉语句子阅读阈限的初步研究”，《心理科学》，2003第1期
[11] 张必隐，《阅读心理学》，北京师范大学出版社，1992
[12] 张凤铸“影视艺术前沿—影视本体和走向论”中国广播电视出版社1997
[13] 赵春梅，“论译制片翻译中的四对主要矛盾”，《中国翻译》，2002／4
[14] 周传基，《电影电视广播中的声音》，中国电影出版社1991
[15] 孟祥芝 沙淑颖 周晓林，“语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读”，《心理科学》2004，27(6)
[16] 魏连娣 李晓东，“汉语短时识别中的偏好效应”，《心理科学》，2005，28(3)