反辐射导弹仿真系统技术研究
摘要
本文以反辐射导弹系统仿真技术为研究重点,论文主要围绕反辐射导弹的关键部件被动雷达导引头以及仿真系统中飞行弹道的建模等问题展开研究,并建立了基于HLA的反辐射导弹分布式仿真系统。
为了成功建立反辐射导弹仿真系统,弹道仿真是其中一个关键的步骤,它为总体设计提供重要的性能参数,在总体设计中占有极其重要的地位。所以本文首先建立了结构化的导弹飞行弹道模型,根据弹道导弹动力学特性的不同,分阶段建立了相应的导弹运动学模型,并进行仿真。完成了弹道仿真及其微分方程的数值解法,为反辐射导弹系统的弹道数据分析提供了基础。最后采用捷联去耦模型,建立了反辐射导弹系统中方位与俯仰通道的飞行控制模型,并构建了Simulink模型转换为HLA仿真系统的实时交互模型。
文中采用相干视频信号的仿真方法,准确有效的建立了被动雷达导引头目标、噪声以及干扰的数学模型。提出了一种通用的被动雷达导引头系统仿真模型,复现信号通过混频器、AGC和正交解调等一系列处理的变化过程。在信号处理部分,对于被动雷达导引头常用的相位干涉仪测向体制进行了较为深入的分析,构建了被动雷达导引头脉压模型,最终建立了全面合理的信号处理模型。
针对于被动雷达导引头仿真系统中数据处理部分,建立了攻击目标过程中需要考虑的各项误差模型,在满足被动雷达导引头所需灵敏度基础上,分析影响被动雷达导引头命中概率的诸多因素,在此基础上,建立了被动雷达导引头攻击运动目标的命中概率模型,为今后被动雷达导引头系统的分析、设计以及作战效果评估等方面提供实验平台。
反辐射导弹技术的研究离不开仿真验证系统,在缺乏实际装备的条件下,仿真建模成为唯一有效的途径。为此,本文在最后部分对反辐射导弹对抗建模仿真技术进行了研究,实现了基于HLA标准的由被动雷达导引头、飞行弹道、目标以及三维视景联邦成员组成的分布交互式仿真系统。该系统以MAK RTI和VR-Link为开发环境、依照联邦开发执行过程,开发出了制导系统分布交互式仿真系统的概念模型；建立了联邦的FOM/SOM模型,实现了仿真系统的实时的、逼真的显示。
The simulation technology of ARM system is mainly studied, including modeling the PRS which is the key parts of ARM model and ballistic trajectory model.The ARM simulation system based on HLA is built finally.
In order to establish the simulation system of ARM, the trajectory simulation is one of the key processes. It provides parameters for overall design and haves important status extremely during the overall design. Trajectory model is setted up after analyzing detailedly. According as dynamics characteristic, relevant sport model of ARM is built and simulated in each phase.In order to provide base for analyzing data of trajectory, solution of differential eguation is completed.It adopts decoupling model to establish the flying control moled of azimuth and pitch channel in the ARM system.The mutual model is proposed which converted simulink model into HLA simulation system.
PRS is the key parts of ARM, and its capability to be a direct influence on ARM.The target model, noise model and jamming model are built effectively with the simulation method of video frequency signal. Current simulation model of PRA is proposed. The processing process of signal includes mixer, AGC, limit breadth and demodulation. This variational process of signal is repeated, In the signal processing part, Interferometer system is analyzed roundly, and the pulse compression model of PRS is built. In the data processing part, manifold error models are established, and analyses factor of influence hit the target probability. The hit the target probability model is established when the PRS attack athletic target. It can provide experiment platform for PRS system to analyse, devise and evaluate in the future.
The research of Anti-radar missiles technology can hardly be accomplished without simulation and validating system. For this problem, when short of actual equipments, simulation and modeling becomes the only effective approach. Therefore, in the last part of this dissertation, the modeling and simulation technologies of Anti-radar missiles are researched, and the advanced distributed simulation protocol-High Level Archtechture (HLA) is applied to the simulation, which is applicable to large and complicated system simulation. Distributed simulation system is made up PRS, trajectory, target and three-dimensional view federation based on HLA. The system adopts MAK RTI and VR-LINK to develop application. According to executive process of federation exploiture, the model of distributed simulation system is exploited, and FOM/SOM modeling of federation is constituted. Real-time and breathing simulation system of ARM is achieved
为了成功建立反辐射导弹仿真系统,弹道仿真是其中一个关键的步骤,它为总体设计提供重要的性能参数,在总体设计中占有极其重要的地位。所以本文首先建立了结构化的导弹飞行弹道模型,根据弹道导弹动力学特性的不同,分阶段建立了相应的导弹运动学模型,并进行仿真。完成了弹道仿真及其微分方程的数值解法,为反辐射导弹系统的弹道数据分析提供了基础。最后采用捷联去耦模型,建立了反辐射导弹系统中方位与俯仰通道的飞行控制模型,并构建了Simulink模型转换为HLA仿真系统的实时交互模型。
文中采用相干视频信号的仿真方法,准确有效的建立了被动雷达导引头目标、噪声以及干扰的数学模型。提出了一种通用的被动雷达导引头系统仿真模型,复现信号通过混频器、AGC和正交解调等一系列处理的变化过程。在信号处理部分,对于被动雷达导引头常用的相位干涉仪测向体制进行了较为深入的分析,构建了被动雷达导引头脉压模型,最终建立了全面合理的信号处理模型。
针对于被动雷达导引头仿真系统中数据处理部分,建立了攻击目标过程中需要考虑的各项误差模型,在满足被动雷达导引头所需灵敏度基础上,分析影响被动雷达导引头命中概率的诸多因素,在此基础上,建立了被动雷达导引头攻击运动目标的命中概率模型,为今后被动雷达导引头系统的分析、设计以及作战效果评估等方面提供实验平台。
反辐射导弹技术的研究离不开仿真验证系统,在缺乏实际装备的条件下,仿真建模成为唯一有效的途径。为此,本文在最后部分对反辐射导弹对抗建模仿真技术进行了研究,实现了基于HLA标准的由被动雷达导引头、飞行弹道、目标以及三维视景联邦成员组成的分布交互式仿真系统。该系统以MAK RTI和VR-Link为开发环境、依照联邦开发执行过程,开发出了制导系统分布交互式仿真系统的概念模型；建立了联邦的FOM/SOM模型,实现了仿真系统的实时的、逼真的显示。
The simulation technology of ARM system is mainly studied, including modeling the PRS which is the key parts of ARM model and ballistic trajectory model.The ARM simulation system based on HLA is built finally.
In order to establish the simulation system of ARM, the trajectory simulation is one of the key processes. It provides parameters for overall design and haves important status extremely during the overall design. Trajectory model is setted up after analyzing detailedly. According as dynamics characteristic, relevant sport model of ARM is built and simulated in each phase.In order to provide base for analyzing data of trajectory, solution of differential eguation is completed.It adopts decoupling model to establish the flying control moled of azimuth and pitch channel in the ARM system.The mutual model is proposed which converted simulink model into HLA simulation system.
PRS is the key parts of ARM, and its capability to be a direct influence on ARM.The target model, noise model and jamming model are built effectively with the simulation method of video frequency signal. Current simulation model of PRA is proposed. The processing process of signal includes mixer, AGC, limit breadth and demodulation. This variational process of signal is repeated, In the signal processing part, Interferometer system is analyzed roundly, and the pulse compression model of PRS is built. In the data processing part, manifold error models are established, and analyses factor of influence hit the target probability. The hit the target probability model is established when the PRS attack athletic target. It can provide experiment platform for PRS system to analyse, devise and evaluate in the future.
The research of Anti-radar missiles technology can hardly be accomplished without simulation and validating system. For this problem, when short of actual equipments, simulation and modeling becomes the only effective approach. Therefore, in the last part of this dissertation, the modeling and simulation technologies of Anti-radar missiles are researched, and the advanced distributed simulation protocol-High Level Archtechture (HLA) is applied to the simulation, which is applicable to large and complicated system simulation. Distributed simulation system is made up PRS, trajectory, target and three-dimensional view federation based on HLA. The system adopts MAK RTI and VR-LINK to develop application. According to executive process of federation exploiture, the model of distributed simulation system is exploited, and FOM/SOM modeling of federation is constituted. Real-time and breathing simulation system of ARM is achieved
引文
[1]司锡才,赵建民编着.宽频带反辐射导弹导引头技术基础[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1996：1-3页
[2]司锡才.反辐射导弹防御技术导论[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1997.4：31-149页
[3]张雪松等.军用电子信息系统分布式仿真体系结构研究[J].计算机仿真,2002：35-38页
[4]黄柯隶等,系统仿真技术[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1999
[5]林象平.雷达对抗原理[M].西安：西北电讯工程学院出版社,1985
[6]刘延斌,金光.半实物仿真技术的发展现状[J].光机电信息,2003(1)：27-32页
[7]张毅,杨辉耀,李俊莉.弹道导弹弹道学[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1999
[8]唐明亮.飞行器导弹仿真通用软件设计[D].西安：西北工业大学,2006
[9]尚磊云.空地导弹数学模型与系统仿真模型[D].西安：西北工业大学,2004.3
[10]王明光.先进航天器轨道快速优化[D].西安：西北工业大学,2005
[11]周颖.电子战条件下导弹防御相控阵雷达仿真与评估研究[M].博士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2005,6：58-67页
[12]R.L.米切尔.雷达系统模拟[M].北京：科学出版社,1982
[13]Sergey A.Leonov,Alexander I.Leonov.Handbook of Computer Simulation in Radio Engineering, Communications,and Radar[M].Artech House,2001
[14]G.Richard Curry. Radar System Performance Modeling[M].Aretech House, 2001
[15]Yakov D.Shirman,Sergey A.Gorshkov,Sergey P.Leshchenko,Valeriy M. Orlenko,Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition,Detection and Tracking[M].Artech House,2002
[16]王国玉,汪连栋等.雷达电子战系统数学仿真与评估[M].北京：国工业出版社,2004,89-92页
[17]曾洪祥.雷达电子战系统建模仿真和作战效能评估的研究[D].博士学位论文,长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2000,8
[18]施龙飞.相控阵雷达系统相干视频仿真与研究[D].硕士学位论文,长沙：国防科学技术大学研究生院,2002,11
[19]帅鹏.“宙斯盾”AN/SP-ID雷达系统仿真研究与实现[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学,2002,11
[20]Xu Jian-juan,He You,Che zhi-yu,Three-Drmensional Passive Location Algorithm of the OTHT, In 3rd Internation Conference on Computational Electromagnetics and Its Application Proceedings,2004
[21]毛滔.空间监视相控阵雷达数据处理建模与仿真[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2003,12
[22]陈明辉.弹道导弹防御相控阵雷达欺骗干扰效果仿真与评估研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2003,12
[23]李文臣.空间监视相控阵雷达建模与仿真研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2003,11
[24]吕雁.基于PC的单脉冲雷达系统建模与仿真[D].硕士学位论文.西安：西安电子科技大学,2002,1
[25]凌茵.相控阵雷达仿真系统研究与实现[D].硕士学位论文.北京：北京理工大学,2003,1
[26]王欣.典型体制雷达干扰技术仿真研究[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京理工大学,2001,1
［27]段惠萍,雷达系统的建模与仿真[D].硕士学位论文.西安：西安电子科技大学,2001,1
[28]DMSO.High-Level Architecture Rules.Version 1.3.5 February 1998
[29]DMSO.High-Level Architecture Interface Specification.Version 1.3.2 April 1998
[30]DMSO.High-Level Architecture Object Model Template Specification. Versio1.3.20 April 1998.
[31]周彦,戴剑伟主编.HLA仿真程序设计[M].北京：电子工业出版,2002.
[32][美Frederick Kuhl, Richard Weatherly, Judith Dahmann著.付正军,王永红译.计算机仿真中的HLA技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[33]Favallia L, Gamba P.Multi-radar Data Fusion for Object Tracking and Shape Estimation[J]. Signal Processing.1996,48(3):P237-239
[36]李莎莎,司锡才,陈涛.被动雷达功能仿真系统对噪声调频干扰源的跟踪过程研究[J].弹箭制导学报,2008,28(4),212-214页
[35]马明.空空导弹毁伤概率若干问题探讨[J].战术导弹技术,2000,3：25-28页
[36]李莎莎,司锡才,陈涛.被动雷达导引头信号仿真平台研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2009,41(3)：146-148页
[37]孙世霞,黄柯棣.RTI性能测试分析[J].系统仿真学报.2005,17(4)：909-913页
[38]王蒙.基于模糊逻辑的飞航导弹高度控制系统设计[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2006
[39]张金槐.远程火箭精度分析与评估[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1995
[40]贾沛然,陈克俊,何力.远程火箭弹道学[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1993
[41]李长青.导弹控制系统设计研究[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2003
[42]火箭弹道及运载火箭弹道的设计、优化及仿真[D].北京：北京航空航天大学,2004
[43]陈涛,张国耀,李莎莎.基于VR-Link/RTW实现导弹制导仿真联邦成员设计[J].弹箭与制导学报.2009,4
[44]Besada, J.A.,Garcia, J., De Miguel, G.et al, Design of IMM filer for radar tracking using evolution strategies,IEEE Trans on AES.2005,41(3): P1109-1122
[45]Puranik,S.,Tugnait,J.K.,Tracking of multiple maneuvering targets using multiscan JPDA and IMM smoothing [radar sensor example], Acoustics, speech,and Signal Processing,2004.Proceedings.(ICASSP'04).Volum 3, 17-21 May 2004,3(3):P960-963
[46]Michel, L.J., Stephanc, L.Ground surveillance RADAR tracking with the IMM algorithm.Radar Conference,2004.EURAD.First European,2004: P137-140
[47]田新华,冯润明,温干飞,等.一种将Simulink/Stateflow模型改造成HLA成员的方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(7)：883-886页
[48]Using Simulink [DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003
[49]Real-Time Workshop User's Guide[DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003
[50]陈宏.基于Simulink的HLA联邦成员开发技术的研究[D].山东：山东大学.2005
[51]杨涤,李立涛,杨旭,朱承元.系统实时仿真开发环境与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2002
[52]MAK Technologies.MAK VR-Link 3.9.6 Developer'S Guide[M]. Cambridge, USA:MAK Technologies,2007
[53]Subramanian A K. Radar ECCM Model through PETRI Nets[J]. Radar International conf,2003:P184-187
[54]Pearl Run etc.The Application of Readily Available Software Package in Communication and Radar System Simulations[J]. FIE Proceedings Annual Conf,2004:P254-257
[55]Michael Short, Michael J.Pont.Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Embedded Automotive Control Systems.The 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.September 13-16,2005
[56]Julien Scharl, Dimitri N.Mavris, Ivan Y.Burdun.Use of Flight Simulation in EarlyDesign:Formulation and Application of the Virtual Testing and Evaluation Methodology.AIAA2000-01-5590,World Aviation Conference, San Diego,CA, October 2000
[57]Simulation of Electronic Warfare Receivers.DCC.89.AD-A215/357
[58]Pearl Run etc.The Application of Readily Available Software Package in Communication and Radar System Simulations[J]. FIE Proceedings Annual Conf,2004:P254-257
[59]Way J et al.The Evolution of Synthetic Aperture Adadar System and Their Progression to the EOS SAR[J]. IEEE Trans on GE.1991,29(6):P121-128
[60]Attema E P W. The Active Microwave Instrument On-board the ERS-1 Satellite[J]. Proc.of the IEEE.1991,79(6):P791-799
[61]Simon J.Godsill, Jaco Vermaak, William Ng and Jack F.Li, Models and algorithms for tracking of maneuvering objects using variable rate particle filers,proceedings of the IEEE,Vol.95,No.5,May 2007:P925-952
[62]Robert Sij, Pantelis Elinas and James J.Little.A Study of the Rao-Blackwellised Partecle Filter for Efficient and Accurate Vision-Based SLAM, International Journal of Computer Vision,Volume 74, Number 3, 2007,9:P303-318
[63]St-Pierre M,Gingras D.Comparison between the unscented Kalman filter and the extend Kalman filter for the position estimation module of an integrated navigation information system.IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium,14-17 June 2004:P831-835
[64]Blackman S, Dempster R, and Broida T. Multiple hypothesis track confirmation for infrared surveillance systems.IEEE Trans.on AES,1993, 29(3):P810-824
[65]潘泉,杨峰,川亮等.一类非线性滤波器-UKF综述[J].控制与决策,2005,20(5)：481-489页
[66]Julier S.J.and Uhlmann J.K.A General Method for Approximating Nonlinear Transformations of Probability Distributions.Technieal report,RRG Dept.of Engineering Science, University of Oxford,1996
[67]Julier S.J.and Uhlmann J.K.A consistent,debiased method of rconverting between polar and Cartesian coordinate system.Proc.of Aerosense:The 11th International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing,Simulation and Controls, Orlando, Florida,1997,Vol. Acquisition,Tracking and Pointing XI
[68]Rocca F, C Cafforio.Synthetic Aperture Radar:A New Application for Wave Equation Techniques[J].Geophysical Prospection.2001
[69]Carrara W G, et al.Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms[M].Artech House.2000
[70]Franceschetti G, Migliaccio M, Riccio D,et al. SAR Simulation of Actual Ground Sites Described in terms of Sparse Input Data[J]. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1994,32(6):P1160-1168
[71]Nemo to Y et al. Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar[J]. Proc.of the IEEE,1991,79(6):P800-809
[72]Curlander J C. Synthetic Aperture Radar System and Signal Processing[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons.1991:P231-240
[73]T E Van Zandt. A brief history of the development of wind profiling or MST radars[J]. Annales Geophyicae.2000:P741-744
[74]Martin F, Sarango, Ronald F, Woodman, Enrico Ragaini, et al. A Multi-DSP Signal Processing and Control System for Radar [J]. IEEE International Radar Conference.Walter Oney.Windwos Driver Model:Microsoft Press. 1995:P542-545
[75]George TRuek. Ultra-wideband Radar Reeeiver[J]. SPIE.1992,1631(23): P174-180
[76]James Tsui Bao-yen. Digital techniques for wideband receivers[M]. USA: Arteeh House.1995
[77]Sanjit K. Digital signal processing:a computer based approach[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2006：P156-167
[78]包象阳.雷达中频数字接收机研制[D].长沙：电子科技大学硕士论文.2002：13-14页
[79]熊光愣等.计算机仿真应用[M].清华大学出版社.1988
[80]张建华.PD雷达接收机及信号处理系统仿真研究[D].电子科技大学电工学院.2003
[81]M Streetly. Air-lauehed anti-radiation Missiles[J]. Jane's Defence Weekly. 1984,1(24):P1031-1035
[82]Lian W.Diseussion of Radar Anti-Antiradiation Missile Technology Alarming Plus Decoy System AD-A310623/4/HDM
[83]Dean A M, Matthews D P. The demonstration of advanced radar teehniquesanti-radiation missile analysis group model suite Computer Modelling and Simulation of Radar Systems[J]. IEE Colloquium.1993:P 121-126
[84]Henyr Leung. Evaluation of Multiple Radar Target Trackers in Sertssful Environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1999,35(2):P663-671
[85]H Leung, Evaluation of multiple targtet track initiation techniques in real radar tracking environments[J]. IEEE Pro.Radar, Sonar Naving,1996, 143(4):P246-254
[86]ERNEST J. Ambiguity resolution in interferometer [J]. IEEE Trans.AES, 1981,117(6):P766-780
[87]James Tsui Bao-yen. Digital techniques for wideband receivers[M]. USA: Arteeh House.1995
[88]张安,张耀中,王安丽.防区外空地反辐射导弹攻击区及作战效能仿真[J].飞行力学,2002,20(3)：66-69页
[89]石利强.反辐射导弹对移动辐射源的命中概率分析[M].中北大学硕士学位论文,2008
[90]冯建雄,夏原,王意青.数学模型与计算机仿真[M].电子科技大学出版社,1995
[91]程江涛,王超勇,王锡仁.统计模拟法在目标毁伤概率研究中的应用[J].飞航导弹,2001,1：32-37页
[92]Hammel S E, and Aidala V J. Observability Requirements for Three Dimensional Tracking via Angle Measurements.IEEE Trans.on AES,21(2), 1985:P200-207
[93]康凤举,顾浩等.基于HLA的鱼雷武器系统仿真环境设计与实现[J].兵工学报,2007(3)：382-483页.
[94]杨宝民,朱一宁.分布式虚拟现实技术及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：350-354页.
[95]岳韶华,张金成.基于面向对象方法的雷达航迹模拟系统设计[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版),Dec 2000,1(5)：54-56页
[96]黄健,黄柯棣.HLA中的时间管理[J].计算机仿真,2000,7(4)：70-73页
[97]陈凌云,姜振东.HLA/RTI中时间管理服务研究[J].指挥技术学院学报,2001,12,12(6)：7073页
[98]Fujimoto, Richard M. Parallel and Distributed Simulation Systems[J]. Wiley Interscience,1999, P67-69
[99]吴建平,王正华,李晓梅.并行系统可扩性分析研究[J].国防科技大学学报.2001,23(1)：55-58页
[100]MAK Technologies. MAK High-Performance RTI. http://www. mak. com/ slss6p0.php.2005
[101]李皓.基于HLA的鱼雷武器系统分布交互仿真系统[D].西北工业大学博士论文.2003
[102]吴晓洁.基于HLA的分布式虚拟靶试系统设计与实现技术研究[M].西北工业大学硕士学位论文.2006
[103]Fischer, M.C.Joint Simulated Battlefield Through Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol.Proceedings of Southeastern Simulation Conference'95, Orlando, FL, October 1995
[104]田新华,冯润明,温干飞,等.一种将Simulink/Stateflow模型改造成HLA成员的方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(7)：883-886页
[105]曲庆,吴作顺,黄柯棣KD-RTI/DM中的类订购策略[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,39(1)：15-16页
[106]刘步权,王怀民,姚益平.层次式仿真运行支撑环境StarLink中的关键技术[J].软件学报.2004,15(1)：9-16页
[107]Zonghui Wang,Xiaohong Jiang,Jiaoying Shi.An Efficient Communication Approach in HLA-based Distributed Simulation for VR Application.Journal of Computational Information System.2006,2(2):P593-601
[108]Defense Modeling and Simulation Office.Introduction to the High Level Architecture.http://www.dmso.mil/.2002
[109]田新华,冯润明,温干飞,等.一种将Simulink/Stateflow模型改造成HLA成员的方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(7)：883-886页
[110]Using Simulink [DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003.
[111]Real-Time Workshop User's Guide[DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003
[112]陈宏.基于Simulink的HLA联邦成员开发技术的研究[D].山东：山东大学.2005
[113]赵锋.弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达探测技术研究[D].长沙：国防科技大学博士学位论文.2007
[2]司锡才.反辐射导弹防御技术导论[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1997.4：31-149页
[3]张雪松等.军用电子信息系统分布式仿真体系结构研究[J].计算机仿真,2002：35-38页
[4]黄柯隶等,系统仿真技术[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1999
[5]林象平.雷达对抗原理[M].西安：西北电讯工程学院出版社,1985
[6]刘延斌,金光.半实物仿真技术的发展现状[J].光机电信息,2003(1)：27-32页
[7]张毅,杨辉耀,李俊莉.弹道导弹弹道学[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1999
[8]唐明亮.飞行器导弹仿真通用软件设计[D].西安：西北工业大学,2006
[9]尚磊云.空地导弹数学模型与系统仿真模型[D].西安：西北工业大学,2004.3
[10]王明光.先进航天器轨道快速优化[D].西安：西北工业大学,2005
[11]周颖.电子战条件下导弹防御相控阵雷达仿真与评估研究[M].博士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2005,6：58-67页
[12]R.L.米切尔.雷达系统模拟[M].北京：科学出版社,1982
[13]Sergey A.Leonov,Alexander I.Leonov.Handbook of Computer Simulation in Radio Engineering, Communications,and Radar[M].Artech House,2001
[14]G.Richard Curry. Radar System Performance Modeling[M].Aretech House, 2001
[15]Yakov D.Shirman,Sergey A.Gorshkov,Sergey P.Leshchenko,Valeriy M. Orlenko,Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition,Detection and Tracking[M].Artech House,2002
[16]王国玉,汪连栋等.雷达电子战系统数学仿真与评估[M].北京：国工业出版社,2004,89-92页
[17]曾洪祥.雷达电子战系统建模仿真和作战效能评估的研究[D].博士学位论文,长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2000,8
[18]施龙飞.相控阵雷达系统相干视频仿真与研究[D].硕士学位论文,长沙：国防科学技术大学研究生院,2002,11
[19]帅鹏.“宙斯盾”AN/SP-ID雷达系统仿真研究与实现[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学,2002,11
[20]Xu Jian-juan,He You,Che zhi-yu,Three-Drmensional Passive Location Algorithm of the OTHT, In 3rd Internation Conference on Computational Electromagnetics and Its Application Proceedings,2004
[21]毛滔.空间监视相控阵雷达数据处理建模与仿真[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2003,12
[22]陈明辉.弹道导弹防御相控阵雷达欺骗干扰效果仿真与评估研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2003,12
[23]李文臣.空间监视相控阵雷达建模与仿真研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙：国防科技大学研究生院,2003,11
[24]吕雁.基于PC的单脉冲雷达系统建模与仿真[D].硕士学位论文.西安：西安电子科技大学,2002,1
[25]凌茵.相控阵雷达仿真系统研究与实现[D].硕士学位论文.北京：北京理工大学,2003,1
[26]王欣.典型体制雷达干扰技术仿真研究[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京理工大学,2001,1
［27]段惠萍,雷达系统的建模与仿真[D].硕士学位论文.西安：西安电子科技大学,2001,1
[28]DMSO.High-Level Architecture Rules.Version 1.3.5 February 1998
[29]DMSO.High-Level Architecture Interface Specification.Version 1.3.2 April 1998
[30]DMSO.High-Level Architecture Object Model Template Specification. Versio1.3.20 April 1998.
[31]周彦,戴剑伟主编.HLA仿真程序设计[M].北京：电子工业出版,2002.
[32][美Frederick Kuhl, Richard Weatherly, Judith Dahmann著.付正军,王永红译.计算机仿真中的HLA技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[33]Favallia L, Gamba P.Multi-radar Data Fusion for Object Tracking and Shape Estimation[J]. Signal Processing.1996,48(3):P237-239
[36]李莎莎,司锡才,陈涛.被动雷达功能仿真系统对噪声调频干扰源的跟踪过程研究[J].弹箭制导学报,2008,28(4),212-214页
[35]马明.空空导弹毁伤概率若干问题探讨[J].战术导弹技术,2000,3：25-28页
[36]李莎莎,司锡才,陈涛.被动雷达导引头信号仿真平台研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2009,41(3)：146-148页
[37]孙世霞,黄柯棣.RTI性能测试分析[J].系统仿真学报.2005,17(4)：909-913页
[38]王蒙.基于模糊逻辑的飞航导弹高度控制系统设计[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2006
[39]张金槐.远程火箭精度分析与评估[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1995
[40]贾沛然,陈克俊,何力.远程火箭弹道学[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,1993
[41]李长青.导弹控制系统设计研究[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2003
[42]火箭弹道及运载火箭弹道的设计、优化及仿真[D].北京：北京航空航天大学,2004
[43]陈涛,张国耀,李莎莎.基于VR-Link/RTW实现导弹制导仿真联邦成员设计[J].弹箭与制导学报.2009,4
[44]Besada, J.A.,Garcia, J., De Miguel, G.et al, Design of IMM filer for radar tracking using evolution strategies,IEEE Trans on AES.2005,41(3): P1109-1122
[45]Puranik,S.,Tugnait,J.K.,Tracking of multiple maneuvering targets using multiscan JPDA and IMM smoothing [radar sensor example], Acoustics, speech,and Signal Processing,2004.Proceedings.(ICASSP'04).Volum 3, 17-21 May 2004,3(3):P960-963
[46]Michel, L.J., Stephanc, L.Ground surveillance RADAR tracking with the IMM algorithm.Radar Conference,2004.EURAD.First European,2004: P137-140
[47]田新华,冯润明,温干飞,等.一种将Simulink/Stateflow模型改造成HLA成员的方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(7)：883-886页
[48]Using Simulink [DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003
[49]Real-Time Workshop User's Guide[DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003
[50]陈宏.基于Simulink的HLA联邦成员开发技术的研究[D].山东：山东大学.2005
[51]杨涤,李立涛,杨旭,朱承元.系统实时仿真开发环境与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2002
[52]MAK Technologies.MAK VR-Link 3.9.6 Developer'S Guide[M]. Cambridge, USA:MAK Technologies,2007
[53]Subramanian A K. Radar ECCM Model through PETRI Nets[J]. Radar International conf,2003:P184-187
[54]Pearl Run etc.The Application of Readily Available Software Package in Communication and Radar System Simulations[J]. FIE Proceedings Annual Conf,2004:P254-257
[55]Michael Short, Michael J.Pont.Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Embedded Automotive Control Systems.The 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.September 13-16,2005
[56]Julien Scharl, Dimitri N.Mavris, Ivan Y.Burdun.Use of Flight Simulation in EarlyDesign:Formulation and Application of the Virtual Testing and Evaluation Methodology.AIAA2000-01-5590,World Aviation Conference, San Diego,CA, October 2000
[57]Simulation of Electronic Warfare Receivers.DCC.89.AD-A215/357
[58]Pearl Run etc.The Application of Readily Available Software Package in Communication and Radar System Simulations[J]. FIE Proceedings Annual Conf,2004:P254-257
[59]Way J et al.The Evolution of Synthetic Aperture Adadar System and Their Progression to the EOS SAR[J]. IEEE Trans on GE.1991,29(6):P121-128
[60]Attema E P W. The Active Microwave Instrument On-board the ERS-1 Satellite[J]. Proc.of the IEEE.1991,79(6):P791-799
[61]Simon J.Godsill, Jaco Vermaak, William Ng and Jack F.Li, Models and algorithms for tracking of maneuvering objects using variable rate particle filers,proceedings of the IEEE,Vol.95,No.5,May 2007:P925-952
[62]Robert Sij, Pantelis Elinas and James J.Little.A Study of the Rao-Blackwellised Partecle Filter for Efficient and Accurate Vision-Based SLAM, International Journal of Computer Vision,Volume 74, Number 3, 2007,9:P303-318
[63]St-Pierre M,Gingras D.Comparison between the unscented Kalman filter and the extend Kalman filter for the position estimation module of an integrated navigation information system.IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium,14-17 June 2004:P831-835
[64]Blackman S, Dempster R, and Broida T. Multiple hypothesis track confirmation for infrared surveillance systems.IEEE Trans.on AES,1993, 29(3):P810-824
[65]潘泉,杨峰,川亮等.一类非线性滤波器-UKF综述[J].控制与决策,2005,20(5)：481-489页
[66]Julier S.J.and Uhlmann J.K.A General Method for Approximating Nonlinear Transformations of Probability Distributions.Technieal report,RRG Dept.of Engineering Science, University of Oxford,1996
[67]Julier S.J.and Uhlmann J.K.A consistent,debiased method of rconverting between polar and Cartesian coordinate system.Proc.of Aerosense:The 11th International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing,Simulation and Controls, Orlando, Florida,1997,Vol. Acquisition,Tracking and Pointing XI
[68]Rocca F, C Cafforio.Synthetic Aperture Radar:A New Application for Wave Equation Techniques[J].Geophysical Prospection.2001
[69]Carrara W G, et al.Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms[M].Artech House.2000
[70]Franceschetti G, Migliaccio M, Riccio D,et al. SAR Simulation of Actual Ground Sites Described in terms of Sparse Input Data[J]. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1994,32(6):P1160-1168
[71]Nemo to Y et al. Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar[J]. Proc.of the IEEE,1991,79(6):P800-809
[72]Curlander J C. Synthetic Aperture Radar System and Signal Processing[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons.1991:P231-240
[73]T E Van Zandt. A brief history of the development of wind profiling or MST radars[J]. Annales Geophyicae.2000:P741-744
[74]Martin F, Sarango, Ronald F, Woodman, Enrico Ragaini, et al. A Multi-DSP Signal Processing and Control System for Radar [J]. IEEE International Radar Conference.Walter Oney.Windwos Driver Model:Microsoft Press. 1995:P542-545
[75]George TRuek. Ultra-wideband Radar Reeeiver[J]. SPIE.1992,1631(23): P174-180
[76]James Tsui Bao-yen. Digital techniques for wideband receivers[M]. USA: Arteeh House.1995
[77]Sanjit K. Digital signal processing:a computer based approach[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2006：P156-167
[78]包象阳.雷达中频数字接收机研制[D].长沙：电子科技大学硕士论文.2002：13-14页
[79]熊光愣等.计算机仿真应用[M].清华大学出版社.1988
[80]张建华.PD雷达接收机及信号处理系统仿真研究[D].电子科技大学电工学院.2003
[81]M Streetly. Air-lauehed anti-radiation Missiles[J]. Jane's Defence Weekly. 1984,1(24):P1031-1035
[82]Lian W.Diseussion of Radar Anti-Antiradiation Missile Technology Alarming Plus Decoy System AD-A310623/4/HDM
[83]Dean A M, Matthews D P. The demonstration of advanced radar teehniquesanti-radiation missile analysis group model suite Computer Modelling and Simulation of Radar Systems[J]. IEE Colloquium.1993:P 121-126
[84]Henyr Leung. Evaluation of Multiple Radar Target Trackers in Sertssful Environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1999,35(2):P663-671
[85]H Leung, Evaluation of multiple targtet track initiation techniques in real radar tracking environments[J]. IEEE Pro.Radar, Sonar Naving,1996, 143(4):P246-254
[86]ERNEST J. Ambiguity resolution in interferometer [J]. IEEE Trans.AES, 1981,117(6):P766-780
[87]James Tsui Bao-yen. Digital techniques for wideband receivers[M]. USA: Arteeh House.1995
[88]张安,张耀中,王安丽.防区外空地反辐射导弹攻击区及作战效能仿真[J].飞行力学,2002,20(3)：66-69页
[89]石利强.反辐射导弹对移动辐射源的命中概率分析[M].中北大学硕士学位论文,2008
[90]冯建雄,夏原,王意青.数学模型与计算机仿真[M].电子科技大学出版社,1995
[91]程江涛,王超勇,王锡仁.统计模拟法在目标毁伤概率研究中的应用[J].飞航导弹,2001,1：32-37页
[92]Hammel S E, and Aidala V J. Observability Requirements for Three Dimensional Tracking via Angle Measurements.IEEE Trans.on AES,21(2), 1985:P200-207
[93]康凤举,顾浩等.基于HLA的鱼雷武器系统仿真环境设计与实现[J].兵工学报,2007(3)：382-483页.
[94]杨宝民,朱一宁.分布式虚拟现实技术及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：350-354页.
[95]岳韶华,张金成.基于面向对象方法的雷达航迹模拟系统设计[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版),Dec 2000,1(5)：54-56页
[96]黄健,黄柯棣.HLA中的时间管理[J].计算机仿真,2000,7(4)：70-73页
[97]陈凌云,姜振东.HLA/RTI中时间管理服务研究[J].指挥技术学院学报,2001,12,12(6)：7073页
[98]Fujimoto, Richard M. Parallel and Distributed Simulation Systems[J]. Wiley Interscience,1999, P67-69
[99]吴建平,王正华,李晓梅.并行系统可扩性分析研究[J].国防科技大学学报.2001,23(1)：55-58页
[100]MAK Technologies. MAK High-Performance RTI. http://www. mak. com/ slss6p0.php.2005
[101]李皓.基于HLA的鱼雷武器系统分布交互仿真系统[D].西北工业大学博士论文.2003
[102]吴晓洁.基于HLA的分布式虚拟靶试系统设计与实现技术研究[M].西北工业大学硕士学位论文.2006
[103]Fischer, M.C.Joint Simulated Battlefield Through Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol.Proceedings of Southeastern Simulation Conference'95, Orlando, FL, October 1995
[104]田新华,冯润明,温干飞,等.一种将Simulink/Stateflow模型改造成HLA成员的方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(7)：883-886页
[105]曲庆,吴作顺,黄柯棣KD-RTI/DM中的类订购策略[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,39(1)：15-16页
[106]刘步权,王怀民,姚益平.层次式仿真运行支撑环境StarLink中的关键技术[J].软件学报.2004,15(1)：9-16页
[107]Zonghui Wang,Xiaohong Jiang,Jiaoying Shi.An Efficient Communication Approach in HLA-based Distributed Simulation for VR Application.Journal of Computational Information System.2006,2(2):P593-601
[108]Defense Modeling and Simulation Office.Introduction to the High Level Architecture.http://www.dmso.mil/.2002
[109]田新华,冯润明,温干飞,等.一种将Simulink/Stateflow模型改造成HLA成员的方法[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(7)：883-886页
[110]Using Simulink [DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003.
[111]Real-Time Workshop User's Guide[DB/OL], MatLab Online Manual.2003
[112]陈宏.基于Simulink的HLA联邦成员开发技术的研究[D].山东：山东大学.2005
[113]赵锋.弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达探测技术研究[D].长沙：国防科技大学博士学位论文.2007