不同类型区粮食生产资源环境成本研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
我国的粮食生产格局及其粮食安全问题,长期以来是人们关注的重大问题。众所周知,限于我国地理环境和生物气候特点,传统的粮食生产格局是“南粮北调”,但近年来,随着我国市场经济的不断发展和完善,延续千年的粮食生产格局悄然从“南粮北调”转变成了“北粮南运”。这种转变的根本原因是什么?对我国粮食安全将带来什么影响?国家的应对策略是什么?等等这一系列问题,需要开展深入的研究。本研究从粮食生产成本入手,提出粮食生产的完全成本除包括直接生产成本外,还应包括粮食生产的资源环境成本。长期以来,人们习惯于计算粮食的直接生产成本,而往往忽略粮食生产过程中造成的资源环境经济损失,粮食生产造成的资源耗减和环境降级得不到补偿。将资源环境经济损失纳入粮食生产成本的核算体系,开展农业生产的绿色核算,有利于正确评价农业生产的生态经济效益,对保障区域粮食安全实现区域持续发展,合理配置粮食生产格局,以及制定相关农业和经济政策具有重要的理论指导意义。
     本论文在系统分析和调研总结中国不同类型区粮食生产的资源环境影响基础上,依据资源环境经济学、生态学、可持续发展等相关理论,建立了较为完善和科学的粮食生产资源环境成本评估指标体系,并采用直接市场法、替代市场法、假想市场法中的相关评估技术构建了核算模型。本研究选取了跨越中国南中北地区的5个典型类型区(东北平原区的黑龙江省五常市、西北黄土高原沟壑区的陕西省长武县、黄淮海平原区的河北省曲周县、两湖平原区的湖南省岳阳县以及南方红壤丘陵区的湖南省祁阳县)为研究对象,应用构建的粮食生产资源环境成本评估模型,结合5个研究区2008年的相关统计数据和农户调查数据,对各研究区粮食生产的资源环境成本、直接生产成本、完全成本以及不完全成本进行了分析,得出以下结论:
     (1)当前中国粮食生产造成的生态破坏和环境污染普遍存在且已经相当严重,北方旱作农业区农田水土流失造成的生态破坏成本较大,南方稻田的温室气体排放成本占较大比例,粮食生产的外部资源环境代价不能忽视。研究结果表明,2008年五常市、长武县、曲周县、岳阳县、祁阳县五个地区的粮食生产资源环境成本分别达到23.60、0.75、2.00、1.48、3.13亿元,分别占其地区农业总产值的28.60%、17.76%、13.70%、3.16%、15.00%。
     (2)中国南北方不同类型区之间粮食生产的资源环境成本差异较为显著,北方地区粮食的资源环境成本普遍高于南方。其中长武县最大,粮食的资源环境成本高达3.00元·kg~(-1),五常市次之,为2.50元·kg~(-1),其次是祁阳县、曲周县、岳阳县三个研究区,分别为1.88元·kg~(-1)、1.42元·kg~(-1)、1.00元·kg~(-1)。以此推算,当前中国粮食生产的资源环境成本维持在1.00~3.00元·kg~(-1),平均达到2.00元·kg~(-1)。从生态—经济—社会可持续发展的角度出发,不难看出,南方地区比北方更具有粮食生产的资源环境优势,全国粮食的生产布局应该更多地从这方面来考虑。
     (3)各研究区粮食生产的直接投入成本都比较高,劳动力支出费用、化肥费用、机械费用是其中的主要部分,高成本低收益的状况对农民种粮的积极性有很大的影响。研究表明,祁阳县和岳阳县水稻种植的直接生产成本较大,分别达到2.61和2.60元·kg~(-1);五常市最小,只有1.01元·kg~(-1),长武县和曲周县两个区域的直接生产成本相差不是很大,分别为1.55和1.21元·kg~(-1)。
     (4)各研究区粮食生产的完全成本都高于其粮食价格,呈负收益,重要原因之一是透支了资源与环境成本。长武县粮食的完全成本最高,达到4.55元·kg~(-1),其次是祁阳县4.49元·kg~(-1),岳阳县、五常市、曲周县依次为3.60、3.51、2.63元·kg~(-1),而各研究区2008年粮食的平均市场价格分别只有1.83、1.87、1.50、1.60、1.50元·kg~(-1)。若不考虑各区域粮食生产劳动力成本的差异,研究得出长武县粮食的不完全成本最高(3.99元·kg~(-1)),五常市次之(3.04元·kg~(-1)),祁阳县、曲周县和岳阳县三个研究区域分别为2.62、2.27和1.93元·kg~(-1)。这反映了区域间劳动力成本的较大差异,导致南北方地区种粮收入差距加大,出现“北粮南运”,背离了种粮的自然适宜性。
     (5)不同类型区粮食生产成本的综合分析表明,继续维持当前粮食生产格局将会加大南北差距,加重北方负担,国家应进行相关调控。从生态经济和可持续发展的角度来考虑,应该在中国南方地区适当扩大粮食的生产规模,而在北方地区适当减小粮食的生产规模,做到各产业合理布局,维持南北方地区生态和经济发展的平衡,保证区域的粮食安全,实现整个社会的和谐稳定发展。
For a long time, the grain production pattern and food security have caught people’swide attention in China. It is well known that because of the limitation of the geographicalenvironment and biological climate in our country, the traditional grian production pattern is”Diverting grain from South to North”. But, along with the development of market economy inChian, the grain production pattern changed form” Diverting grain from South to North” to”Diverting grain from North to South”. What’s reason caused the change? What’s influencewill bring to us on the food security? What’s trategies will be taken to deal with thoseproblems? All of thoes need further research. The agriculture is the foundation of nationaleconomy and social development, and the grain production is the core of the development ofagriculture. China is a big agricultural country and also a country with large population. Withthe rapid development of the modern agriculture and the increasing of domestic population,more pressure on agricultural resources and ecological environment, and the unsustainabledevelopment model of resource-environmental inputs barters for agricultural profit hasappeared which have brought serious influence on the sustainable development of socialeconomy. This paper proposed that the complete cost of grain production should includedirect costs and resource-environmental cost of grain production. For a long time the directcosts of grain production have been calculated while the resource-environmental economicloss was ignored, and there were no compensation for the cost due to the resources depletionand environmental degradation caused by grain production. Bring theResource-environmental economic loss into grain production costs accounting system, andopen the activity in green accounting for agricultural production, it’s beneficial to correctlyevaluate the ecological and economic benefit of agricultural production, and this study havesome reference value to formulate related agricultural and economic policies, adjust grainproduction distribution for relevant departments, ensure the regional grain security, promoteregional sustainable development further.
     After systematic analysis and investigation on Resource-environmental impacts of grainproduction in different area of China, this paper established mature and scientific Resource-environmental cost evaluation index system of grain production based on theResource-environmental economics, ecology and sustainable development theories. Andfinally, the Resource-environmental costs accounting model of grain production wereconstructed by using direct market method, surrogate market approach and hypotheticalmarket approach et al. This paper chose five different types of regions in southern, middle,and northern part of China: Wuchang county in Heilongjiang province, Changwu County inShaanxi province, Quzhou County in Hebei province, Yueyang county and Qiyang county inHunan province, basing on related statistical data and households investigation data in2008,with the application of resource-environmental costs evaluation model, theResource-environmental costs, direct costs, total costs and incomplete cost of grainproduction were separately analyzed, and we had detailed conclusions as follows:
     (1) The ecological destruction and environmental pollution caused by grain production inChina is very general and serious at present. There are large ecological damage cost caused bysoil and water loss of farmland in north dry farming regions, and large greenhouse gasemission cost in south paddy field, the external Resource-environmental cost of grainproduction can not be ignored. The results showed that the cost of Resource-environmentaldamage due to grain production in Wuchang, Changwu, Quzhou, Yueyang, Qiyangrespectively were2.360,0.075,0.200,0.148,0.313billion yuan, which was respectivelyequivalent to28.60%,17.76%,13.70%,3.16%,15.00%of the agricultural output in2008.
     (2) There were significant differences in Resource-environmental cost of grainproduction in different types of areas. The Resource-environment cost of grain in the northernregion is higher than in the south. The Resource-environmental cost of grain production ineach area respectively were3.00Yuan·kg~(-1)in Changwu county,2.50Yuan·kg~(-1)in Wuchangcounty,1.88Yuan·kg~(-1)in Qiyang county,1.42Yuan·kg~(-1)in Quzhou county,1.00Yuan·kg~(-1)inYueyang county, and it can be calculated that, the Resource-environmental cost of grainproduction in China maintained at1.00~3.00Yuan·kg~(-1), and the average value is2.00Yuan·kg~(-1). From the perspective of sustainable development, it is not difficult to recognizethat, there are more resources environmental advantages of grain production in southernregion than the north, and the national grain production layout should do more to considerfrom this.
     (3) The direct crop production costs in the five study areas were all high, and the laborcosts, chemical fertilizer cost, mechanical cost were three main aspects. The present high costand low profit situation has great influence on the farmers’ enthusiasm of grain production.The results showed that direct crop production costs in Changwu county reached themaximum value,2.61Yuan·kg~(-1), and the cost in Wuchang county got the minimum value, 1.01Yuan·kg~(-1). The direct costs of grain production in other three areas were2.60Yuan·kg~(-1)inYueyang county, and1.55Yuan·kg~(-1)in Changwu county, and1.21Yuan·kg~(-1)in Quzhoucounty in2008.
     (4) The total costs of grain production in Changwu county were the highest, reached4.55Yuan·kg~(-1), secondly it was in Qiyang county, reached4.49Yuan·kg~(-1), and the next were in theYueyang county, Wuchang county, and the Quzhou county, it respectively reached3.60,3.51,2.63Yuan·kg~(-1), However, the unit sales in different types regions were only1.83,1.87,1.50,1.60,1.50Yuan·kg~(-1)for each. The total costs of grain production were greater than the grainprice, one of the important reasons is that, the resource and environmental costs wereoverdrawn. If we ignored the bigger difference of labor costs in grain production, theincomplete cost of grain production in the five areas respectively were3.99,3.04,2.62,2.271.93Yuan·kg~(-1). Because of the bigger difference of labor cost, the income gap of grainproduction between southern and northern region increased, and the situation of sendinggrains from the north to the south appeared, it is against the natural suitability of grainproduction.
     (5) The comprehensive analysis of the cost of grain production in different types of ereashowed that, the current food production distribution will increase the gap between thenorthern and southern region, and increase the burden of the northern area, while bringingresources and environmental degradation. From the view of ecological economy andsustainable development, we should appropriately expand the grain production scale in thesouthern China, and reduced grain production in the northern. Make sure the industry layoutis reasonable, maintain the balance of ecological and economic development in both southernand northern China, ensure the regional food security, and promote the harmonious and stabledevelopment of Chinese socialism.
引文
(85环能-03-07)课题研究总结报告.1998.我国不同地区稻田甲烷排放量及控制措施研究.农业环境保护,17(1):1~7
    《气候变化初始国家信息通报》编委.2004.中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报.北京:中国计划出版社,15~20
    卜跃先,柴铭.2001.洞庭湖水污染环境经济损害初步评价.人民长江,32(4):27~28,36,48
    常影,宁大同,郝芳华.2003.20世纪末期我国农地退化的经济损失估值.中国人口·资源与环境,13(3):20~24
    陈凤娟.2011.近30年来长武县土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动力研究.[硕士学位论文].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学
    陈洁,龚光明.2010.矿产资源价值构成与会计计量.财经理论与实践,31(166):53~57
    陈妙红,邹欣庆,韩凯,刘青松.2005.基于污染损失率的连云港水环境污染功能价值损失研究.经济地理,25(2):223~227
    陈奇伯,王克勤,齐实,孙立达.2003.黄土丘陵区坡耕地水土流失与土地生产力的关系.生态学报,23(8):1463~1469
    陈青.2004.论环境会计计量.财会研究,(4):18~19
    程旺大,姚海根,吴伟,张国平.2005.土壤—水稻体系中的重金属污染及其控制.中国农业科技导报,7(4):51~54
    程叶青,张平宇.2005.中国粮食生产的区域格局变化及东北商品粮基地响应.地理科学,25(5):513~520
    邓宏.2007.试论劳动价值与效用价值的数量关系.广州大学学报(社会科学版),6(4):52~56
    邓培雁,屠玉麟,陈桂珠.2003.贵州省水土流失中土壤侵蚀经济损失估值.农村生态环境,19(2):1~5
    丁玲丽.2005.自然资源核算浅析.统计与决策,(14):11~13
    东北黑土区考察组.2006.东北黑土区水土流失严重威胁我国粮食安全.http://61.138.188.46/viewztnews.asp?id=25[2012-04-07]
    董海京,殷晓松.1994.云南省山地农业的不合理利用及耕地减少造成的经济损失分析.农业环境保护,13(6):264~266,278
    范昊明,蔡强国,王红闪.2004.中国东北黑土区土壤侵蚀环境.水土保持学报,18(2):66~70
    范建荣.2011.东北黑土区水土流失综合防治技术体系.东北水利水电,(11):22~23
    冯俊,孙东川.2009.资源环境价值研究探析.生产力研究,(18):88~90
    冯玲玲,冯继康.2008.新时期关于马克思劳动价值论的深化研究.山东理工大学学报(社会科学版),24(5):11~14
    高明.2007.中国南方红壤地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪研究.[硕士学位论文].南京:南京师范大学
    高杨,吕宁,薛重生,邓玉娇.2006.不同区域土地利用与土壤侵蚀空间关系研究.中国水土保持,(11):21~23
    高志岭,刘建玲,廖文华.2001.磷肥施用与镉污染的研究现状及防治对策.河北农业大学学报,24(3):90~94
    谷宝山,肖文友.2011.基于东北黑土区水土保持防蚀减灾对策.黑龙江水利科技,39(3):168~169
    国家发展和改革委员会价格司.2010.全国农产品成本收益资料汇编(2010).北京:中国统计出版社
    国家环境保护总局.1992.太湖水系水质保护研究.国家“七五”科技攻关环境保护项目成果简介.北京:科学出版社
    国家统计局.2010.中国农村统计年鉴2010.北京:中国统计出版社
    郝竹青,赵清侠,徐林.2012.水土保持内涵和外延的解析与启示. http://www.cjstbc.com/compo/exchange/200708/1496.html[2012-04-09]
    何承耕.2001.自然资源和环境价值理论研究评述.福建地理,16(4):1~5
    何金海.2004.马克思劳动价值论与边际效用价值论之比较.南京邮电学院学报(社会科学版),6(2):6~10,25
    侯秀瑞,许云龙,毕绪岱.1999.河北省山地森林保土生态效益计量研究.水土保持通报,18(1):17~21
    黄进勇,严力蛟,王兆骞.2002.红壤小流域不同土地利用方式下的水土流失特征.浙江大学学报,28(1):78~82
    贾绍凤,梁季阳.1992.黄土高原降雨、径流、产沙相互关系的研究.水土保持学报,6(3):42~47
    贾忠华,赵恩辉.2009.南水北调中线陕西水源区土壤侵蚀损失估算.西北大学学报(自然科学版),39(4):673~676
    姜长云,张艳平.2011.我国粮食生产的现状和中长期潜力. http://www.qstheory.cn/dd/2011/lssc/201102/t20110222_69214.htm[2012-03-19]
    蒋洪强,徐玖平.2004.环境成本核算研究的进展.生态环境,13(3):429~433
    赖红兵,陈宇.2009.滇池边农业面源污染治理实践.人民长江,40(1):57~58
    赖力,黄贤金,王辉,董元华,肖思思.2009.中国化肥施用的环境成本估算.土壤学报,46(1):63~69
    李春贵.2007.农田退化价值损失评估研究.[硕士学位论文]北京:中国农业科学院
    李贵春,邱建军,尹昌斌.2009.中国农田退化价值损失计量研究.中国农学通报,25(3):230~235
    李虎,邱建军,王立刚,任天志.2012.中国农田主要温室气体排放特征与控制技术.生态环境学报,21(1):159~165
    李季,靳百根,崔玉亭,邹冬生,冯中朝,韩纯儒, Day Brett, David Norse.2001.中国水稻生产的环境成本估算——湖北、湖南案例研究.生态学报,21(9):1474~1483
    李亮.2009.马克思劳动二重性理论与构建社会主义和谐社会.兰州学刊,(5):33~36
    李明姬.2004.五常市水土流失现状及防治对策.黑龙江水专学报,31(2):77~78
    李团结,郑新伟,陈晓军,马天博,张伟,贾乃峰,李萍.2010.农用残膜污染现状及治理措施.现代农业科技,(11):282~283
    李晓,谢永生,张应龙,芦蔚叶,李文卓.2011.红壤丘陵区粮食生产的生态成本.生态学报,31(4):1101~1110
    李拥政,杨长红.2007.积极扩大内需促进经济健康持续发展.决策探索,(2):62~63
    李长生,肖向明, S. Frolking, B.Moore Ⅲ, W.Salas,邱建军,张宇,庄亚辉,王效科,戴昭华,刘纪远,秦小光,廖柏寒, R.Sass.2003.中国农田的温室气体排放.第四纪研究,23(5):493~503
    林匡飞,项雅玲,姜达炳,胡球兰,李志红,杜道灯,陶战.2000.湖北地区稻田甲烷排放量及控制措施的研究.农业环境保护,19(5):267~270
    刘光栋,吴文良,靳乐山, Gabriel Gulis.2004.人力资本法评估农业污染地下水环境价值损失.中国环境科学,24(3):372~375
    刘光栋,吴文良,靳乐山, Gabriel Gulis.2005.华北农业高产粮区地下水硝酸盐污染环境价值损失评估技术研究——以山东省桓台县为例.中国生态农业学报,13(2):130~133
    刘彦随,翟荣新.2009.中国粮食生产时空格局动态及其优化策略探析.地域研究与开发,28(1):1~5
    刘玉杰,杨艳昭,封志明.2007中国粮食生产的区域格局变化及其可能影响.资源科学,29(2):8~14
    刘长礼,叶浩,董华,张云,裴丽欣,姜建梅,侯宏冰.2006.应用“浓度——价值损失率法”评估地下水源污染经济损失——以石家庄滹沱河地下水源为例.资源科学,28(6):2~9
    卢燕宇,黄耀,张稳,郑循华.2007.基于GIS技术的1991-2000年中国农田化肥氮源一氧化二氮直接排放量估计.应用生态学报,18(7):1539~1545
    卢燕宇,黄耀,郑循华.2005.农田氧化亚氮排放系数的研究.应用生态学报,16(7):1299~1302
    路帅辉.2009.价值判断视角下对马克思劳动价值论的一点思考.经济研究导刊,(27):1~2
    罗叶.2012.粮食危机、粮食公共危机与粮食安全辨析.粮食问题研究,(1):21~27
    吕耀,程序.太湖地区农田氮素非点源污染及环境经济分析.2000.上海环境科学,19(4):143~145,148
    马国霞,石敏俊,李玫.2009.中国水土流失经济损失的货币化评价.中国人口·资源与环境,19(1):162~168
    毛显强,杨居荣,王华东.1997.二次生产函数模型在生产行为环境经济分析中的应用.环境科学学报,17(4):480~486
    梅建军.2005.我国政治经济学关于使用价值研究的三大缺陷.山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),28(1):11~14
    妙旭华.2000.甘肃省农村生态环境污染造成的经济损失估算.甘肃环境研究与监测,13(2):100~102
    欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.1999.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,19(5):607~613
    彭新育,吴甫成,傅尔林.2000.资源和环境的存在价值的经济学基础.中国人口·资源与环境,10(3):13~16
    任东国和唐冶诚.2008.我国粮食生产的现状问题及对策. http://www.zgxcfx.com/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=11451[2012-03-19].
    上官行健,王明星,沈壬兴,王跃思, R.Wassmann, H.Rennenberg, W.Seiler,谢小立,王卫东,谢克和.1994.我国华中地区稻田甲烷排放特征.大气科学,18(3):358~365
    宋振远,孙洪磊,董峻.2007.新华视点:求解中国“北粮南运”变局. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-05/08/content_6072374.htm[2012-03-20]
    苏县龙,姜志德.2008.我国农田土壤污染的环境成本分析.安徽农业科学,36(10):4239~4240
    苏中月.2001.自然资源价值核算浅析.生态经济,(9):42~44
    隋鹏,陈素英,陈源泉,王彬丽,高旺盛.2007.黄淮海地下水亏水区农业生产用水生态代价评估——以河北省栾城县为例.中国生态农业学报,15(5):178~181
    孙峻,高燚,柯崇宜,张玉香,何峥嵘,赵慎晃.1999.污染损失率法在污水水质综合评价中的应用.青岛大学学报,14(3):58~59
    孙平.2011.基于GIS的水田生态系统水土保持功能价值评估——以涪陵区江北街道杨柳溪流域为例.[硕士学位论文].重庆:西南大学.
    孙铁珩,宋学英.2008.中国农业环境问题与对策.农业现代化研究,29(6):646~649
    孙铁珩,周启星,李培军.2001.污染生态学.北京:科学出版社
    孙新章,谢高地,成升魁,肖玉,鲁春霞.2005.中国农田生产系统土壤保持功能及其经济价值.水土保持学报,19(4):156~159
    孙新章,周海林,谢高地.2007.中国农田生态系统的服务功能及其经济价值.中国人口·资源与环境,17(4):55~60
    谭智心,钟真.2011.新时期中国粮食安全现状与面临的挑战.江汉论坛,(7):74~79
    唐本佑.2004.论资源价值的构成理论.中南财经政法大学学报,(2):15~19
    唐华仓.2006.农业生产环境成本的核算与控制.环境与可持续发展,(3):35~37
    唐克丽,王斌科,郑粉莉,张胜利,时明立,方学敏.1994.黄土高原人类活动对土壤侵蚀的影响.人民黄河,(2):13~16
    唐翔宇,杨浩,曹慧,赵其国,李仁英.2001.137Cs法估算南方红壤地区土壤侵蚀作用的初步研究.水土保持学报,15(3):4~7
    田冰.2010.对马克思《劳动价值论》的理解.太原大学学报,11(3):7~10
    田光进,张增祥,赵晓丽,张国平,谭文彬.2002.中国耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布特征及生态背景.生态学报,(1):10~16
    田立生,谷伟,王帅.2011.东北黑土区水土流失与耕地退化现状及修复措施.现代农业科技,(21):308,311
    田延忠,孙丽君,王艳娟.2002.五常市水土流失治理对策思考.黑龙江水利科技,30(2):82,87
    万忠民,鞠兴荣,杨国峰.2008.粮食安全无污染控制技术的探讨.食品科学,29(9):654~658
    王大勇,解建立.2006.环境会计确认与计量问题探讨.学术交流,(5):126~130
    王金南.1994.环境经济学——理论·方法·政策.北京:清华大学出版社.
    王明星,李晶,郑循华.1998.稻田甲烷排放及产生、转化、输送机理.大气科学,22(4):601~612.
    王松青.2008.自然资源物质运动与人类经济活动的互补运动刍议——关于自然资源价值的理论思考.长江大学学报(社会科学版),31(1):63~68
    王晓愚,李占斌,白丹.2008.耕作侵蚀与农业可持续发展.中国科技论文在线,1(8):873~878
    王占礼,邵明安,雷廷武.2003.黄土区耕作侵蚀及其对总土壤侵蚀贡献的空间格局.生态学报,23(7):1328~1335
    王占礼.2002.黄土坡地耕作侵蚀及其效应研究.[博士学位论文].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
    尉元明,王静,乔艳君.2005.化肥、农药和地膜对甘肃省农业生态环境的影响.中国沙漠,25(6):957~963
    吴春华,陈欣.2004.农药对农区生物多样性的影响.应用生态学报,15(2):341~344
    夏建国,胡萃,刘芸.2006.川西低山区土壤侵蚀经济损失及其评估模式——以名山县蒙山为例.生态学报,26(11):3696~3703
    向平安,黄璜,燕惠民,周燕,郑华,黄兴国.2005.湖南洞庭湖区水稻生产的环境成本评估.应用生态学报,16(11):2187~2193
    向平安,周燕,江巨鳌.2006.洞庭湖区氮肥外部成本及稻田氮素经济生态最佳投入研究.中国农业科学,39(12):2531~2537
    肖玉,谢高地,鲁春霞,丁贤忠,吕耀.2004.稻田生态系统气体调节功能及其价值.自然资源学报,19(5):617~623
    谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,郑度,李双成.2003.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,18(2):189~196
    谢高地,肖玉,甄霖,鲁春霞.2005.我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究.中国生态农业学报,13(3):10~13
    谢小立,王卫东,上官行健,王明星.1995.亚热带红壤性稻田的甲烷排放.热带亚热带土壤科学,4(2):67~72
    谢小立,王卫东,谭云峰,谢克和,上官行健,王明星,沈王兴,王若思.1994.亚热带丘岗区稻田甲烷排放特征及减排技术的研究.农业现代化研究,15(4):235~241
    许信旺.2005.安徽省农业生态系统经济损失估算与分析.中国农村经济,(7):31~37
    许月卿,蔡运龙.2006.土壤侵蚀经济损失分析及价值估算——以贵州省猫跳河流域为例.长江流域资源与环境,15(4):470~474
    闫敏华,华润葵,王德宣,马学慧.2000.长春地区稻田甲烷排放量的估算研究.地理科学,20(4):385~389
    闫业超,岳书平,张树文,罗庆洲.2009.黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失价值估算及其特征分析——以黑龙江克拜东部黑土区为例.自然资源学报,24(12):2135~2146
    燕惠刚,邹永霞,刘钦云.1999.湖南省农业环境污染问题及对策.农业环境与发展,(4):31~33
    杨红旗,温建.2009.我国粮食生产回顾、现状及发展目标.广东农业科学,(12):302~304
    杨志新,郑大玮,冯圣东.2007.北京农田污水灌溉正负效应价值评价研究.中国生态农业学报,15(5):202~205
    杨志新,郑大玮,李永贵.2004.北京市土壤侵蚀经济损失分析及价值估算.水土保持学报,18(3):175~178
    于浩淼.2010.中国粮食生产与贸易现状及政策选择.生产力研究,(3):17~18,87
    于新.2010.劳动价值论与效用价值论发展历程的比较研究.经济纵横,(3):31~34
    余新晓,鲁绍伟,靳芳,陈丽华,饶良懿,陆贵巧.2005.中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,25(8):2096~2102
    张良运,李恋卿,潘根兴,崔立强,胡忠良.2009.磷、锌肥处理对降低污染稻田水稻籽粒Cd含量的影响.生态环境学报,18(3):909~913
    张明.2005.氮肥施用对生态环境的影响.现代农业科技,(7):43
    张锐.2011.粮食危机挑战全球.决策与信息,(5):10~12
    张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰, Kolbe H.2004.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅰ.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计.中国农业科学,37(7):1008~1017
    张伟.2008.背景资料:2008年国际粮食危机. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-12/11/content_10488565.htm[2012-03-19]
    张玉铭,胡春胜,张佳宝,董文旭,王玉英,宋利娜.2011.农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展.中国生态农业学报,19(4):966~975
    赵其国.1995.我国红壤退化问题.土壤,(6):281~285
    赵其国.2002.红壤物质循环及其调控.北京:科学出版社.
    赵芹,罗茂盛,曹叔尤,刘兴年.2009.汶川地震四川灾区水土流失经济损失评估及恢复对策.四川大学学报(工程科学版),41(3):289~293
    郑有贵,邝婵娟,焦红坡.1999南粮北调向北粮南运演变成因的探讨.中国经济史研究,(1):97~104
    钟水映和李魁.2011.基于粮食安全的我国耕地保护对策研究.中国软科学,(9):1~8
    周怀龙.2009.国土资源部:我国水土流失治理面临五大焦点问题. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2009-09/17/content_1419746.htm[2012-04-05]
    朱高红,毛锋.2007.我国水土流失影响辨识与直接经济损失评估.中国水土保持,(8):4~7
    朱高洪,毛志锋.2008.我国水土流失的经济影响评价.中国水土保持科学,6(1):63~66
    朱鲁生,王玉军,李光德,徐玉新.1995.中国农业甲烷排放的研究进展.环境科学进展,3(5):26~34
    朱兆良,孙波.2008.中国农业面源污染控制对策研究.环境保护,(8):4~6
    邹建文,刘树伟,秦艳梅,冯得胜,徐永忠,朱会林.2009.不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算:模型应用.环境科学,30(4):949~955
    A.P. Bailey, T. Rehman, J. Park, J.D.H. Keatinge, R.B. Tranter.1999. Towards a method for the economicevaluation of environmental indicators for UK integrated arable farming systems. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,72:145~158
    Bailey A.P., T.Rehman.1999. Towards a method for the economic evaluation of environmental indicatorsfor UK integrated arable farming systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,(72):145~158
    Chaney R L, Reeves P G, Ryan J A, et al.2004. An improved understanding of soil Cd risk to humans andlow cost methods to phyto-extract Cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil Cd risks. Biometals,(17):549~553
    Erin M. Tegtmeier, Michael D. Duffy.2004. External costs of agricultural production in the United States.International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2(1):1~20
    Hansen J E, lacis A A.1990. Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases: An assessment of their relative roles inglobal climate change. Nature,346(6286):713~719
    J.N. Pretty, C. Brett, D. Gee, R.E. Hine, C.F. Mason, J.I.L. Morison, H. Raven, M.D. Rayment, G. van derBijl.2000. An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture. Agricultural Systems,65:113~136
    Jules N. Pretty, Christopher F. Mason, David B. Nedwell, Rachel E. Hine, Simon Leaf, Rachael Dils.2003.Policy Analysis: Environmental costs of freshwater eutrophication in England and Wales.Environmental Science and Technology,37(2):201~208
    Jules Pretty, Craig Brett, David Gee, Rachel Hine, Chris Mason, James Morison, Matthew Rayment,Gertvan der Bijl, Thomas Dobbs.2001. Policy and Practice: Policy challenges and priorities forinternalizing the externalities of modern agriculture. Journal of Environmental Planning andManagement,44(2):263~283
    Jules Pretty.2002. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature. London, Sterling, VA: EarthscanPublications Limited:62
    L.D.James, R.R.Lee.1984.水资源规划经济学.北京:水利电力出版社
    Larney F J,高鹏.1995.土壤侵蚀对作物产量的影响.水土保持科技情报,(3):29~31
    Leshan J.2001. External costs of agricultural production: Environmental economic analysis. In: PromotingGlobal Innovation of Agricultural science&Technology and Sustainable Agriculture Development,Session3: Resources and Environment. International Conference on Agricultural Science andTechnology. Beijing: China Sic-Tech Press:474~478
    Melillo J M, Steudler P A, Aber J D, et al.2002. Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climatesystem. Science,298(5601):2173~2176
    Olivia Hartridge, David Pearce.2001. Is UK agriculture sustainable? Environmentally adjusted economicaccounts for UK agriculture.[PhD thesis]. London: CSERGE-Economics, University College London
    Robert Costanza, Palph d’Arge, Rudolf de Groot, et al.1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem servicesand natural capital. Nature,386:253~260
    Rolf F re, Shawna Grosskopf, William L. Weber.2006. Shadow prices and pollution costs in U.S.agriculture. Ecological Economics,(56):89~103
    Smil V.1996. Environmental Problems in China. East West Center Special Report, Estimates of EconomicCosts. Haawaii,(5).
    Smith V.K.1992. Environmental costing for agriculture: Will it be standard fare in the farm bill of2000?American Journal of Agricultural Economics,74(5):1076~1088
    Wang M X, Shangguan X J.1996. CH4emission from various rice fields in P. R. China. Theoretical andApplied Climatology,55(1/4):129~138

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700