压力振荡管流动及引射性能研究
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摘要
气波引射器是一种利用压力振荡管内运动的压力波实现高低压气体间压力能交换的直接接触式能量交换装置。气波引射器与涡轮机械相比,结构简单、转速低、可带液操作；与静态引射器相比,等熵效率高。压力振荡管是气波引射器的核心部件,振荡管内气体流动及引射性能的研究,对丰富气波机械理论和实现工业中气体压力能的高效回收利用具有理论意义和实用价值。
目前,对气波压力能交换技术的研究具有非常强的针对性,主要集中在用于提高内燃机综合性能的四端口气波增压器上。国外仅有少数机构对气波引射器进行研究,尤其在高压缩比下的性能研究报道更少,而国内在该领域的学术研究和技术开发尚未见报道。鉴于此,本文采用了理论分析、数值计算和实验研究相结合的技术路线,从探讨能量传递机理的理论分析入手,建立数值模型和实验平台,研究了压力振荡管内非稳态流动和气波引射器性能的变化规律,并在此基础上探索了气波引射器的设计方法及高压缩比和大膨胀比下的改进策略。本论文的研究工作及所形成的主要结果和结论如下：
(1)构建了在压力振荡管内引射的波过程,进行了波过程中参数状态的计算,确定了气波引射器性能范围的边界条件,得到了端口尺寸的估算值,为气波引射器的研究奠定了理论基础。
(2)建立了压力振荡管数值模型及气波引射器实验平台,基于数值分析和实验研究,掌握了压力振荡管内激波、膨胀波以及接触面的产生及运行规律,确定了气波引射器的最优工作波图,据此研制出了三端口气波引射器。该气波引射器在膨胀比为1.5时,最高等熵效率为57.5%,膨胀比为2.0时,最高等熵效率为45.6%。与等熵效率不足20%的静态引射器相比,气波引射器性能优势明显。
(3)通过端口尺寸的优化分析和性能影响研究,得到了端口尺寸的匹配关系,获得了膨胀比为1.5和2.0时,不同压缩比下各端口尺寸的最优数值,据此给出了端口尺寸的设计方法。利用该方法可获得任意振荡管长度、转鼓直径或转速下的最优端口尺寸,对气波引射器的设计具有指导意义。
(4)振荡管与中压端口接通时产生的额外压缩波,是高压缩比下性能恶化的原因。提出的预压缩方法及结构可有效消除该压缩波,使高压缩比下等熵效率提高了9.1%,引射率增加了约21.3%,此时回流气量为6.5%。回流气量由预压口的宽度控制；最优预压口位置是振荡管将要与中压端口接通时,预压口开启时产生的预压缩波在振荡管左端的固壁反射波恰好到达振荡管右端。
(5)对振荡管与端口逐渐接通过程的研究结果表明,渐开过程中压力波在振荡管上下壁面间的多次反射以及由此引起的管内速度紊乱、接触面扭曲和接触面两侧气流掺混是产生包括漩涡损失、掺混损失和激波强度损失在内的渐开损失的根本原因,随着相对开启时间τt值的减小,渐开损失逐渐减小,但减小的趋势越来越平缓,τt<0.4时渐开损失可得到有效控制,τt=0.6时渐开损失和流动损失的总和最小,据此可确定最优振荡管宽度。
(6)中压端口排气速度达到超音速是大膨胀比下应用受限的原因。反馈式多级串联方案可保证各级膨胀比均较小,且系统仅有一股高压入流气体和一股低压入流气体,是实现大膨胀比下应用的有效途径。基于建立的热力学模型,给出了级间分配方案。
Energy transfer between fluids could be accomplished in pressure oscillating tube by imposing periodic boundary conditions. Gas wave ejector consisting of many pressure oscillating tubes is a direct fluid-fluid contact energy transfer device. Comparing with the traditional turbo machinery, it has many advantages, such as simple structure, low rotation speed, good performance with liquid entrainment, while comparing with the steady flow ejector, it has the advantage of high isentropic efficiency. The research on gas wave ejector is valuable for wave machine development and pressure energy recovery in practice.
However, the research of pressure exchange technology has mainly been focused on four-port wave rotor which can enhance the performance of internal combustion engines. The studies on gas wave ejector are far from enough to be dealt with especially at high compression ratio condition, and the research on gas wave ejector has not yet been reported in our country. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanism of energy transfer, study the unsteady flow behavior inside the pressure oscillating tube, develop the optimal method for structure design and explore the strategies for application of this device in high compression ratio and big expansion ratio conditions. This dissertation presents a detailed account of the theoretical analysis, the numerical simulation and experiments conducted to validate the results, including:
(1) The optimal principle wave process to achieve suction was proposed. The theory calculation of the whole energy transfer process was conducted. The theory analysis was used for fast predicting the port size and seeking the limiting conditions for operation.
(2) A numerical model was established to investigate the complex flow in pressure oscillating tube and a test rig was set up. The running rules of shock wave, expansion wave and contact surface were obtained and the optimal wave diagram was determined. A three-port gas wave ejector was manufactured. The maximum efficiency of this ejector was about57.5%when the expansion ratio was1.5, while for expansion ratio of2.0, the maximum efficiency was45.6%, which was also much higher than that of the steady flow ejector. Therefore, the performance of gas wave ejector is excellent.
(3) The matching relations for optimal port width and position determination were obtained by numerical simulation and experiment. The optimal width and position of each port under different operating conditions were acquired and a design method was proposed. With this method, the optimal port size at any channel length L, drum diameter D and rotation speed n could be gotten. The design method is valuable for gas wave ejector design.
(4) The reason for performance deterioration at high compression ratio was revealed after founding the characteristic that the average pressure and temperature of the channel at the pressure equalization region reduced as pm0rising. The improvement strategy, using part of the middle pressure outflow as recirculation flow to pre-compress the low pressure gas inside the channel, was implemented. The isentropic efficiency raised by9.1%and the enthalpy ratio increased by about21.3%.The optimal pre-compression port width and position were obtained.
(5) The sliding-mesh method was adopted to describe the gradual open process of the channel to the port. The results indicated that the gradual open loss included vortex loss, mixing loss and shock loss. The gradual open loss reduced as the opening time decreasing and when r,<0.4the gradual open loss could be neglected. The sum of gradual open loss and flow loss was minimal when τt=0.6, thus the optimal width of the channel could be obtained.
(6) Supersonic velocity of the outflow was the reason for poor performance at big expansion ratio. Feedback multi-stage series which is simple for engineering and has a small expansion ratio in each stage could solve this problem. The series stage and inter-stage matching scheme was determined according to the thermodynamic model.
目前,对气波压力能交换技术的研究具有非常强的针对性,主要集中在用于提高内燃机综合性能的四端口气波增压器上。国外仅有少数机构对气波引射器进行研究,尤其在高压缩比下的性能研究报道更少,而国内在该领域的学术研究和技术开发尚未见报道。鉴于此,本文采用了理论分析、数值计算和实验研究相结合的技术路线,从探讨能量传递机理的理论分析入手,建立数值模型和实验平台,研究了压力振荡管内非稳态流动和气波引射器性能的变化规律,并在此基础上探索了气波引射器的设计方法及高压缩比和大膨胀比下的改进策略。本论文的研究工作及所形成的主要结果和结论如下：
(1)构建了在压力振荡管内引射的波过程,进行了波过程中参数状态的计算,确定了气波引射器性能范围的边界条件,得到了端口尺寸的估算值,为气波引射器的研究奠定了理论基础。
(2)建立了压力振荡管数值模型及气波引射器实验平台,基于数值分析和实验研究,掌握了压力振荡管内激波、膨胀波以及接触面的产生及运行规律,确定了气波引射器的最优工作波图,据此研制出了三端口气波引射器。该气波引射器在膨胀比为1.5时,最高等熵效率为57.5%,膨胀比为2.0时,最高等熵效率为45.6%。与等熵效率不足20%的静态引射器相比,气波引射器性能优势明显。
(3)通过端口尺寸的优化分析和性能影响研究,得到了端口尺寸的匹配关系,获得了膨胀比为1.5和2.0时,不同压缩比下各端口尺寸的最优数值,据此给出了端口尺寸的设计方法。利用该方法可获得任意振荡管长度、转鼓直径或转速下的最优端口尺寸,对气波引射器的设计具有指导意义。
(4)振荡管与中压端口接通时产生的额外压缩波,是高压缩比下性能恶化的原因。提出的预压缩方法及结构可有效消除该压缩波,使高压缩比下等熵效率提高了9.1%,引射率增加了约21.3%,此时回流气量为6.5%。回流气量由预压口的宽度控制；最优预压口位置是振荡管将要与中压端口接通时,预压口开启时产生的预压缩波在振荡管左端的固壁反射波恰好到达振荡管右端。
(5)对振荡管与端口逐渐接通过程的研究结果表明,渐开过程中压力波在振荡管上下壁面间的多次反射以及由此引起的管内速度紊乱、接触面扭曲和接触面两侧气流掺混是产生包括漩涡损失、掺混损失和激波强度损失在内的渐开损失的根本原因,随着相对开启时间τt值的减小,渐开损失逐渐减小,但减小的趋势越来越平缓,τt<0.4时渐开损失可得到有效控制,τt=0.6时渐开损失和流动损失的总和最小,据此可确定最优振荡管宽度。
(6)中压端口排气速度达到超音速是大膨胀比下应用受限的原因。反馈式多级串联方案可保证各级膨胀比均较小,且系统仅有一股高压入流气体和一股低压入流气体,是实现大膨胀比下应用的有效途径。基于建立的热力学模型,给出了级间分配方案。
Energy transfer between fluids could be accomplished in pressure oscillating tube by imposing periodic boundary conditions. Gas wave ejector consisting of many pressure oscillating tubes is a direct fluid-fluid contact energy transfer device. Comparing with the traditional turbo machinery, it has many advantages, such as simple structure, low rotation speed, good performance with liquid entrainment, while comparing with the steady flow ejector, it has the advantage of high isentropic efficiency. The research on gas wave ejector is valuable for wave machine development and pressure energy recovery in practice.
However, the research of pressure exchange technology has mainly been focused on four-port wave rotor which can enhance the performance of internal combustion engines. The studies on gas wave ejector are far from enough to be dealt with especially at high compression ratio condition, and the research on gas wave ejector has not yet been reported in our country. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanism of energy transfer, study the unsteady flow behavior inside the pressure oscillating tube, develop the optimal method for structure design and explore the strategies for application of this device in high compression ratio and big expansion ratio conditions. This dissertation presents a detailed account of the theoretical analysis, the numerical simulation and experiments conducted to validate the results, including:
(1) The optimal principle wave process to achieve suction was proposed. The theory calculation of the whole energy transfer process was conducted. The theory analysis was used for fast predicting the port size and seeking the limiting conditions for operation.
(2) A numerical model was established to investigate the complex flow in pressure oscillating tube and a test rig was set up. The running rules of shock wave, expansion wave and contact surface were obtained and the optimal wave diagram was determined. A three-port gas wave ejector was manufactured. The maximum efficiency of this ejector was about57.5%when the expansion ratio was1.5, while for expansion ratio of2.0, the maximum efficiency was45.6%, which was also much higher than that of the steady flow ejector. Therefore, the performance of gas wave ejector is excellent.
(3) The matching relations for optimal port width and position determination were obtained by numerical simulation and experiment. The optimal width and position of each port under different operating conditions were acquired and a design method was proposed. With this method, the optimal port size at any channel length L, drum diameter D and rotation speed n could be gotten. The design method is valuable for gas wave ejector design.
(4) The reason for performance deterioration at high compression ratio was revealed after founding the characteristic that the average pressure and temperature of the channel at the pressure equalization region reduced as pm0rising. The improvement strategy, using part of the middle pressure outflow as recirculation flow to pre-compress the low pressure gas inside the channel, was implemented. The isentropic efficiency raised by9.1%and the enthalpy ratio increased by about21.3%.The optimal pre-compression port width and position were obtained.
(5) The sliding-mesh method was adopted to describe the gradual open process of the channel to the port. The results indicated that the gradual open loss included vortex loss, mixing loss and shock loss. The gradual open loss reduced as the opening time decreasing and when r,<0.4the gradual open loss could be neglected. The sum of gradual open loss and flow loss was minimal when τt=0.6, thus the optimal width of the channel could be obtained.
(6) Supersonic velocity of the outflow was the reason for poor performance at big expansion ratio. Feedback multi-stage series which is simple for engineering and has a small expansion ratio in each stage could solve this problem. The series stage and inter-stage matching scheme was determined according to the thermodynamic model.
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