论自然权利
|
摘要
自然权利是生态伦理学(或环境伦理学)的思想基础，本文从三个方面对自然权利的理论确认和实践维护作了独到的、多角度的阐述与分析。(一)人类生存的全新困境是自然权利提出的现实基础。日益恶化的生态危机使得人的生存陷入了困境，迫使人们不得不进行反思。随着对环境问题反思的觉醒，人们已意识到：目前的生态危机，如大气污染严重、水资源短缺、森林面积减少等，主要是由于人类过度干预自然造成的。人类要摆脱生存困境，就必须调整人与自然的关系，尊重自然权利，实现人与自然的和解。(二)从天赋权利到自然权利的客观逻辑是自然权利存在的重要理论依据。“权利”是一个历史范畴，权利的主体范围不断地发生变化，它先后实现了两次大的拓展：第一次是由部分人拓展到所有人(至少在形式上或理论上如此)，第二次是由所有人拓展到人之外的自然物。(三)立法保障和依法维护是自然权利实现的社会条件。自然权利的尊重与维护应从三个方面着手：一是全人类在追求自己的生存与发展时，应树立“可持续发展”的崇高伦理思想；二是必须从根本上摆脱科学主义的阴影，走出人类中心主义的观念误区；三是用立法保障的方式，把尊重、维护自然权利的理论诉求转变为全社会所有成员的共同的行为自觉。
“自然权利”随着时代发展而日益受到人类的关注。本文提出自然权利的目的在于：希望人类承认并尊重自然权利，并以此来引导、约束人们在改造自然活动中的行为，维持生态系统的稳定，实现人与自然的和谐，推动人、社会和生态环境的可持续发展。
The right of nature is the ideological foundation of ecoethics (environmentalethics). This article sets forth and analyses the theoretical affirm and practical safeguard of natural right in a unique and various way from three aspects. I. The totally new predicament of human exist is the actual foundation to put forward natural right. The increasingly deterioration of ecological crisis has made human existence fall into difficult position and force people to have to introspect. With the awakening of introspection of environment question, people have been aware of which the current ecological crisis, such as severe atmosphere pollution, water resources shortage, forest decrease is mainly created because human over intervene nature. In order to cast off difficult position, people must adjust the relationship between human and nature, respect the right of nature and get along with nature harmoniously. II The objection logic from man' s natural right to the right of nature is the important theoretical basis to ex
istence the right of nature. "Right" is a historical category, the range of subject has been constantly change, which widener successively two expansion: the first expansion is from some people to all of the people (at least in form or in theory), the second expansion is from all of the people to nature beyond human. III Legislative safeguard and maintain according to law is the social conditions to realize the right of nature. Three aspects should be taken in to consideration to respect and safeguard the right of nature .The first is that people should establish lofty ethical ideology of "sustainable development" when they pursue their existence and development. The second is that human should fundamentally get ride of shadow of scientificilism, step out of misunderstanding area of human centralism. The third is, in legislative safeguard way, to change the theoretical seek to respect and safeguard the right of nature in to the entire social member s common behavioral consciousness.
With times changing, people have put more and more focus on "The right of nature". The purpose this article put forward the right of nature is that hope that human acknowledge and respect the right of nature,
through which to conduct and limit people' s behavior during the course of remaking nature, maintain stability of ecology system, realize the harmony between human and nature, proceed the sustainable development among human, society and ecology system.
“自然权利”随着时代发展而日益受到人类的关注。本文提出自然权利的目的在于：希望人类承认并尊重自然权利，并以此来引导、约束人们在改造自然活动中的行为，维持生态系统的稳定，实现人与自然的和谐，推动人、社会和生态环境的可持续发展。
The right of nature is the ideological foundation of ecoethics (environmentalethics). This article sets forth and analyses the theoretical affirm and practical safeguard of natural right in a unique and various way from three aspects. I. The totally new predicament of human exist is the actual foundation to put forward natural right. The increasingly deterioration of ecological crisis has made human existence fall into difficult position and force people to have to introspect. With the awakening of introspection of environment question, people have been aware of which the current ecological crisis, such as severe atmosphere pollution, water resources shortage, forest decrease is mainly created because human over intervene nature. In order to cast off difficult position, people must adjust the relationship between human and nature, respect the right of nature and get along with nature harmoniously. II The objection logic from man' s natural right to the right of nature is the important theoretical basis to ex
istence the right of nature. "Right" is a historical category, the range of subject has been constantly change, which widener successively two expansion: the first expansion is from some people to all of the people (at least in form or in theory), the second expansion is from all of the people to nature beyond human. III Legislative safeguard and maintain according to law is the social conditions to realize the right of nature. Three aspects should be taken in to consideration to respect and safeguard the right of nature .The first is that people should establish lofty ethical ideology of "sustainable development" when they pursue their existence and development. The second is that human should fundamentally get ride of shadow of scientificilism, step out of misunderstanding area of human centralism. The third is, in legislative safeguard way, to change the theoretical seek to respect and safeguard the right of nature in to the entire social member s common behavioral consciousness.
With times changing, people have put more and more focus on "The right of nature". The purpose this article put forward the right of nature is that hope that human acknowledge and respect the right of nature,
through which to conduct and limit people' s behavior during the course of remaking nature, maintain stability of ecology system, realize the harmony between human and nature, proceed the sustainable development among human, society and ecology system.
引文
[1] 梅常庆，穆慧琴．人与自然关系的哲学思考．锦州医学院学报，1994．6．4-6
[2] 郭艳华，新权利观与人类理性，现代哲学(广州)1999．3．17-21
[3] 郇庆治，传统生态意识：时代视角与价值转换，自然辩证法研究(京)，1996．9．16-19．28
[4] 黄明同、周微，可持续发展与生态文明道德观，广州社会科学(广州) 1997．5．67-72
[5] 张善信，中国环境立法透析，自然辩证法研究，1999．6．
[6] 曹招根，论可持续发展的制度保障，贵州社会科学(贵阳)2000、1．24-28
[7] 李文耀，人与自然关系演变发展的历史与思考，江西社会科学(南昌)，1991．5．65-68
[8] 杨通进，人类中心论：辩护与诘难，伦理学(人大复印资料)2002．2．20-25
[9] 孙志东，生态伦理对经济增长方式的制约，岭南学刊，哲社版(广州)2001．1．68-71
[10] 刘俊伟，马克思主义生态文明理论初探，中国特色社会主义研究(京)1998．6．55-58
[11] 王正平，深生态学：一种新的环境价值理念，新华文摘，2001．4．179-182
[12] 万希平，非人类中心主义能否替代人类中心主义，理论与现代化(津)1999．10．16-20
[13] 裴华、许先春，论可持续伦理，人文杂志(西安)1998．6．8-12
[14] 叶平，非人类的生态权利，道德与文明(津)，2000．1．11-15
[15] 傅华，西方生态伦理学研究概况(上)，北京行政学院学报，2001．3．86-89
[16] 傅华，西方生态伦理学研究概况(下)，北京行政学院学报，2001．4．84-89
[17] 傅华，论自然的价值及其主体，自然辩证法通讯(京)2000．329-34
[18] 高懿德，李文义，西方生态伦理观念评议，齐鲁学刊，(曲阜)1997．5．113-115
[19] 杨明，论自然权利及其生态效应，道德与文明(津)2001．3．29-32
[20] 宋淑清、赵耀，试论人与自然的协调关系，工业技术经济(长春)1995．2．21-22
[21] 周笑冰，可持续发展是人与自然、人与人的双重和谐，西北第二民族学院学报；哲社版(银川)1999．4．77-81
[22] 李黎明，从类本位的观点看社会可持续发展，哲学原理，2000．3 133-135
[23] 杨通进，环境伦理学的基本理念，道德与文明，2000．1．6-10
[24] 诸大建，关于可持续发展的几个理论问题，自然辩证法研究(京)，
1995．12．28-31
[25] 周玉明，论生态环境的法律保护与伦理关怀，湖南社会科学，2002．5
[26] 李培超著，自然与人文的和解——生态伦理学的新视野，湖南人民出版社，2001年版
[27] 颜锋、徐小拧著，奏响绿色的乐章：人与自然，北京教育出版社，1997年版
[28] 李培超，自然的伦理尊严，江西人民出版社，2001年版
[29] 徐嵩龄主编，环境伦理学进展，：评论与阐述，社会科学文献出版社，1999年版
[30] 余谋昌著，惩罚中的醒悟——走向生态伦理学，广东教育出版社，1995年版
[31] 刘湘容，生态伦理学，湖南师范大学出版社，1992年版
[32] 文天齐主编，环境保护，化学工业出版社，1999年版
[33] 晏磊著，可持续发展基础——资源环境生态巨系统结构控制，华夏出版社，1998年版
[34] 陈泉生、张梓太著，宪法与行政法的生态化，法律出版社，2001年版
[35] 纳什著，杨通进译，大自然的权利，青岛出版社，1995年版
[36] 奥尔多·利奥波德著，侯文惠译，沙乡年鉴，吉林人民出版社，1997年版
[37] Paul Taylar, Respect for nature : A theory of Environment ,Pricenton University Press 1986
[38] H. Rolston, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in Natural World, Philadelphia, 1988
[39] T. Regan, Animal Right, Human Wrong, In Environmental Ethics, 2, No 2, 1980
[40] Pojman L P, ed Environmental Ethics: Reading in Theory and Application, Boston 1994
[41] Arme Naess, Deep Ecology for the Twenty -second Century, the Trumpeter, 9(2)1993
[42] Arme Naess, the Shallow and the Deep,Long_range Ecological Movement, Inquiry 16 (Spring 1973)
[43] G. E. Moore, the Conception of Intrinsic Value in Philosophical Studies 1992
[44] John O'Neill, the Varieties of intrinsic Value, The Monist Vol. 75, PP. 119-137, 1992
[2] 郭艳华，新权利观与人类理性，现代哲学(广州)1999．3．17-21
[3] 郇庆治，传统生态意识：时代视角与价值转换，自然辩证法研究(京)，1996．9．16-19．28
[4] 黄明同、周微，可持续发展与生态文明道德观，广州社会科学(广州) 1997．5．67-72
[5] 张善信，中国环境立法透析，自然辩证法研究，1999．6．
[6] 曹招根，论可持续发展的制度保障，贵州社会科学(贵阳)2000、1．24-28
[7] 李文耀，人与自然关系演变发展的历史与思考，江西社会科学(南昌)，1991．5．65-68
[8] 杨通进，人类中心论：辩护与诘难，伦理学(人大复印资料)2002．2．20-25
[9] 孙志东，生态伦理对经济增长方式的制约，岭南学刊，哲社版(广州)2001．1．68-71
[10] 刘俊伟，马克思主义生态文明理论初探，中国特色社会主义研究(京)1998．6．55-58
[11] 王正平，深生态学：一种新的环境价值理念，新华文摘，2001．4．179-182
[12] 万希平，非人类中心主义能否替代人类中心主义，理论与现代化(津)1999．10．16-20
[13] 裴华、许先春，论可持续伦理，人文杂志(西安)1998．6．8-12
[14] 叶平，非人类的生态权利，道德与文明(津)，2000．1．11-15
[15] 傅华，西方生态伦理学研究概况(上)，北京行政学院学报，2001．3．86-89
[16] 傅华，西方生态伦理学研究概况(下)，北京行政学院学报，2001．4．84-89
[17] 傅华，论自然的价值及其主体，自然辩证法通讯(京)2000．329-34
[18] 高懿德，李文义，西方生态伦理观念评议，齐鲁学刊，(曲阜)1997．5．113-115
[19] 杨明，论自然权利及其生态效应，道德与文明(津)2001．3．29-32
[20] 宋淑清、赵耀，试论人与自然的协调关系，工业技术经济(长春)1995．2．21-22
[21] 周笑冰，可持续发展是人与自然、人与人的双重和谐，西北第二民族学院学报；哲社版(银川)1999．4．77-81
[22] 李黎明，从类本位的观点看社会可持续发展，哲学原理，2000．3 133-135
[23] 杨通进，环境伦理学的基本理念，道德与文明，2000．1．6-10
[24] 诸大建，关于可持续发展的几个理论问题，自然辩证法研究(京)，
1995．12．28-31
[25] 周玉明，论生态环境的法律保护与伦理关怀，湖南社会科学，2002．5
[26] 李培超著，自然与人文的和解——生态伦理学的新视野，湖南人民出版社，2001年版
[27] 颜锋、徐小拧著，奏响绿色的乐章：人与自然，北京教育出版社，1997年版
[28] 李培超，自然的伦理尊严，江西人民出版社，2001年版
[29] 徐嵩龄主编，环境伦理学进展，：评论与阐述，社会科学文献出版社，1999年版
[30] 余谋昌著，惩罚中的醒悟——走向生态伦理学，广东教育出版社，1995年版
[31] 刘湘容，生态伦理学，湖南师范大学出版社，1992年版
[32] 文天齐主编，环境保护，化学工业出版社，1999年版
[33] 晏磊著，可持续发展基础——资源环境生态巨系统结构控制，华夏出版社，1998年版
[34] 陈泉生、张梓太著，宪法与行政法的生态化，法律出版社，2001年版
[35] 纳什著，杨通进译，大自然的权利，青岛出版社，1995年版
[36] 奥尔多·利奥波德著，侯文惠译，沙乡年鉴，吉林人民出版社，1997年版
[37] Paul Taylar, Respect for nature : A theory of Environment ,Pricenton University Press 1986
[38] H. Rolston, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in Natural World, Philadelphia, 1988
[39] T. Regan, Animal Right, Human Wrong, In Environmental Ethics, 2, No 2, 1980
[40] Pojman L P, ed Environmental Ethics: Reading in Theory and Application, Boston 1994
[41] Arme Naess, Deep Ecology for the Twenty -second Century, the Trumpeter, 9(2)1993
[42] Arme Naess, the Shallow and the Deep,Long_range Ecological Movement, Inquiry 16 (Spring 1973)
[43] G. E. Moore, the Conception of Intrinsic Value in Philosophical Studies 1992
[44] John O'Neill, the Varieties of intrinsic Value, The Monist Vol. 75, PP. 119-137, 1992