世界海洋运输格局时空演化
摘要
进入21世纪以来,在经济全球化和“海洋世纪”的双重作用下,各国利益范围迅猛扩大,海洋运输作为实现国际贸易的重要纽带和桥梁,地位和作用都有了空前提高。所以,本文将世界海洋运输格局的演化作为研究对象,通过发掘其所蕴含的“地理空间”属性,并进行相应的理论、实证与决策分析,从而为世界地理、交通地理与经济地理的学科融合,以及为国家战略决策提供借鉴。
文章结构力求清晰明了,共由八个章节组成。其中,前两章为海洋运输的理论探讨。首先从海洋运输的空间视角、海洋运输的研究主题与研究方法等角度进行国内外文献综述,并总结出世界海洋运输研究现状的不足;其次从交通运输地理理论、国际分工与国际贸易理论、集装箱运输的规模经济理论展开论述,为下文的实证与决策分析提供相应的理论框架。第3章到第6章在描述海运贸易与全球海洋货运系统的基础上,分别从世界大区、国家与地区、港口城市三个层面详细分析了世界海洋运输格局的时空分异、形成机理及影响因素,第7章从中国港口国际集装箱运输贸易的角度探讨中国海洋运输的国际空间联系,第8章为结论与展望。
第1章绪论。主要对文章的研究背景和意义、相关理论文献综述、研究思路与方法以及论文的内容与创新等进行阐述。在研究背景与意义中,从海洋运输是实现全球化的基础,海洋运输航线是国家战略资源和国际地位的重要支撑,中国研究世界海洋运输体系的紧迫性与必要性三个方面凸显本文研究的重要意义。理论文献综述部分通过对国内外文献的梳理,指出国内外相关研究的最新进展以及现有世界交通运输问题研究的不足。随后梳理了文章的研究思路与框架、研究内容与创新。
第2章是文章的理论分析与总结部分。首先从空间运输联系与经济联系、交通运输对区域发展的作用、交通运输与工业区位、交通运输网络与综合运输体系等方面分析交通运输发展与经济发展的空间联系,其次梳理国际分工与贸易所经历的三个不同阶段,并指出国际贸易与国际分工理论是海洋运输的经济理论基础,从而为后文的世界海洋运输网络结构的动态演化分析做铺垫。最后从集装箱运输系统中的规模经济、规模经济与集装箱港口运输体系的形成、港口功能的分化及影响与集装箱港口运输体系的演变阐述了集装箱运输的规模经济理论,为下文的全球港口间集装箱海运贸易提供必要的理论支撑。
第3章到第6章为世界海洋运输部分。该部分详细分析了世界海洋运输格局的时空分异、形成机理及影响因素。其中第3章首先回顾了全球经济和世界商品贸易的总体情况,其次梳理了世界海运贸易发展的整体趋势、海洋运输量与海运距离以及全球能源贸易流动变化趋势,并从海洋运输流通区域、全球主要海运航线及战略通道、航线类型的划分及全球主要转运市场等方面完整勾勒出了全球海洋货运系统的发展现状。
第4章世界大区层面：基于能力结构关系模型的区域海洋运输合作。通过对世界18个大区海洋运输装卸载指数的研究发现,世界海洋运输基本呈现出发达经济体、发展中经济体、过渡经济体依次递减分布的格局。全球海洋运输装卸载能力结构耦合度网络存在明显的核心-边缘空间分异格局,逐步形成了北美、欧洲、亚洲发展中国家组群的主要大三角格局以及南美洲北部与东部海岸、过渡经济体、非洲发展中经济体的次三角格局。
第5章国家与地区层面：海洋运输连接指数的时空关联模式。通过对全球157个国家与地区的海洋运输连接指数的研究发现,具有较高海洋运输连接指数的国家与地区基本按照群状分布,呈现出以东亚-东南亚、西欧、北美为核心的三极分布格局,且世界海洋运输连接指数的空间相关性日益弱化,空间分布的集聚现象在逐步减弱。
第6章港口层面：全球港口间集装箱运输贸易流地位演变。根据估算所得的全球102港口间集装箱运输贸易流可以看出,全球目前已经形成以北美、西欧、东亚-东南亚三个区域港口间集装箱贸易连接为主体,三个区域内部港口间集装箱贸易连接为支撑的港口间集装箱运输贸易流网络空间格局。全球各港口间的集装箱运输贸易流经历一个由近及远的空间递减过程。通过使用全球港口间集装箱运输贸易联系值来衡量一个港口与其他港口集装箱运输贸易联系的水平,可以得出在规模经济的内在作用下,随着全球集装箱运输系统的发展和完善,集装箱港口功能分化趋势日益明显,已呈现出一个显著的趋势就是全球集装箱枢纽港与支线港的分离,形成了相对独立的多区域集装箱运输贸易组团的海洋运输网络体系。
第7章为中国海洋运输的国际空间联系。本章以中国港口的集装箱运输贸易来考察中国海洋运输的国际空间联系,首先揭示了中国港口集装箱运输贸易的国际空间分布以及中国港口在全球港口间集装箱运输格局中地位的演变,在此基础上,对中国港口与全球港口间集装箱运输贸易水平进行划分,并进一步测度中国港口集装箱运输的国际空间联系强度,进而刻画出中国港口集装箱运输体系国际空间布局的影响机制。
第8章结论与展望。本章在总结全文主要结论的基础上,从交通地理、经济地理与世界地理综合交叉集成研究；针对世界海洋运输网络体系研究的社会网络分析法；基于海洋运输与航空运输的世界交通研究；中国国家安全与海上安全研究等方面,指出今后仍将需要进行的深层次、多方面的研究领域方向。
Since the21th century, the sphere of interest has been expanded rapidly all through the world under the dual function of economic globalization and "Ocean Century". As the significant link and solid bridge for international trade, the status and effect of ocean transportation national marine safety have been improved unprecedentedly. Therefore, by exploring the "geographic space" of the evolution pattern of the world ocean transportation and Chinese marine safety guarantee, which are is taken as the research subjects in this paper, can make them into an organic whole and some relevant analysis concerning theory, real case and decision-making can be carried through in the hope of providing some references scientific decision services for national strategy and the discipline integration of world geography, traffic geography and economic geography.
The author seeks to make an explicit structure of this paper, which consist of eight chapters. The first two chapters mainly focus on the theoretical discussion about ocean transportation. It starts with the literature review at home and abroad from the spatial perspective, research theme and methods of ocean transportation, and summarizes the deficiency of the research on the world ocean transportation. Then, the author discusses from the theories of transport geography, international division of labor and international trade, and the scale economy of container transport, which built a theoretical framework for the empirical and decision-making analysis in the following passage. Based on the analysis of seaborne trade and global shipping system on the sea, the third and sixth chapters make a detail discussion on the spatial-temporal differentiation, formation mechanism and influence factor of the ocean transportation pattern in the world from three aspects:the global region, country and its regions, and port cities. The seventh chapter explores the global spatial correlation of Chinese ocean transportation from the perspective of international container trade in Chinese ports. The eighth chapter is the conclusion and outlook.
The first chapter, the introduction of this paper, mainly elaborates the research background and significance, literature review of some relevant theories, research thoughts and methods, contends and innovative points and so forth. The research significance can be clearly revealed through the section of research background and significance from the discussion on three aspects:ocean transportation is the basis for globalization; the shipping routes on the sea are the important support for national strategic resources and international status; and it is urgent and necessary for China to study on the world ocean transportation system. In the section of the literature review of some relevant theories, the deficiency of the latest research advances at home and abroad and some global transportation problems are pointed out through the review of domestic and foreign literatures. Then, the author make an introduction of the research thoughts, frame, contends and innovative points of this paper.
The second chapter serves as the theoretical analysis and summarizes parts of the whole paper. Firstly, it starts from the analysis of the spatial linkage between regional economic development and economic development through the spatial transportation linkage and economic relation, the transportation's effect on regional development, transportation and industrial location, traffic networks and comprehensive system of traffic follows. Then, three different stages, the international division of labor and international trade have experienced, are elaborated. Besides, it points out that the theory of international trade and international division of labor are the economic theory foundation of ocean transportation, which paves a way for the analysis of the dynamic evolution of global ocean transportation networks in the following parts. In the end, some ideas about the economies of scale theory in container transportation are expounded based on the scale economy in container transportation system, the formation of scale economy and transport system of container port, the differentiation and influence of port function, and the evolution of the transport system of container port. All of these provide the following discussion on container trade among global ports with necessary theoretical support.
The world ocean transportation is elaborated from the third chapter to the sixth chapter. The spatial-temporal differentiation, formation mechanism and influence factor of the world ocean transportation pattern are analyzed in detail. The third chapter firstly reviews the overall situation of global economy and world merchandise trade and then, combs the development tendency of world seaborne trade, the shipping quantity and distance on the sea, and the variation trend of global energy trade flows. At last, the current situation of global shipping system on the sea is outlined from the circulation areas of seaborne shipping, the main global shipping routes and strategic throats, the division of shipping routes, the world's major transfer market and so on.
The fourth chapter is about the global regions, mainly focuses on the cooperation in regional and global ocean transportation and the spatial-temporal correlation pattern. It can be observed from the research on the index of load and unload of ocean transportation all through18global regions, that the pattern of global ocean transportation can be described as a decreasing distribution successively ranging from advanced economic entity, developing economic entity and transitional economic entity. An obvious spatial differentiation pattern called "Core-Periphery" has assumed in the coupling network of global ocean transportation loading-unloading capacity structure, leading to the formation of Grand Trine Pattern which consist of some developing countries in North America, Europe and Asia, and Secondary Trine Pattern which covers the north part and east coast of south America, the transitional economic entity and the developing economic entity in Africa.
The fifth chapter discusses the spatial-temporal correlation pattern of proximity index of ocean transportation in national and regional level. It can be observed from the study on the proximity index of ocean transportation including157counties and regions that countries and regions provided with high proximity index of ocean transportation mainly distribute in group and tends to a "three-pole pattern" which takes East Asia-Southeast Asia, West Europe, and North America as its core areas. Besides, the spatial correlation between proximity indexes of ocean transportation is decreasing and so does the spatial agglomeration.
The sixth chapter describes the status alternation of containerized trade flows among global ports from the port level. According to the estimation of containerized trade flows among106global ports, a new pattern has assumed around the world which takes the containerized trade links among three regional ports (North America, West Europe, and East Asia-Southeast Asia) as the principal part and the containerized trade links among their internal ports as the support part. The containerized trade flows among global ports has experienced a decreasing process from the near to the distant. Besides, the link-value of container trade between different ports in the world is adopted to measure the level of the linkage between one port and other ports. As observed from the result and based on the internal effect exerted by scale economy, a remarkable trend has been emerging under the development and improvement of global container trade system and the increasingly obvious trend of the functional differentiation in container ports:the separation of pivotal port and feeder port of container in the world shapes an independent ocean transportation network constituted by several regional container trades.
The seventh chapter makes a study on the international spatial connection of the ocean transportation in China based on the container trade in Chinese ports. It firstly uncovers the spatial distribution over the world of the container trade in Chinese ports and the evolution of the status Chinese ports hold in the container trade pattern of global ports, based on which, this paper divides the trade between Chinese ports and global ports into different levels. Then, the international spatial connection of the container transportation in Chinese ports is measures, which helps with the spatial distribution of container transportation system in Chinese ports shapes its the influencing mechanism.
The eighth chapter is the part for conclusion and prospect. Based on the summary of the main points through the whole paper, the author indicates some research directions and fields that still need to be explored deeply and synthetically, including the comprehensive and cross research on traffic geography, economic geography and world geography; the social network analysis for the world ocean transportation network; the study on global transportation based on ocean and air transportation; and the research on national security and maritime safety on china.
文章结构力求清晰明了,共由八个章节组成。其中,前两章为海洋运输的理论探讨。首先从海洋运输的空间视角、海洋运输的研究主题与研究方法等角度进行国内外文献综述,并总结出世界海洋运输研究现状的不足;其次从交通运输地理理论、国际分工与国际贸易理论、集装箱运输的规模经济理论展开论述,为下文的实证与决策分析提供相应的理论框架。第3章到第6章在描述海运贸易与全球海洋货运系统的基础上,分别从世界大区、国家与地区、港口城市三个层面详细分析了世界海洋运输格局的时空分异、形成机理及影响因素,第7章从中国港口国际集装箱运输贸易的角度探讨中国海洋运输的国际空间联系,第8章为结论与展望。
第1章绪论。主要对文章的研究背景和意义、相关理论文献综述、研究思路与方法以及论文的内容与创新等进行阐述。在研究背景与意义中,从海洋运输是实现全球化的基础,海洋运输航线是国家战略资源和国际地位的重要支撑,中国研究世界海洋运输体系的紧迫性与必要性三个方面凸显本文研究的重要意义。理论文献综述部分通过对国内外文献的梳理,指出国内外相关研究的最新进展以及现有世界交通运输问题研究的不足。随后梳理了文章的研究思路与框架、研究内容与创新。
第2章是文章的理论分析与总结部分。首先从空间运输联系与经济联系、交通运输对区域发展的作用、交通运输与工业区位、交通运输网络与综合运输体系等方面分析交通运输发展与经济发展的空间联系,其次梳理国际分工与贸易所经历的三个不同阶段,并指出国际贸易与国际分工理论是海洋运输的经济理论基础,从而为后文的世界海洋运输网络结构的动态演化分析做铺垫。最后从集装箱运输系统中的规模经济、规模经济与集装箱港口运输体系的形成、港口功能的分化及影响与集装箱港口运输体系的演变阐述了集装箱运输的规模经济理论,为下文的全球港口间集装箱海运贸易提供必要的理论支撑。
第3章到第6章为世界海洋运输部分。该部分详细分析了世界海洋运输格局的时空分异、形成机理及影响因素。其中第3章首先回顾了全球经济和世界商品贸易的总体情况,其次梳理了世界海运贸易发展的整体趋势、海洋运输量与海运距离以及全球能源贸易流动变化趋势,并从海洋运输流通区域、全球主要海运航线及战略通道、航线类型的划分及全球主要转运市场等方面完整勾勒出了全球海洋货运系统的发展现状。
第4章世界大区层面：基于能力结构关系模型的区域海洋运输合作。通过对世界18个大区海洋运输装卸载指数的研究发现,世界海洋运输基本呈现出发达经济体、发展中经济体、过渡经济体依次递减分布的格局。全球海洋运输装卸载能力结构耦合度网络存在明显的核心-边缘空间分异格局,逐步形成了北美、欧洲、亚洲发展中国家组群的主要大三角格局以及南美洲北部与东部海岸、过渡经济体、非洲发展中经济体的次三角格局。
第5章国家与地区层面：海洋运输连接指数的时空关联模式。通过对全球157个国家与地区的海洋运输连接指数的研究发现,具有较高海洋运输连接指数的国家与地区基本按照群状分布,呈现出以东亚-东南亚、西欧、北美为核心的三极分布格局,且世界海洋运输连接指数的空间相关性日益弱化,空间分布的集聚现象在逐步减弱。
第6章港口层面：全球港口间集装箱运输贸易流地位演变。根据估算所得的全球102港口间集装箱运输贸易流可以看出,全球目前已经形成以北美、西欧、东亚-东南亚三个区域港口间集装箱贸易连接为主体,三个区域内部港口间集装箱贸易连接为支撑的港口间集装箱运输贸易流网络空间格局。全球各港口间的集装箱运输贸易流经历一个由近及远的空间递减过程。通过使用全球港口间集装箱运输贸易联系值来衡量一个港口与其他港口集装箱运输贸易联系的水平,可以得出在规模经济的内在作用下,随着全球集装箱运输系统的发展和完善,集装箱港口功能分化趋势日益明显,已呈现出一个显著的趋势就是全球集装箱枢纽港与支线港的分离,形成了相对独立的多区域集装箱运输贸易组团的海洋运输网络体系。
第7章为中国海洋运输的国际空间联系。本章以中国港口的集装箱运输贸易来考察中国海洋运输的国际空间联系,首先揭示了中国港口集装箱运输贸易的国际空间分布以及中国港口在全球港口间集装箱运输格局中地位的演变,在此基础上,对中国港口与全球港口间集装箱运输贸易水平进行划分,并进一步测度中国港口集装箱运输的国际空间联系强度,进而刻画出中国港口集装箱运输体系国际空间布局的影响机制。
第8章结论与展望。本章在总结全文主要结论的基础上,从交通地理、经济地理与世界地理综合交叉集成研究；针对世界海洋运输网络体系研究的社会网络分析法；基于海洋运输与航空运输的世界交通研究；中国国家安全与海上安全研究等方面,指出今后仍将需要进行的深层次、多方面的研究领域方向。
Since the21th century, the sphere of interest has been expanded rapidly all through the world under the dual function of economic globalization and "Ocean Century". As the significant link and solid bridge for international trade, the status and effect of ocean transportation national marine safety have been improved unprecedentedly. Therefore, by exploring the "geographic space" of the evolution pattern of the world ocean transportation and Chinese marine safety guarantee, which are is taken as the research subjects in this paper, can make them into an organic whole and some relevant analysis concerning theory, real case and decision-making can be carried through in the hope of providing some references scientific decision services for national strategy and the discipline integration of world geography, traffic geography and economic geography.
The author seeks to make an explicit structure of this paper, which consist of eight chapters. The first two chapters mainly focus on the theoretical discussion about ocean transportation. It starts with the literature review at home and abroad from the spatial perspective, research theme and methods of ocean transportation, and summarizes the deficiency of the research on the world ocean transportation. Then, the author discusses from the theories of transport geography, international division of labor and international trade, and the scale economy of container transport, which built a theoretical framework for the empirical and decision-making analysis in the following passage. Based on the analysis of seaborne trade and global shipping system on the sea, the third and sixth chapters make a detail discussion on the spatial-temporal differentiation, formation mechanism and influence factor of the ocean transportation pattern in the world from three aspects:the global region, country and its regions, and port cities. The seventh chapter explores the global spatial correlation of Chinese ocean transportation from the perspective of international container trade in Chinese ports. The eighth chapter is the conclusion and outlook.
The first chapter, the introduction of this paper, mainly elaborates the research background and significance, literature review of some relevant theories, research thoughts and methods, contends and innovative points and so forth. The research significance can be clearly revealed through the section of research background and significance from the discussion on three aspects:ocean transportation is the basis for globalization; the shipping routes on the sea are the important support for national strategic resources and international status; and it is urgent and necessary for China to study on the world ocean transportation system. In the section of the literature review of some relevant theories, the deficiency of the latest research advances at home and abroad and some global transportation problems are pointed out through the review of domestic and foreign literatures. Then, the author make an introduction of the research thoughts, frame, contends and innovative points of this paper.
The second chapter serves as the theoretical analysis and summarizes parts of the whole paper. Firstly, it starts from the analysis of the spatial linkage between regional economic development and economic development through the spatial transportation linkage and economic relation, the transportation's effect on regional development, transportation and industrial location, traffic networks and comprehensive system of traffic follows. Then, three different stages, the international division of labor and international trade have experienced, are elaborated. Besides, it points out that the theory of international trade and international division of labor are the economic theory foundation of ocean transportation, which paves a way for the analysis of the dynamic evolution of global ocean transportation networks in the following parts. In the end, some ideas about the economies of scale theory in container transportation are expounded based on the scale economy in container transportation system, the formation of scale economy and transport system of container port, the differentiation and influence of port function, and the evolution of the transport system of container port. All of these provide the following discussion on container trade among global ports with necessary theoretical support.
The world ocean transportation is elaborated from the third chapter to the sixth chapter. The spatial-temporal differentiation, formation mechanism and influence factor of the world ocean transportation pattern are analyzed in detail. The third chapter firstly reviews the overall situation of global economy and world merchandise trade and then, combs the development tendency of world seaborne trade, the shipping quantity and distance on the sea, and the variation trend of global energy trade flows. At last, the current situation of global shipping system on the sea is outlined from the circulation areas of seaborne shipping, the main global shipping routes and strategic throats, the division of shipping routes, the world's major transfer market and so on.
The fourth chapter is about the global regions, mainly focuses on the cooperation in regional and global ocean transportation and the spatial-temporal correlation pattern. It can be observed from the research on the index of load and unload of ocean transportation all through18global regions, that the pattern of global ocean transportation can be described as a decreasing distribution successively ranging from advanced economic entity, developing economic entity and transitional economic entity. An obvious spatial differentiation pattern called "Core-Periphery" has assumed in the coupling network of global ocean transportation loading-unloading capacity structure, leading to the formation of Grand Trine Pattern which consist of some developing countries in North America, Europe and Asia, and Secondary Trine Pattern which covers the north part and east coast of south America, the transitional economic entity and the developing economic entity in Africa.
The fifth chapter discusses the spatial-temporal correlation pattern of proximity index of ocean transportation in national and regional level. It can be observed from the study on the proximity index of ocean transportation including157counties and regions that countries and regions provided with high proximity index of ocean transportation mainly distribute in group and tends to a "three-pole pattern" which takes East Asia-Southeast Asia, West Europe, and North America as its core areas. Besides, the spatial correlation between proximity indexes of ocean transportation is decreasing and so does the spatial agglomeration.
The sixth chapter describes the status alternation of containerized trade flows among global ports from the port level. According to the estimation of containerized trade flows among106global ports, a new pattern has assumed around the world which takes the containerized trade links among three regional ports (North America, West Europe, and East Asia-Southeast Asia) as the principal part and the containerized trade links among their internal ports as the support part. The containerized trade flows among global ports has experienced a decreasing process from the near to the distant. Besides, the link-value of container trade between different ports in the world is adopted to measure the level of the linkage between one port and other ports. As observed from the result and based on the internal effect exerted by scale economy, a remarkable trend has been emerging under the development and improvement of global container trade system and the increasingly obvious trend of the functional differentiation in container ports:the separation of pivotal port and feeder port of container in the world shapes an independent ocean transportation network constituted by several regional container trades.
The seventh chapter makes a study on the international spatial connection of the ocean transportation in China based on the container trade in Chinese ports. It firstly uncovers the spatial distribution over the world of the container trade in Chinese ports and the evolution of the status Chinese ports hold in the container trade pattern of global ports, based on which, this paper divides the trade between Chinese ports and global ports into different levels. Then, the international spatial connection of the container transportation in Chinese ports is measures, which helps with the spatial distribution of container transportation system in Chinese ports shapes its the influencing mechanism.
The eighth chapter is the part for conclusion and prospect. Based on the summary of the main points through the whole paper, the author indicates some research directions and fields that still need to be explored deeply and synthetically, including the comprehensive and cross research on traffic geography, economic geography and world geography; the social network analysis for the world ocean transportation network; the study on global transportation based on ocean and air transportation; and the research on national security and maritime safety on china.
引文
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