无线自组网MAC层及相关技术研究
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摘要
无线自组网是由一组无需固定基础设施辅助的可移动终端按需组建的网络,具有单独组网、分布式、自组织、多跳通信、抗毁性强等特点,常常用于军事战场环境、抢险救灾、偏远野外等没有固定设施支持的场合。但随着物联网和民用需求的发展,无线自组网作为物联网的底层感知和短距离传输技术正在渗透到民用通信的各个方面,如环境监控、无线接入、智能家居、车载通信等。
在实际应用中,人们已经不仅仅满足于数据消息的传输,语音、视频等多媒体业务的传输需求日益增加,这就对无线自组网的服务质量(Quality of Service, QoS)和大容量数据传输提出了更高的要求。而无线自组网媒体接入控制层(Medium Access Control, MAC)技术作为数据接入无线信道的直接控制者,负责解决节点间高效共享无线资源的问题,直接影响数据的传输性能和业务的服务质量,同时也会对上层协议的设计造成较大影响,故对无线自组网MAC层新技术的研究具有重要意义。
本文是在完成国家自然科学基金(具有感知能力的自适应可重配置Ad hoc网络)、教育部留学归国人员基金(无线自组织网络试验平台研究与实现)和总参谋部某部合作项目(宽带移动通信高效自主控制技术研究)过程中提炼出来,主要针对无线自组网实际应用中遇到的服务质量保障和大容量数据传输等问题,从MAC层及其相关技术的角度开展研究,主要的研究内容和成果包括：
1、支持服务质量保障的MAC协议研究。分析了802.11e增强分布式信道接入(EDCA)机制在无线自组网中支持MAC层服务质量保障的应用性能及参数优化方法；提出了基于三维马尔科夫链和M/G/1排队理论的EDCA机制信道接入时延估计模型,综合考虑非饱和业务情况和节点内部不同优先级业务的虚拟碰撞过程,更接近802.11e标准,推导了不同业务的MAC层总时延,并仿真验证了模型的准确性,可以为相关的业务接入控制机制提供依据,推动EDCA机制应用于无线自组网并提供MAC层的服务质量保障。
2、提出了帕累托最优的多信道多接口分配算法。通过MAC层采用多信道多接口技术提高网络的吞吐量,采用博弈论思想研究无线自组网中多信道多接口分配问题,扩展了已有研究假设,针对一个信道的有效吞吐量将随着此信道上竞争用户数量增加而降低的实际情况,利用效用函数的减函数性质,设计了博弈激励机制,在纳什均衡信道分配基础上,提出了可实现帕累托最优的信道分配算法,并验证了该算法可以有效提高网络的吞吐量收益。
3、提出了基于混合博弈的非均匀多信道多接口选择算法。考虑终端节点的不同接口信道可能具有不同的信道质量或技术模式,造成数据传输速率不同,建立了节点饱和吞吐量数学模型来量化不同信道上的收益情况,分析了不同用户数情况下最优的信道选择策略,并利用博弈论方法提出了基于混合博弈的非均匀多信道选择算法,通过仿真验证了该算法可以最大化每个用户的吞吐量并提高信道选择的公平性。
4、提出了一种适用于移动自组网的多信道多接口跨层路由算法。将多信道多接口MAC技术应用于移动自组网,并与路由算法相结合,通过引入链路生存时间估计等机制,研究适用于移动自组网的多信道跨层路由算法,提出了链路生存时间和跳数加权的路由判据,并综合利用多信道链路质量感知、多信道空间复用等机制,将路径选择和信道选择松耦合,建立灵活可靠、干扰更小的跨层路由,最后利用算法分析和仿真验证了该算法在多种应用场景中均可提高网络的端到端吞吐量和时延性能。
5、提出了一种基于多信道多接口MAC技术的跨层机会转发路由算法。将多信道多接口MAC技术和机会路由思想相结合,充分利用多信道技术可以减小共信道干扰的特点,和机会转发能够增加无线投递率和传输可靠性的优势,通过两步候选集构建、区分优先级转发、累积干扰强度度量和面向接收者的机会投递等机制,达到增加网络端到端吞吐量、提高数据包投递性能的目的。
通过以上几方面的研究,可以为无线自组网MAC层服务质量保障和大数据量传输提供一定的理论保障和技术支持。
Wireless Ad hoc networks are composed of a group of terminals without fixed infrastructure assisted for a specific target. It is commonly used in military battlefield, disaster relief, remote field and so on, owing to its separate network, distributed, self-organizing, multi-hop communication, and network survivability characteristics. However, the development of the Internet of Things and civilian needs has made this technology penetrate into various aspects of civilian communication, such as environmental monitoring, wireless access, smart home, vehicular communication, acting as the short-range transmission technology of sensing layer.
Meanwhile, in the practical applications, people not only satisfy with the data transmission, but also voice, video and other multimedia service, which require higher quality of service (QoS) and higher-speed data transmission. In Ad hoc networks, medium access control (MAC) is the controller of radio channel access, and responsible for the efficient sharing of radio resources between nodes. It can directly affect the transmission performance and quality of service, and also has a great impact on the design of upper-layer protocols. So it is of great significance for the study of new technologies in the MAC layer.
This article is part of results of the project "Adaptive reconfigurable Ad hoc networks with sensing function" funded by National Nature and Science Fund Committee, and "Research and implementation of wireless Ad hoc experimental platform" funded by Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry, and "Autonomous control technology of broadband mobile communications" funded by the General Staff Department. It focuses on the QoS and high-capacity data transmission in the practical application from the perspective of MAC layer and related technologies. The main contributions include the following aspects:
Firstly, researched on the MAC protocol for QoS-guarenteed. This part analyzed the performance of802.11e EDCA in Ad hoc networks and the parameter optimization method, and proposed a delay estimation model based on the three-dimensional Markov Chain Model and M/G/1queuing theory, which is much closer to802.11e standard. Considering the influence of unsaturated traffic and the virtual collision of different priorities, we deduced the total delay of MAC layer of different traffics, and verified the accuracy of our model by simulation. This research will provide an important basis for related access control mechanism, and contribute to the application of EDCA in Ad hoc networks for the QoS support.
Secondly, proposed a Pareto optimal multi-channel multi-interface allocation algorithm. Multi-channel multi-interface technology in MAC layer can improve the throughput greatly. This part studied the channel allocation problem based on the game theory. We extended the existing literature assumptions, and considered the actual situation that the valid throughput for a channel will decrease with the increasement of competing users. By using the decreasing function properties of the utility function, we designed an incentive mechanism in the game, and proposed a Pareto optimal channel allocation algorithm based on the Nash Equilibrium channel allocation, and verified the effectiveness of this algorithm to maximize the network throughput.
Thirdly, proposed a mixed strategy channel selection algorithm. Considering the different channel with different data rates due to the quality or technology difference, namely the asymmetric channel characteristics, we built a saturation throughput mathematical model to quantify the utility of each node pair. By analyzing the optimal channel selection policy under different user numbers, a mixed strategy asymmetric channel selection algorithm was proposed based on the mixed Nash Equilibrium. Simulation results showed that this algorithm can maximize each user's throughput and improve the fairness of channel selection.
Fourth, proposed a multi-channel multi-interface cross-layer routing algorithm (MMRM) which was suitable for the mobile Ad hoc networks. Aiming to decrease to the co-channel interference and increase the throughput by using multi-channel multi-interface MAC, we proposed a cross-layer multi-channel multi-interface routing algorithm, which included the link lifetime estimation mechanism, multi-channel link quality awareness, multi-channel spatial diversity. The weighted link lifetime and hop metric was used to select the relatively stable path, and channels with the highest link quality were chosen hop-by-hop. These two processes were loosely coupled to build a flexible cross-layer routing. Algorithm analysis and simulation verified that MMRM can improve the end-to-end throughput and delay performance in a variety of scenarios.
Fifth, proposed a multi-channel multi-interface cross-layer opportunistic routing algorithm (MMOR). Multi-channel can improve the network capacity by reducing co-channel interference, and opportunistic delivery offers a great chance to cope with the unreliability of wireless transmissions. By combining these two technologies, we proposed a multi-channel multi-interface opportunistic routing algorithm to increase the network end-to-end throughput and improve the packet delivery performance, which included a two-step scheme to build actual forwarding candidate set, prioritized packet forwarding, cumulative interference strength metric, and a received-oriented opportunistic delivery mechanism. Simulation results showed that MMOR can improve the end-to-end throughput and packet delivery performance.
By the researches above, this article can provide both theoretical and technical support for the guarantee of MAC layer QoS and the large amount of data transmission in Ad hoc networks.
在实际应用中,人们已经不仅仅满足于数据消息的传输,语音、视频等多媒体业务的传输需求日益增加,这就对无线自组网的服务质量(Quality of Service, QoS)和大容量数据传输提出了更高的要求。而无线自组网媒体接入控制层(Medium Access Control, MAC)技术作为数据接入无线信道的直接控制者,负责解决节点间高效共享无线资源的问题,直接影响数据的传输性能和业务的服务质量,同时也会对上层协议的设计造成较大影响,故对无线自组网MAC层新技术的研究具有重要意义。
本文是在完成国家自然科学基金(具有感知能力的自适应可重配置Ad hoc网络)、教育部留学归国人员基金(无线自组织网络试验平台研究与实现)和总参谋部某部合作项目(宽带移动通信高效自主控制技术研究)过程中提炼出来,主要针对无线自组网实际应用中遇到的服务质量保障和大容量数据传输等问题,从MAC层及其相关技术的角度开展研究,主要的研究内容和成果包括：
1、支持服务质量保障的MAC协议研究。分析了802.11e增强分布式信道接入(EDCA)机制在无线自组网中支持MAC层服务质量保障的应用性能及参数优化方法；提出了基于三维马尔科夫链和M/G/1排队理论的EDCA机制信道接入时延估计模型,综合考虑非饱和业务情况和节点内部不同优先级业务的虚拟碰撞过程,更接近802.11e标准,推导了不同业务的MAC层总时延,并仿真验证了模型的准确性,可以为相关的业务接入控制机制提供依据,推动EDCA机制应用于无线自组网并提供MAC层的服务质量保障。
2、提出了帕累托最优的多信道多接口分配算法。通过MAC层采用多信道多接口技术提高网络的吞吐量,采用博弈论思想研究无线自组网中多信道多接口分配问题,扩展了已有研究假设,针对一个信道的有效吞吐量将随着此信道上竞争用户数量增加而降低的实际情况,利用效用函数的减函数性质,设计了博弈激励机制,在纳什均衡信道分配基础上,提出了可实现帕累托最优的信道分配算法,并验证了该算法可以有效提高网络的吞吐量收益。
3、提出了基于混合博弈的非均匀多信道多接口选择算法。考虑终端节点的不同接口信道可能具有不同的信道质量或技术模式,造成数据传输速率不同,建立了节点饱和吞吐量数学模型来量化不同信道上的收益情况,分析了不同用户数情况下最优的信道选择策略,并利用博弈论方法提出了基于混合博弈的非均匀多信道选择算法,通过仿真验证了该算法可以最大化每个用户的吞吐量并提高信道选择的公平性。
4、提出了一种适用于移动自组网的多信道多接口跨层路由算法。将多信道多接口MAC技术应用于移动自组网,并与路由算法相结合,通过引入链路生存时间估计等机制,研究适用于移动自组网的多信道跨层路由算法,提出了链路生存时间和跳数加权的路由判据,并综合利用多信道链路质量感知、多信道空间复用等机制,将路径选择和信道选择松耦合,建立灵活可靠、干扰更小的跨层路由,最后利用算法分析和仿真验证了该算法在多种应用场景中均可提高网络的端到端吞吐量和时延性能。
5、提出了一种基于多信道多接口MAC技术的跨层机会转发路由算法。将多信道多接口MAC技术和机会路由思想相结合,充分利用多信道技术可以减小共信道干扰的特点,和机会转发能够增加无线投递率和传输可靠性的优势,通过两步候选集构建、区分优先级转发、累积干扰强度度量和面向接收者的机会投递等机制,达到增加网络端到端吞吐量、提高数据包投递性能的目的。
通过以上几方面的研究,可以为无线自组网MAC层服务质量保障和大数据量传输提供一定的理论保障和技术支持。
Wireless Ad hoc networks are composed of a group of terminals without fixed infrastructure assisted for a specific target. It is commonly used in military battlefield, disaster relief, remote field and so on, owing to its separate network, distributed, self-organizing, multi-hop communication, and network survivability characteristics. However, the development of the Internet of Things and civilian needs has made this technology penetrate into various aspects of civilian communication, such as environmental monitoring, wireless access, smart home, vehicular communication, acting as the short-range transmission technology of sensing layer.
Meanwhile, in the practical applications, people not only satisfy with the data transmission, but also voice, video and other multimedia service, which require higher quality of service (QoS) and higher-speed data transmission. In Ad hoc networks, medium access control (MAC) is the controller of radio channel access, and responsible for the efficient sharing of radio resources between nodes. It can directly affect the transmission performance and quality of service, and also has a great impact on the design of upper-layer protocols. So it is of great significance for the study of new technologies in the MAC layer.
This article is part of results of the project "Adaptive reconfigurable Ad hoc networks with sensing function" funded by National Nature and Science Fund Committee, and "Research and implementation of wireless Ad hoc experimental platform" funded by Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry, and "Autonomous control technology of broadband mobile communications" funded by the General Staff Department. It focuses on the QoS and high-capacity data transmission in the practical application from the perspective of MAC layer and related technologies. The main contributions include the following aspects:
Firstly, researched on the MAC protocol for QoS-guarenteed. This part analyzed the performance of802.11e EDCA in Ad hoc networks and the parameter optimization method, and proposed a delay estimation model based on the three-dimensional Markov Chain Model and M/G/1queuing theory, which is much closer to802.11e standard. Considering the influence of unsaturated traffic and the virtual collision of different priorities, we deduced the total delay of MAC layer of different traffics, and verified the accuracy of our model by simulation. This research will provide an important basis for related access control mechanism, and contribute to the application of EDCA in Ad hoc networks for the QoS support.
Secondly, proposed a Pareto optimal multi-channel multi-interface allocation algorithm. Multi-channel multi-interface technology in MAC layer can improve the throughput greatly. This part studied the channel allocation problem based on the game theory. We extended the existing literature assumptions, and considered the actual situation that the valid throughput for a channel will decrease with the increasement of competing users. By using the decreasing function properties of the utility function, we designed an incentive mechanism in the game, and proposed a Pareto optimal channel allocation algorithm based on the Nash Equilibrium channel allocation, and verified the effectiveness of this algorithm to maximize the network throughput.
Thirdly, proposed a mixed strategy channel selection algorithm. Considering the different channel with different data rates due to the quality or technology difference, namely the asymmetric channel characteristics, we built a saturation throughput mathematical model to quantify the utility of each node pair. By analyzing the optimal channel selection policy under different user numbers, a mixed strategy asymmetric channel selection algorithm was proposed based on the mixed Nash Equilibrium. Simulation results showed that this algorithm can maximize each user's throughput and improve the fairness of channel selection.
Fourth, proposed a multi-channel multi-interface cross-layer routing algorithm (MMRM) which was suitable for the mobile Ad hoc networks. Aiming to decrease to the co-channel interference and increase the throughput by using multi-channel multi-interface MAC, we proposed a cross-layer multi-channel multi-interface routing algorithm, which included the link lifetime estimation mechanism, multi-channel link quality awareness, multi-channel spatial diversity. The weighted link lifetime and hop metric was used to select the relatively stable path, and channels with the highest link quality were chosen hop-by-hop. These two processes were loosely coupled to build a flexible cross-layer routing. Algorithm analysis and simulation verified that MMRM can improve the end-to-end throughput and delay performance in a variety of scenarios.
Fifth, proposed a multi-channel multi-interface cross-layer opportunistic routing algorithm (MMOR). Multi-channel can improve the network capacity by reducing co-channel interference, and opportunistic delivery offers a great chance to cope with the unreliability of wireless transmissions. By combining these two technologies, we proposed a multi-channel multi-interface opportunistic routing algorithm to increase the network end-to-end throughput and improve the packet delivery performance, which included a two-step scheme to build actual forwarding candidate set, prioritized packet forwarding, cumulative interference strength metric, and a received-oriented opportunistic delivery mechanism. Simulation results showed that MMOR can improve the end-to-end throughput and packet delivery performance.
By the researches above, this article can provide both theoretical and technical support for the guarantee of MAC layer QoS and the large amount of data transmission in Ad hoc networks.
引文
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