仁用杏营养诊断与配方施肥技术研究
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摘要
在豫西黄土丘陵区仁用杏基地进行了配方施肥与营养诊断试验,对仁用杏的败育花比例、坐果率、成果率、保果率及产量等进行了调查,并动态跟踪调查了仁用杏叶片及果实的生长发育规律,对仁用杏保果率、产量与叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量的相关性进行了分析,结果如下：
1.仁用杏平均败育花比例为3.98%,比2006、2007年分别降低了15和10个百分点以上；平均坐果率和成果率分别为46.29%和20.16%,比2006年分别提高了近20和10个百分点。
2.通过对豫西黄土丘陵区仁用杏品种超仁进行叶片及果实生长发育的动态跟踪调查,结果表明：叶片长、宽均有2个生长高峰,分别同时出现在4月7日和4月23日,叶片长、宽的生长曲线分别为：Y长=1.219936+0.355524t+0.009224t2-0.000657t3,R2=0.996；Y宽=0.645753+0.3394784t+0.002657t2-0.000376t3,R2=0.9958。叶面积有4个生长高峰,分别出现在4月7日、4月17日、4月23日和4月27日,叶片的持续增长时间为47d,叶面积生长曲线为：Y面积=0.651282-0.58078t+0.220554t2-0.005732t3,R2=0.9832。果实纵、横径的生长发育可分为两个时期,即果实迅速生长期—膨大期历时30d,果实缓慢生长期—硬核期历时60d,纵横径的生长曲线分别为：Y纵=0.505135+0.770411t-0.07188t2+0.002195t3,R2=0.9948；Y横=0.78861+0.633315t-0.049635t2+0.001346t3,R2=0.9931。
3.通过两次配方施肥正交试验,得出：P、K肥可显著提高保果率(P<0.01),N肥无显著影响(P>0.05),各因素对保果率的影响次序为：P>K>N,最佳保果肥配方为N1P2K3；N、P、K不同施肥量水平均对单株鲜果产量有显著性影响(P<0.01),各因素对鲜果产量的影响次序为N>P>K,最佳产量配方为N3P3K2；N对单果重等果实经济性状均有显著性影响,P、K只对部分果实经济性状有显著性影响；以单株鲜果产量、产核量和产仁量为指标,优选出增产肥最佳组合为N3P3K2。
4.测定了仁用杏叶片中10种矿质营养元素(N、P、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、B)的含量,并研究了生长期内各元素含量的变化规律,结果表明：叶内N、P、Zn、Cu含量随叶龄增加而降低；Mg、Ca、Fe含量随叶龄增加而升高；K、B含量随叶龄增加呈交替升降变化；Mn含量随叶龄增加先降低后期明显升高,只是各元素含量高峰出现的时期各异。相关性分析结果显示：N与P、Cu、Zn,P与Cu,Cu与Zn,Fe与Mn、Ca呈极显著正相关；P与Zn,Mn与Ca,Mg与Ca呈显著正相关；Mg与N、Zn、Cu,B与Fe呈极显著负相关；Mg与P,B与Ca、Mn呈显著负相关。
5.营养诊断结果表明：K最缺乏,其次是Zn,N、P、Mn、Ca、Cu基本满足需求,Fe、Mg、B过剩,施肥顺序为K>Zn>P>Ca>Mn>N>Cu。
6.配方施肥对仁用杏叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量的影响：保果肥可显著提高叶片中全氮、全磷的含量,全钾含量则显著降低；增产肥可显著提高叶片中全氮含量,对全磷的影响不大,全钾含量也是显著降低。
7.仁用杏叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量与保果率及产量等的相关性分析结果为：保果率与叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量并无显著的相关关系,产仁量、产核量和鲜果产量只与叶片中全氮含量呈显著正相关,而与全磷和全钾含量的相关性不显著。果实经济性状间相关性结果为：产仁量、产核量、鲜果产量间均为极显著正相关关系,单果重、单仁重与单核重分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系,出核率与单果重呈极显著负相关,出仁率与单果重、单核重分别呈极显著和显著负相关关系。
The tests of nutrient diagnosis and formula fertilization had been carried out in the base of Almond-apricot in the Loess Hilly Area of West Henan Province.The flower abortion rate, fruit setting rate, fruit bear percentage, fruit-retention rate and yield were investigated, and the growth-development law of Almond-apricot's leaves and fruit were dynamic follow-up investigated, and the correlation of fruit-retention rate and yield with the content of leaves'total nitrogen, P and K were analysed. The results are as follows:
1. The average flower abortion rate was 3.98%, it is 15 and 10 percent point lower than the year of 2006 and 2007's.The average fruit setting rate and fruit bear percentage were 46.29% and 20.16% respectively, they were nearly 20 and 10 percent point higher than 2006's respectively.
2. In order to investigate the growth-development law of Almond-apricot in the Loess Hilly Area of West Henan Province as a reference for Almond-apricot's cultivation, taking"Chaoren"as the research object, dynamic growth of Almond-apricot's leaves and fruit were researched, and growth curve were fitted. The results indicated that the length and width of leaf both have two growth peak who appeared simultaneously in the April 7 and April 23 respectively, and their growth curve were Ylength=1.219936+0.355524t+0.009224t2-0.000657t3, R2=0.996; Ywidth= 0.645753+ 0.3394784t+0.002657t2-0.000376t3, R2=0.9958. The leaf area have four growth peak, which appeared respectively in the April 7, April 17, April 23 and April 27, and the growth duration of leaf was forty-seven days, its growth curve was Yarea=0.651282-0.58078t+0.220554t2-0.005732t3,R2=0.9832.The growth and development of the vertical and horizontal diameters. of fruit can be divided into two periods, the fast growth period of fruit who last one month, the slow growth period of fruit who last two month, and their growth curve were Yv=0.505135+0.770411t-0.07188t2 +0.002195t3, R2=0.9948,Yh= 0.78861+0.633315t-0.049635t2+0.001346t3, R2=0.9931.
3. Two orthogonal tests of formula fertilization was carried out. The results indicated that P and K significantly increased the fruit-retention rate (P<0.01), but N had no significant effect on it (P>0.05); the effects of various factors on the fruit-retention rate were in the following order:P>K>N,and the best formula of fruit-protecting fertilizer was N1P2K3.The different fertilizer level of N, P and K had significant influence on the yield of fresh fruit per plant (P＜0.01), the effects of various factors on the yield were in the following order:N>P>K, and the best formula of fruit-protecting fertilizer was N3P3K2.N had significant influence on the fruit character of fruit weight. Etc (P<0.01), but P and K only had significant effect on some of them (P>0.05).Regarding the yield of fresh fruit, stem nuclear and kernel as index, the best combination of high yield fertilizer was N3P3K2.
4. The contents of 10 mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe,Mn and B) in leaves were analysed, and variation patterns of these elements in growing season and the correlation between them were investigated. The results are as follows:the content of N, P, Cu and Zn was decreased with the increasing of leaf age, but the reverse is true of Mg, Ca and Fe; K and B was alternating lifting, and Mn firstly decreases and then increases. The peak of the contents of 10 mineral elements was differrent.The results of correlation analysis indicaed that there was a very significant positive correlation between N and P, Cu, Zn, P and Cu, Cu and Zn, Fe and Mn, Ca respectively, and a significant positive correlation between P and Zn, Mn and Ca, Mg and Ca, and a very significant negative correlation between Mg and N,Zn,Cu, B and Fe respectively, and a significant negative correlation between Mg and P, B and Ca, Mn respectively.
5. The results of nutrient diagnosis indicated that:the mineral element K is the most lack,and next come Zn; N,P,Mn,Ca and Cu satisfy the basic needs,and Fe,Mg and B excess.The fertilizer order is K>Zn>P>Ca>Mn>N>Cu.
6. The fruit retention fertilizer can improve the content of total nitrogen and P in leaves significantly, but the reverse is true of total K; high yield fertilizer can improve the content of total nitrogen significantly, but the reverse is true of total K,and has little effect on total P.
7. There is no significant correlation between fruit-retention rate and total nitrogen, P and K,and a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen and the yield of fresh fruit, stem nuclear and kernel respectively. There is a very significant positive correlation between fresh fruit yield and stem nuclear yield and stem kernel yield respectively, and a very significant and significant positive correlation between single pit weight and fruit weight and single kernel weight respectively, and a very significant negative correlation between nuclear percent and fruit weight respectively, and a very significant and significant negative correlation between kernel percent and fruit weight and single pit weight respectively.
1.仁用杏平均败育花比例为3.98%,比2006、2007年分别降低了15和10个百分点以上；平均坐果率和成果率分别为46.29%和20.16%,比2006年分别提高了近20和10个百分点。
2.通过对豫西黄土丘陵区仁用杏品种超仁进行叶片及果实生长发育的动态跟踪调查,结果表明：叶片长、宽均有2个生长高峰,分别同时出现在4月7日和4月23日,叶片长、宽的生长曲线分别为：Y长=1.219936+0.355524t+0.009224t2-0.000657t3,R2=0.996；Y宽=0.645753+0.3394784t+0.002657t2-0.000376t3,R2=0.9958。叶面积有4个生长高峰,分别出现在4月7日、4月17日、4月23日和4月27日,叶片的持续增长时间为47d,叶面积生长曲线为：Y面积=0.651282-0.58078t+0.220554t2-0.005732t3,R2=0.9832。果实纵、横径的生长发育可分为两个时期,即果实迅速生长期—膨大期历时30d,果实缓慢生长期—硬核期历时60d,纵横径的生长曲线分别为：Y纵=0.505135+0.770411t-0.07188t2+0.002195t3,R2=0.9948；Y横=0.78861+0.633315t-0.049635t2+0.001346t3,R2=0.9931。
3.通过两次配方施肥正交试验,得出：P、K肥可显著提高保果率(P<0.01),N肥无显著影响(P>0.05),各因素对保果率的影响次序为：P>K>N,最佳保果肥配方为N1P2K3；N、P、K不同施肥量水平均对单株鲜果产量有显著性影响(P<0.01),各因素对鲜果产量的影响次序为N>P>K,最佳产量配方为N3P3K2；N对单果重等果实经济性状均有显著性影响,P、K只对部分果实经济性状有显著性影响；以单株鲜果产量、产核量和产仁量为指标,优选出增产肥最佳组合为N3P3K2。
4.测定了仁用杏叶片中10种矿质营养元素(N、P、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、B)的含量,并研究了生长期内各元素含量的变化规律,结果表明：叶内N、P、Zn、Cu含量随叶龄增加而降低；Mg、Ca、Fe含量随叶龄增加而升高；K、B含量随叶龄增加呈交替升降变化；Mn含量随叶龄增加先降低后期明显升高,只是各元素含量高峰出现的时期各异。相关性分析结果显示：N与P、Cu、Zn,P与Cu,Cu与Zn,Fe与Mn、Ca呈极显著正相关；P与Zn,Mn与Ca,Mg与Ca呈显著正相关；Mg与N、Zn、Cu,B与Fe呈极显著负相关；Mg与P,B与Ca、Mn呈显著负相关。
5.营养诊断结果表明：K最缺乏,其次是Zn,N、P、Mn、Ca、Cu基本满足需求,Fe、Mg、B过剩,施肥顺序为K>Zn>P>Ca>Mn>N>Cu。
6.配方施肥对仁用杏叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量的影响：保果肥可显著提高叶片中全氮、全磷的含量,全钾含量则显著降低；增产肥可显著提高叶片中全氮含量,对全磷的影响不大,全钾含量也是显著降低。
7.仁用杏叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量与保果率及产量等的相关性分析结果为：保果率与叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾含量并无显著的相关关系,产仁量、产核量和鲜果产量只与叶片中全氮含量呈显著正相关,而与全磷和全钾含量的相关性不显著。果实经济性状间相关性结果为：产仁量、产核量、鲜果产量间均为极显著正相关关系,单果重、单仁重与单核重分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系,出核率与单果重呈极显著负相关,出仁率与单果重、单核重分别呈极显著和显著负相关关系。
The tests of nutrient diagnosis and formula fertilization had been carried out in the base of Almond-apricot in the Loess Hilly Area of West Henan Province.The flower abortion rate, fruit setting rate, fruit bear percentage, fruit-retention rate and yield were investigated, and the growth-development law of Almond-apricot's leaves and fruit were dynamic follow-up investigated, and the correlation of fruit-retention rate and yield with the content of leaves'total nitrogen, P and K were analysed. The results are as follows:
1. The average flower abortion rate was 3.98%, it is 15 and 10 percent point lower than the year of 2006 and 2007's.The average fruit setting rate and fruit bear percentage were 46.29% and 20.16% respectively, they were nearly 20 and 10 percent point higher than 2006's respectively.
2. In order to investigate the growth-development law of Almond-apricot in the Loess Hilly Area of West Henan Province as a reference for Almond-apricot's cultivation, taking"Chaoren"as the research object, dynamic growth of Almond-apricot's leaves and fruit were researched, and growth curve were fitted. The results indicated that the length and width of leaf both have two growth peak who appeared simultaneously in the April 7 and April 23 respectively, and their growth curve were Ylength=1.219936+0.355524t+0.009224t2-0.000657t3, R2=0.996; Ywidth= 0.645753+ 0.3394784t+0.002657t2-0.000376t3, R2=0.9958. The leaf area have four growth peak, which appeared respectively in the April 7, April 17, April 23 and April 27, and the growth duration of leaf was forty-seven days, its growth curve was Yarea=0.651282-0.58078t+0.220554t2-0.005732t3,R2=0.9832.The growth and development of the vertical and horizontal diameters. of fruit can be divided into two periods, the fast growth period of fruit who last one month, the slow growth period of fruit who last two month, and their growth curve were Yv=0.505135+0.770411t-0.07188t2 +0.002195t3, R2=0.9948,Yh= 0.78861+0.633315t-0.049635t2+0.001346t3, R2=0.9931.
3. Two orthogonal tests of formula fertilization was carried out. The results indicated that P and K significantly increased the fruit-retention rate (P<0.01), but N had no significant effect on it (P>0.05); the effects of various factors on the fruit-retention rate were in the following order:P>K>N,and the best formula of fruit-protecting fertilizer was N1P2K3.The different fertilizer level of N, P and K had significant influence on the yield of fresh fruit per plant (P＜0.01), the effects of various factors on the yield were in the following order:N>P>K, and the best formula of fruit-protecting fertilizer was N3P3K2.N had significant influence on the fruit character of fruit weight. Etc (P<0.01), but P and K only had significant effect on some of them (P>0.05).Regarding the yield of fresh fruit, stem nuclear and kernel as index, the best combination of high yield fertilizer was N3P3K2.
4. The contents of 10 mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe,Mn and B) in leaves were analysed, and variation patterns of these elements in growing season and the correlation between them were investigated. The results are as follows:the content of N, P, Cu and Zn was decreased with the increasing of leaf age, but the reverse is true of Mg, Ca and Fe; K and B was alternating lifting, and Mn firstly decreases and then increases. The peak of the contents of 10 mineral elements was differrent.The results of correlation analysis indicaed that there was a very significant positive correlation between N and P, Cu, Zn, P and Cu, Cu and Zn, Fe and Mn, Ca respectively, and a significant positive correlation between P and Zn, Mn and Ca, Mg and Ca, and a very significant negative correlation between Mg and N,Zn,Cu, B and Fe respectively, and a significant negative correlation between Mg and P, B and Ca, Mn respectively.
5. The results of nutrient diagnosis indicated that:the mineral element K is the most lack,and next come Zn; N,P,Mn,Ca and Cu satisfy the basic needs,and Fe,Mg and B excess.The fertilizer order is K>Zn>P>Ca>Mn>N>Cu.
6. The fruit retention fertilizer can improve the content of total nitrogen and P in leaves significantly, but the reverse is true of total K; high yield fertilizer can improve the content of total nitrogen significantly, but the reverse is true of total K,and has little effect on total P.
7. There is no significant correlation between fruit-retention rate and total nitrogen, P and K,and a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen and the yield of fresh fruit, stem nuclear and kernel respectively. There is a very significant positive correlation between fresh fruit yield and stem nuclear yield and stem kernel yield respectively, and a very significant and significant positive correlation between single pit weight and fruit weight and single kernel weight respectively, and a very significant negative correlation between nuclear percent and fruit weight respectively, and a very significant and significant negative correlation between kernel percent and fruit weight and single pit weight respectively.
引文
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