中药黄芪种质资源及环境因素对品质的影响
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摘要
黄芪是一种常用的中药,具有补气固表,利尿托毒,排脓,敛疮生肌的功效。由于各地土壤、气候、栽培方法等不同,所产黄芪药材品质差异较大,造成以黄芪为原料的药品质量不稳定。影响黄芪药材品质的因素主要有种质、环境因子等,因此我们有必要研究黄芪种质资源,有必要研究环境因子对黄芪品质的影响,为生产高品质药材服务。
本研究围绕黄芪种质资源和环境因子对黄芪品质的影响进行了以下内容:
通过对从全国各地引种的黄芪19份材料的生物学特性——植株形态、花期等进行对比研究,并通过同工酶电泳等生理生化方法,对材料进行了聚类分析,对引种的19份材料进行了分类整理。结果发现蒙古黄芪与膜荚黄芪有很大不同,可以作为单独的一个种;膜荚黄芪中存在一种与中国植物志中描述不同的花期较晚、叶上表皮多毛的变型。因此可以把药用黄芪栽培的品种分为三个品系——蒙古黄芪品系、早花型膜荚黄芪品系、晚花型膜荚黄芪品系。
对引种的三个品系的6个材料的种质特性进行研究,包括抗白粉病及根腐病特性分析比较;抗寒性分析;有效成分含量的分析比较等。结果发现蒙古黄芪对白粉病有极强的抗性,是优良的抗白粉病种质资源。早花型膜荚黄芪易感白粉病,晚花型膜荚黄芪稍抗白粉病。各材料对根腐病抗性表现均不明显,晚花型膜荚黄芪品系较抗根腐病,蒙古黄芪和旬邑野生膜荚黄芪(属早花型膜荚黄芪)对根腐病的抗性最差。早花型膜荚黄芪的地上部分抗寒能力高于晚花型膜荚黄芪,旬邑野生膜荚黄芪(属早花型膜荚黄芪)抗寒能力较强,是优良的抗寒性种质资源。有效成分含量方面,晚花型膜荚黄芪中黄芪皂苷含量较高。膜荚黄芪在霜降后皂苷继续增加,越冬后皂苷含量较越冬前高,因此以皂苷为主要药用成分的黄芪应在越冬后采收。蒙古黄芪、早花型膜荚黄芪、晚花型膜荚黄芪三个品系中均有多糖含量较高的品种,其中旬邑野生膜荚黄芪多糖含量较高。各品系多糖含量均在初霜降时达到最高,受霜害后多糖含量下降。因此以多糖为主要药用成分的黄芪应在越冬前初霜时采收。
通过测定栽培在不同光强、不同土质等条件下的黄芪根中有效成分含量和形状差异研究光强、土质对黄芪根品质的影响。结果发现多糖含量在遮阴45.4%的处理最高,达6.37%,以后随光照强度减弱多糖含量降低。而皂苷含量随遮阴增大上升。在纯沙壤和纯重壤土中根长、根重、根形态均较差,多糖、皂苷等有效成分含量也较低。在两者混合的土壤中生长的黄芪质量较好。
Astragalus is a Chinese traditional medicine used as invigorant for diuresis, expelling pus, healing tumefactions etc. Quality has great difference among Astagalus medical materials from different areas because of different soil, climate and planting methods. This leads to instable quality of medicines made from Astragalus. Main factors that influence quality of Astragalus are idioplasm and environment. So we need to study them to serve for producing high quality medical materials of Astragalus.
Studies were done surrounding Astragalus idioplasm and effectiveness to Astragalus quality by environmental factors of light intensity and soil characters.
We analysed 19 kinds of Astragalus materials introduced from different areas by clustering and classified them through studying their biological characters of plant form, florescence etc. and electrophoresis of amylase isoenzyme, peroxidase isoenzyme and soluble proteins. The conclusion was that there were great differences between Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus and Astragalus membranaceus. Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus should be considered as an individual species. A form that existed in colonies of Astragalus membranaceus was different from those depicted in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae by later florescence and hairy upper leaflet surface. So we classified Astragalus three breed families - Astragalus mongholicus family, early florescence Astragalus membranaceus and later florescence Astragalus membranaceus.
The characters of three breed families were studied, including resistance to powdery mildew, root rot and freezing harm and content of effective components etc. We found that Astragalus mongholicus was a good idioplasm with high resistance to powdery mildew. Early florescence Astragalus membranaceus infected powdery mildew badly. Later florescence Astragalus membranaceus had a little resistance to powdery mildew. All Astagalus materials did not show obvious resistance to root rot. Later florescence Astragalus membranaceus had a little resistance to root rot. But the breed Xunyi Wild Astragalus membranaceus (belonging to early florescence Astragalus membranaceus) and Astragalus mongholicus showed little. Stems and leaves of early florescence Astragalus membranaceus showed better resistance to freezing harm than that of later florescence Astragalus membranaceus. Xunyi Wild Astragalus membranaceus was a good idioplasm with high resistance to freezing harm. The later florescence Astragalus membranaceus had higher total astragaloside. Total astragaloside in roots of Astragalus membranaceus increased after frosting and it was higher after living through the winter than before the winter. So Astragalus used for their astragaloside should be harvested after living through the winter. There were higher polysaccharide breeds in all three breeds families. Among those Xunyi Wild Astragalus membranaceus was a good highest polysaccharide content idioplasm. Polysaccharide content in all breed families reached its peek at first frosting time. And it came down after that. So Astragalus used for their polysaccharide should be harvested around first frosting time before winter.
本研究围绕黄芪种质资源和环境因子对黄芪品质的影响进行了以下内容:
通过对从全国各地引种的黄芪19份材料的生物学特性——植株形态、花期等进行对比研究,并通过同工酶电泳等生理生化方法,对材料进行了聚类分析,对引种的19份材料进行了分类整理。结果发现蒙古黄芪与膜荚黄芪有很大不同,可以作为单独的一个种;膜荚黄芪中存在一种与中国植物志中描述不同的花期较晚、叶上表皮多毛的变型。因此可以把药用黄芪栽培的品种分为三个品系——蒙古黄芪品系、早花型膜荚黄芪品系、晚花型膜荚黄芪品系。
对引种的三个品系的6个材料的种质特性进行研究,包括抗白粉病及根腐病特性分析比较;抗寒性分析;有效成分含量的分析比较等。结果发现蒙古黄芪对白粉病有极强的抗性,是优良的抗白粉病种质资源。早花型膜荚黄芪易感白粉病,晚花型膜荚黄芪稍抗白粉病。各材料对根腐病抗性表现均不明显,晚花型膜荚黄芪品系较抗根腐病,蒙古黄芪和旬邑野生膜荚黄芪(属早花型膜荚黄芪)对根腐病的抗性最差。早花型膜荚黄芪的地上部分抗寒能力高于晚花型膜荚黄芪,旬邑野生膜荚黄芪(属早花型膜荚黄芪)抗寒能力较强,是优良的抗寒性种质资源。有效成分含量方面,晚花型膜荚黄芪中黄芪皂苷含量较高。膜荚黄芪在霜降后皂苷继续增加,越冬后皂苷含量较越冬前高,因此以皂苷为主要药用成分的黄芪应在越冬后采收。蒙古黄芪、早花型膜荚黄芪、晚花型膜荚黄芪三个品系中均有多糖含量较高的品种,其中旬邑野生膜荚黄芪多糖含量较高。各品系多糖含量均在初霜降时达到最高,受霜害后多糖含量下降。因此以多糖为主要药用成分的黄芪应在越冬前初霜时采收。
通过测定栽培在不同光强、不同土质等条件下的黄芪根中有效成分含量和形状差异研究光强、土质对黄芪根品质的影响。结果发现多糖含量在遮阴45.4%的处理最高,达6.37%,以后随光照强度减弱多糖含量降低。而皂苷含量随遮阴增大上升。在纯沙壤和纯重壤土中根长、根重、根形态均较差,多糖、皂苷等有效成分含量也较低。在两者混合的土壤中生长的黄芪质量较好。
Astragalus is a Chinese traditional medicine used as invigorant for diuresis, expelling pus, healing tumefactions etc. Quality has great difference among Astagalus medical materials from different areas because of different soil, climate and planting methods. This leads to instable quality of medicines made from Astragalus. Main factors that influence quality of Astragalus are idioplasm and environment. So we need to study them to serve for producing high quality medical materials of Astragalus.
Studies were done surrounding Astragalus idioplasm and effectiveness to Astragalus quality by environmental factors of light intensity and soil characters.
We analysed 19 kinds of Astragalus materials introduced from different areas by clustering and classified them through studying their biological characters of plant form, florescence etc. and electrophoresis of amylase isoenzyme, peroxidase isoenzyme and soluble proteins. The conclusion was that there were great differences between Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus and Astragalus membranaceus. Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus should be considered as an individual species. A form that existed in colonies of Astragalus membranaceus was different from those depicted in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae by later florescence and hairy upper leaflet surface. So we classified Astragalus three breed families - Astragalus mongholicus family, early florescence Astragalus membranaceus and later florescence Astragalus membranaceus.
The characters of three breed families were studied, including resistance to powdery mildew, root rot and freezing harm and content of effective components etc. We found that Astragalus mongholicus was a good idioplasm with high resistance to powdery mildew. Early florescence Astragalus membranaceus infected powdery mildew badly. Later florescence Astragalus membranaceus had a little resistance to powdery mildew. All Astagalus materials did not show obvious resistance to root rot. Later florescence Astragalus membranaceus had a little resistance to root rot. But the breed Xunyi Wild Astragalus membranaceus (belonging to early florescence Astragalus membranaceus) and Astragalus mongholicus showed little. Stems and leaves of early florescence Astragalus membranaceus showed better resistance to freezing harm than that of later florescence Astragalus membranaceus. Xunyi Wild Astragalus membranaceus was a good idioplasm with high resistance to freezing harm. The later florescence Astragalus membranaceus had higher total astragaloside. Total astragaloside in roots of Astragalus membranaceus increased after frosting and it was higher after living through the winter than before the winter. So Astragalus used for their astragaloside should be harvested after living through the winter. There were higher polysaccharide breeds in all three breeds families. Among those Xunyi Wild Astragalus membranaceus was a good highest polysaccharide content idioplasm. Polysaccharide content in all breed families reached its peek at first frosting time. And it came down after that. So Astragalus used for their polysaccharide should be harvested around first frosting time before winter.
引文
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