铝合金汽车车轮的强度分析及优化
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摘要
轻量化是世界汽车工业发展的主要趋势，轻质材料铝及其合金等的使用是一种有效的途径。目前，大部分汽车车轮已使用铝及其合金做作为材料，利用现代设计方法，在此基础上进一步实现车轮的轻量化则是本文的研究所在。
本文从介绍有限元及优化设计的基本思想着手，具体说明了有限元分析软件ANSYS以及CAD软件Pro/ENGINEER的功能及其主要特点。着重介绍了应用ANSYS对铝合金车轮进行结构强度分析、优化的具体过程。
本文使用Pro/ENGINEER软件，按照轮辋的国家标准，建构车轮的实体模型；然后把模型导入ANSYS，按1997年中国汽车行业标准中的汽车轻合金车轮的性能要求和实验方法所规定的疲劳实验要求施加荷载；然后进行强度分析，分析结果表明，车轮的最大应力远小于铝合金的许用应力，存在进一步优化的可能和必要。然后，参数化构建车轮模型，利用ANSYS的优化模块对其进行优化，优化结果表明，车轮的重量有了显著的减少，车轮的最大应力接近材料的许用应力，且分布更合理。
研究结果表明，利用CAE分析技术有助于提高汽车车轮的设计水平、缩短设计周期、减少开发成本。该方法具有普遍性，适用于指导任何其它型号车轮的设计和分析。
The world automobile industry develops to lightweighting. One of the effective approachs is the useness of lightweighting material, such as aluminium and its alloy, in automobile. At present, aluminium and its alloy are widely used in wheels. The motive of this paper is to reduce ulteriorly the weight of wheel in virtue of advanced design method.
At first, the paper introduces the elementary theory of finite element method and optimum design, and then introduces the chief functions and characteristics of the finite element software, ANSYS, and the CAD software, Pro/ENGINEER, in detail. Furthermore, the processes using ANSYS to carry out intension analysis and optimum design are introduced as a focal point.
In this paper, Pro/ENGINEER is used to creat the model of wheel which is according with GB/T3487-1996. Then the model is submitted to ANSYS where it is dealed with and loaded according as the prescribe in the fatigue experiment of GB/T3487-1996 and is analyzed in intension. The result shows the maximal stress is much less than the breaking point of aluminium alloy, which makes material wasted. So, it is necessary and possible to optimize the structure of wheel. To creat the parametric model of wheel, and then to use ANSYS to optimize it. The result shows the weight of the wheel is reduced remarkably and the maximal stress in wheel approaches its breaking point and its distributing is more rational.
This study shows CAE helps to improve design level of wheel, shorten design cycle and reduce design cost. It is a prevalent analytical means and is fit to any wheel.
本文从介绍有限元及优化设计的基本思想着手，具体说明了有限元分析软件ANSYS以及CAD软件Pro/ENGINEER的功能及其主要特点。着重介绍了应用ANSYS对铝合金车轮进行结构强度分析、优化的具体过程。
本文使用Pro/ENGINEER软件，按照轮辋的国家标准，建构车轮的实体模型；然后把模型导入ANSYS，按1997年中国汽车行业标准中的汽车轻合金车轮的性能要求和实验方法所规定的疲劳实验要求施加荷载；然后进行强度分析，分析结果表明，车轮的最大应力远小于铝合金的许用应力，存在进一步优化的可能和必要。然后，参数化构建车轮模型，利用ANSYS的优化模块对其进行优化，优化结果表明，车轮的重量有了显著的减少，车轮的最大应力接近材料的许用应力，且分布更合理。
研究结果表明，利用CAE分析技术有助于提高汽车车轮的设计水平、缩短设计周期、减少开发成本。该方法具有普遍性，适用于指导任何其它型号车轮的设计和分析。
The world automobile industry develops to lightweighting. One of the effective approachs is the useness of lightweighting material, such as aluminium and its alloy, in automobile. At present, aluminium and its alloy are widely used in wheels. The motive of this paper is to reduce ulteriorly the weight of wheel in virtue of advanced design method.
At first, the paper introduces the elementary theory of finite element method and optimum design, and then introduces the chief functions and characteristics of the finite element software, ANSYS, and the CAD software, Pro/ENGINEER, in detail. Furthermore, the processes using ANSYS to carry out intension analysis and optimum design are introduced as a focal point.
In this paper, Pro/ENGINEER is used to creat the model of wheel which is according with GB/T3487-1996. Then the model is submitted to ANSYS where it is dealed with and loaded according as the prescribe in the fatigue experiment of GB/T3487-1996 and is analyzed in intension. The result shows the maximal stress is much less than the breaking point of aluminium alloy, which makes material wasted. So, it is necessary and possible to optimize the structure of wheel. To creat the parametric model of wheel, and then to use ANSYS to optimize it. The result shows the weight of the wheel is reduced remarkably and the maximal stress in wheel approaches its breaking point and its distributing is more rational.
This study shows CAE helps to improve design level of wheel, shorten design cycle and reduce design cost. It is a prevalent analytical means and is fit to any wheel.
引文
[1] 张明．中国汽车工业发展现状及前景．理论界(双月刊)，2002年第5期
[2] 朴东学，齐笑冰，李慧玉等．汽车轻量化用金属材料的现状及展望．水利电力机械，1999．6
[3] 许路萍，邵光杰，李麟，张恒华．汽车轻量化用金属材料及其发展动态．上海金属．2002．5
[4] 李明惠，卢晓春．CAD／CAE／CAM一体化技术在汽车轻量化中的应用．公路与汽运，2002．8
[5] 陈智．CAD／CAE技术在汽车轻量化中的应用，内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版)，1999，6
[6] A. Kaiser, C. -S. Bottcher, W. Faisst, T. Kiefer. Design of a frontal Offset Crash-Loadcas—simulation and testing for the OPEL ASTRA. VDI BERICHTE. 1992
[7] 陈虎，燕慧阳．浅谈国产车轮的发展方向及其相关问题，材料工程，1999年第四期
[8] 童秉枢编．试论CAD技术的发展及教育．全国高等学校《CAD网络化教学研讨会》论文集．重庆：重庆大学国家工科基础课程机械基础教学基地，1999
[9] 陈国聪，杜静主编．机械CAD／CAE应用技术基础．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．6
[10] 姜弘道，陈和群．有限单元法的程序设计．北京：水利电力出版社，1989．1
[11] 王焕定，焦兆平编著．有限单元法基础．北京：高等教育出版社，2002．8
[12] 吴鸿庆，任侠编．结构有限元分析．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000
[13] Hans-Peter Willume. Computergestutxte Berechnungsverfahren in der Fshrzeugdynalik. VDI Verlag. 1991
[14] Hank Hogan. CAD Inside Out. Product design & development.-2001.000(M3).-E3-E3
[15] 杨永谦主编．有限元法及其在结构分析中的应用．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1992
[16] 叶元烈等主编．现代设计方法概论．郑州：河南科学技术出版社，1996
[17] 孙靖民，米成秋．机械结构优化设计．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1985
[18] David Te-Yen Huang and Jyh-Jon Lee. On obtaining machine tool stiffness by CAEtechniques. International Journal of Machine Tools&Manufacture. 2001.41(8).1149-1163
[19] Charles L. Leath, Steven J. Ollanik, Software architecture for theimplementation of a Computer-Aided Engineering system. ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automation. 1983.137-142
[20] 黄恒星著．Pro／ENGINEER实效手册．北京：中国青年出版社，2001
[21] Dayid S．ffelley[美]．Pro／ENGINEER 2001中文版实用教程．陆劲昆，初利宝，蔡石蒙泽．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[22] 夸克工作室编著．精通Pro／ENGINEER CAD(入门篇／进阶篇)．北京：中国青年出版社，2000．4
[23]苏厚合，黄俊贤，藏圣杰编著．Pro／ENGINEER 2001入门指南．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．5
[24]Clayton Walnum. 3D Graphics Pro gramming with OpenGL. Que Corporation, June, 1995
[25]王友海，颜慧军，胡长胜．大型有限元分析软件ANSYS的特点．建筑机械，2000．9
[26]蓝宇，张连杰．大型有限元分析软件ANSYS．应用科技，2000．6
[27]夸克工作室编．有限元分析基础篇ANSYS与Mathematica．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．2
[28]刘维信主编．汽车设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．7
[29]余志生．汽车理论．北京：机械工业出版社，1990
[30]Akio MIYOSHI, Genki YAGAWA, Ryota SHIMIZU' Toshimichi TAMURA and Shoji SASAKI.An Interface Agent System for CAE. JSME international journal. 2001.44(4).623-630
[31]J.Y. Wong. Theory of Ground Vehicles. New York. John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1978
[32]仲梁维，麦云飞等．计算机辅助设计．教程．上海：复旦大学出版社，1997
[33]邱丽娟，余群编著．地面—车辆系统力学中的有限无法．北京：机械工业出版社，1989．1
[34]姜才．车轮弯曲疲劳试验．汽车车轮专刊，第96期
[35]雷雨成编著．汽车系统动力学仿真．北京：国防工业出版社，1996．1
[36]Haug, EJ, AroraJS. Applied Optimal Design. Awiley-Interscience Publication, 1979
[37]刘春海．铝合金车轮弯曲疲劳性能试验分析与评价．黄金学报，2000．9
[38]C.H. Suh, O.W. Radcliffe. Kinematies Design. JOHN WILEY&SONSINC. 1978
[39]Aguilar RJ. Systems Analysis and Design. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood, Cliffs N.J. 1973
[40]GB／T 5334-1995，中华人民共和国国家标准轿车钢制车轮性能要求和试验方法．北京：中华人民共和国机械工业部，1996．10．1
[41]王宵锋，王波等．汽车车轮结构强度分析．机械强度，2002，24(1)：066-069
[42]管迪华，王晓峰．应用有限元软件指导车轮的结构改进．机械设计与制造，2000．5
[43]Gordonn S.G, Beveridge and Robert S. Schechter. Optimization Theory and Practics,MeGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970
[44]Gill P E, Murray W, Wright M H. Practical Optimization, Academic Press Inc London: LDT,1981
[45]洪庆章，刘清洁，郭嘉源．ANSYS教学范例．北京：中国铁道出版社，2002．5
[46]ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide[M]. ANSYS Inc., 1999
[47]ANSYS Command Reference[M]. ANSYS Inc., 1999
[48]Riesner M, DeVries RI. Finite element analysis and structural optimization of vehicle
wheels. SAE thchnical paper830133. Warrendate, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: Society of Automotive Engineer, Inc., 1983.1-18
[49] Wang D.,Zhang W.H. and Jiang J.S. Truss shape opimization with multiple displacement constraints.Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 2002,191(33):3597-3612
[50] 翁运忠，张小格．载货车车轮轮辐结构优化分析．汽车科技，2002．1
[51] 刘旭东．客货两用车有限元建模和分析．同济大学硕士学位论文，2000．3
[52] 崔胜民，杨占春．其于有限元分析的汽车车轮结构优化设计．机械设计，2001．9
[53] Ridha R A. Finite element stress analysis of automotive wheels. SAE techmical paper 760085. Warrendale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: Society of Automotive Engineer, Inc., 1976.1-8.
[54] Dally J W,Riley W F. Experimental stress analysis. 2nded., New York, U.S.A.:mCgRAW hill, Inc., 1978.3-336
[55] 王国强．实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1999．3
[56] 陈精一，蔡国忠．电脑辅助工程分析ANSYS使用指南．北京：中国铁道出版社，2001
[57] NodaT, Ueki N, Komatsu H, et al. Development of aluminum disc wheel for truck and bus, SAE technical paper 820343.Warrendale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.:Society of Automotive Engineer, Inc., 1983.1-21
[58] 孙靖民主编．机械优化设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．2
[59] Angus Jeang. Computer-aided tolerance synthesis with statistical method and optimizatio techniques. Quality&reliability engineering international. 2001.17(2).131-139
[60] Mengchi Liu. DrawCAD:using deductive object-relational databases in CAD. John Wiley&Sons,Inc, 605 Third Ave. New York, NY USA. 2003. 143-172
[61] Johnson RC. Mechanical Design Synthesis with Optimization Applications, Van Nostrand Reinhold Compamy, 1971
[62] 张世林，任颂赞主编．简明铝合金手册．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社，2000．12
[2] 朴东学，齐笑冰，李慧玉等．汽车轻量化用金属材料的现状及展望．水利电力机械，1999．6
[3] 许路萍，邵光杰，李麟，张恒华．汽车轻量化用金属材料及其发展动态．上海金属．2002．5
[4] 李明惠，卢晓春．CAD／CAE／CAM一体化技术在汽车轻量化中的应用．公路与汽运，2002．8
[5] 陈智．CAD／CAE技术在汽车轻量化中的应用，内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版)，1999，6
[6] A. Kaiser, C. -S. Bottcher, W. Faisst, T. Kiefer. Design of a frontal Offset Crash-Loadcas—simulation and testing for the OPEL ASTRA. VDI BERICHTE. 1992
[7] 陈虎，燕慧阳．浅谈国产车轮的发展方向及其相关问题，材料工程，1999年第四期
[8] 童秉枢编．试论CAD技术的发展及教育．全国高等学校《CAD网络化教学研讨会》论文集．重庆：重庆大学国家工科基础课程机械基础教学基地，1999
[9] 陈国聪，杜静主编．机械CAD／CAE应用技术基础．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．6
[10] 姜弘道，陈和群．有限单元法的程序设计．北京：水利电力出版社，1989．1
[11] 王焕定，焦兆平编著．有限单元法基础．北京：高等教育出版社，2002．8
[12] 吴鸿庆，任侠编．结构有限元分析．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000
[13] Hans-Peter Willume. Computergestutxte Berechnungsverfahren in der Fshrzeugdynalik. VDI Verlag. 1991
[14] Hank Hogan. CAD Inside Out. Product design & development.-2001.000(M3).-E3-E3
[15] 杨永谦主编．有限元法及其在结构分析中的应用．大连：大连海运学院出版社，1992
[16] 叶元烈等主编．现代设计方法概论．郑州：河南科学技术出版社，1996
[17] 孙靖民，米成秋．机械结构优化设计．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1985
[18] David Te-Yen Huang and Jyh-Jon Lee. On obtaining machine tool stiffness by CAEtechniques. International Journal of Machine Tools&Manufacture. 2001.41(8).1149-1163
[19] Charles L. Leath, Steven J. Ollanik, Software architecture for theimplementation of a Computer-Aided Engineering system. ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automation. 1983.137-142
[20] 黄恒星著．Pro／ENGINEER实效手册．北京：中国青年出版社，2001
[21] Dayid S．ffelley[美]．Pro／ENGINEER 2001中文版实用教程．陆劲昆，初利宝，蔡石蒙泽．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[22] 夸克工作室编著．精通Pro／ENGINEER CAD(入门篇／进阶篇)．北京：中国青年出版社，2000．4
[23]苏厚合，黄俊贤，藏圣杰编著．Pro／ENGINEER 2001入门指南．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．5
[24]Clayton Walnum. 3D Graphics Pro gramming with OpenGL. Que Corporation, June, 1995
[25]王友海，颜慧军，胡长胜．大型有限元分析软件ANSYS的特点．建筑机械，2000．9
[26]蓝宇，张连杰．大型有限元分析软件ANSYS．应用科技，2000．6
[27]夸克工作室编．有限元分析基础篇ANSYS与Mathematica．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．2
[28]刘维信主编．汽车设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．7
[29]余志生．汽车理论．北京：机械工业出版社，1990
[30]Akio MIYOSHI, Genki YAGAWA, Ryota SHIMIZU' Toshimichi TAMURA and Shoji SASAKI.An Interface Agent System for CAE. JSME international journal. 2001.44(4).623-630
[31]J.Y. Wong. Theory of Ground Vehicles. New York. John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1978
[32]仲梁维，麦云飞等．计算机辅助设计．教程．上海：复旦大学出版社，1997
[33]邱丽娟，余群编著．地面—车辆系统力学中的有限无法．北京：机械工业出版社，1989．1
[34]姜才．车轮弯曲疲劳试验．汽车车轮专刊，第96期
[35]雷雨成编著．汽车系统动力学仿真．北京：国防工业出版社，1996．1
[36]Haug, EJ, AroraJS. Applied Optimal Design. Awiley-Interscience Publication, 1979
[37]刘春海．铝合金车轮弯曲疲劳性能试验分析与评价．黄金学报，2000．9
[38]C.H. Suh, O.W. Radcliffe. Kinematies Design. JOHN WILEY&SONSINC. 1978
[39]Aguilar RJ. Systems Analysis and Design. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood, Cliffs N.J. 1973
[40]GB／T 5334-1995，中华人民共和国国家标准轿车钢制车轮性能要求和试验方法．北京：中华人民共和国机械工业部，1996．10．1
[41]王宵锋，王波等．汽车车轮结构强度分析．机械强度，2002，24(1)：066-069
[42]管迪华，王晓峰．应用有限元软件指导车轮的结构改进．机械设计与制造，2000．5
[43]Gordonn S.G, Beveridge and Robert S. Schechter. Optimization Theory and Practics,MeGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970
[44]Gill P E, Murray W, Wright M H. Practical Optimization, Academic Press Inc London: LDT,1981
[45]洪庆章，刘清洁，郭嘉源．ANSYS教学范例．北京：中国铁道出版社，2002．5
[46]ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide[M]. ANSYS Inc., 1999
[47]ANSYS Command Reference[M]. ANSYS Inc., 1999
[48]Riesner M, DeVries RI. Finite element analysis and structural optimization of vehicle
wheels. SAE thchnical paper830133. Warrendate, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: Society of Automotive Engineer, Inc., 1983.1-18
[49] Wang D.,Zhang W.H. and Jiang J.S. Truss shape opimization with multiple displacement constraints.Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 2002,191(33):3597-3612
[50] 翁运忠，张小格．载货车车轮轮辐结构优化分析．汽车科技，2002．1
[51] 刘旭东．客货两用车有限元建模和分析．同济大学硕士学位论文，2000．3
[52] 崔胜民，杨占春．其于有限元分析的汽车车轮结构优化设计．机械设计，2001．9
[53] Ridha R A. Finite element stress analysis of automotive wheels. SAE techmical paper 760085. Warrendale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: Society of Automotive Engineer, Inc., 1976.1-8.
[54] Dally J W,Riley W F. Experimental stress analysis. 2nded., New York, U.S.A.:mCgRAW hill, Inc., 1978.3-336
[55] 王国强．实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1999．3
[56] 陈精一，蔡国忠．电脑辅助工程分析ANSYS使用指南．北京：中国铁道出版社，2001
[57] NodaT, Ueki N, Komatsu H, et al. Development of aluminum disc wheel for truck and bus, SAE technical paper 820343.Warrendale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.:Society of Automotive Engineer, Inc., 1983.1-21
[58] 孙靖民主编．机械优化设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．2
[59] Angus Jeang. Computer-aided tolerance synthesis with statistical method and optimizatio techniques. Quality&reliability engineering international. 2001.17(2).131-139
[60] Mengchi Liu. DrawCAD:using deductive object-relational databases in CAD. John Wiley&Sons,Inc, 605 Third Ave. New York, NY USA. 2003. 143-172
[61] Johnson RC. Mechanical Design Synthesis with Optimization Applications, Van Nostrand Reinhold Compamy, 1971
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