数码城市中三维模型的构建技术及应用研究
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摘要
数码城市往往涉及大范围复杂的自然与人文地物建模,尤其困难的是建立覆盖整个城市范围的三维城市模型。至今,三维模型的构建仍是一项投资大、技术难度较高、技术要求十分复杂的工作,其技术水平是影响数码城市GIS建设的重要制约因素。
本文结合三维建模、数据库以及组件式开发等技术,对三维模型的构建原理和方法,三维模型构建技术在数码城市GIS中的应用进行了研究:基于二维GIS数据,实现了三维模型的动态、批量创建;实现了三维CAD模型数据与数码城市GIS的集成;创建吉林大学朝阳校区各建筑物的三维符号库;建立VirtualCampus系统,系统具备了三维场景虚拟浏览、空间量算、信息查询、信息统计分析、数据更新及用户管理等功能;基于COM的事件监听机制,利用OpenGL实现了对三维场景的特效渲染,增强了场景的真实感,弥补了ArcEngine在三维特效实现上的缺陷。
CyberCity often involves the modeling of Wide-field complex ground object of nature and humanity, especially difficulty in building the three-dimensional model which cover the whole city. Up to now,the construction of three-dimensional model is still a work which needs great investment,more difficult technology and complex technical requirements, and its level of technology is the very important restriction factor of affecting the construction of CyberCity GIS.
This paper study the principle and method of three-dimensional construction and the application of the technology of three-dimensional construction in CyberCity GIS combinating the technique of three-dimensional modeling、database and component based development: achieve the objective of dynamic construction and construction as a batch based on the two-dimensional GIS data; Building the three-dimensional symbol database of the buildings in the Chao Yang school region of Jilin University; Building the VirutalCampus system,which have the function of three-dimensional browsing、spatial measuring、information querying、information analysis、data updating and user management; Based on the technology of event monitor of COM , achieve the special treatment to the three-dimensional scene using the rendering function of OpenGL, enhancing the realistic sense and immersing display of the scene, remedying the defect of implementation of three-dimensional special effect with ArcEngine.
本文结合三维建模、数据库以及组件式开发等技术,对三维模型的构建原理和方法,三维模型构建技术在数码城市GIS中的应用进行了研究:基于二维GIS数据,实现了三维模型的动态、批量创建;实现了三维CAD模型数据与数码城市GIS的集成;创建吉林大学朝阳校区各建筑物的三维符号库;建立VirtualCampus系统,系统具备了三维场景虚拟浏览、空间量算、信息查询、信息统计分析、数据更新及用户管理等功能;基于COM的事件监听机制,利用OpenGL实现了对三维场景的特效渲染,增强了场景的真实感,弥补了ArcEngine在三维特效实现上的缺陷。
CyberCity often involves the modeling of Wide-field complex ground object of nature and humanity, especially difficulty in building the three-dimensional model which cover the whole city. Up to now,the construction of three-dimensional model is still a work which needs great investment,more difficult technology and complex technical requirements, and its level of technology is the very important restriction factor of affecting the construction of CyberCity GIS.
This paper study the principle and method of three-dimensional construction and the application of the technology of three-dimensional construction in CyberCity GIS combinating the technique of three-dimensional modeling、database and component based development: achieve the objective of dynamic construction and construction as a batch based on the two-dimensional GIS data; Building the three-dimensional symbol database of the buildings in the Chao Yang school region of Jilin University; Building the VirutalCampus system,which have the function of three-dimensional browsing、spatial measuring、information querying、information analysis、data updating and user management; Based on the technology of event monitor of COM , achieve the special treatment to the three-dimensional scene using the rendering function of OpenGL, enhancing the realistic sense and immersing display of the scene, remedying the defect of implementation of three-dimensional special effect with ArcEngine.
引文
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[2] 承继承,李琦,林珲,董宝青,夏曙东. 数字城市-理论、方法与应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003.
[3] 承继承,王宏伟,林珲,李琦,秦其明. 城市如何数字化-纵谈城市信息建设[M]. 北京: 中国城市出版社, 2001.
[4] 朱庆,李德仁,龚健雅,熊汉江. 数码城市 GIS 的设计与实现[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001,26(1): 8-11.
[5] Michael Gruber,Erich Wilmersdort. URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT - A MODERN APPROACH[J]. Comput.,Environ. and Urban Systems,1997.21(2): 147-158.
[6] 叶蕾. 浅谈数码城市 GIS 技术与城市照明[J]. 灯与照明,2005,29(1):14-18.
[7] 郭葆锋,肖大威,孙季丰. 数码城市三维景观虚拟现实技术[J]. 四川建筑科学研究,2007,33(2): 164-167.
[8] 杨瑞元,邱建雄. 基于图像的建模与绘制技术综述[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(2): 185-188.
[9] R Szeliski. Rapid Octree Construction from Image Sequence[J]. CVGIP:Image Understanding, 1993,58(1): 23-31.
[10] Lippman A. Moive-maps: An application of the optical videodisc to computer graphics[J]. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 1980,14(3): 32-42.
[11] Adelson E H, J R Bergen. The Plenopic Function and Elements of Early Vision[A]. In:Computational Models of Visual Processing, Chaper1[C]. Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1991: 3-20.
[12] Leonard McMillan, Gary Bishop. Plenopic Modeling: An Image-based Rendering System[A]. In: Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH,Los Angeles, California, 1995: 39-46.
[13] Jonathan Shade, Steven Gortler, Li-Wei He, Richard Szeliski. Layered depth images[A]. In: Computer Graphics Proceedings,Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, Orlando, Florida, 1998 :231-242.
[14] 邹平,吴建平. 利用 AO 扩展 ArcGIS 中建筑物 3 维可视化功能[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息,2004,27(6): 44-48.
[15] 范力铭,吴建平,等. ArcObjects 中三维模型的创建方法[J]. 苏州科技学院学报(自然科学版),2007,24(2): 54-64.
[16] 蔡恒刚,李小根,张东亮,姜彤. 基于 Multipatch 的地下三维物体在 ArcGIS 上的实现[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报,2004,25(4): 64-66.
[17] 黄艳芳,祝国瑞,庞前聪. 3DS MAX 和 MultiGen Creator 相结合的虚拟城市建模方法[J]. 测绘信息与工程,2005,30(5): 37-39.
[18] 黄薇. 立体式虚拟校园的建模技术和数据表现方法[D]. 武汉: 华中师范大学, 2006.
[19] 李德仁,朱庆,李霞飞. 数码城市: 概念、技术支撑和典型应用[J]. 武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(4): 283-288.
[20] 杨朝辉,徐秀萍,党立华. 基于 ArcObjects 的地形三维可视化分析系统的研制[J]. 海洋测绘,2003,23(6): 42-44.
[21] 许捍卫,茆德柱,何江. 基于 ArcEngine 的 GIS 三维功能开发技术研究[J]. 测绘工程,2006,15(6): 50-53.
[22] 史文中,吴立新,李清泉,王彦兵,杨必胜. 三维空间信息系统模型与算法[M]. 北京: 电子工业出版社,2007,5.
[23] 邬伦等. 地理信息系统-原理、方法和应用[M].北京: 科学出版社,2004.
[24] Zlatanova,S.,A.A.Rahman and W.Z.Shi. Topologiacal models and frameworks for 3D spatial objects[J]. Computers & Geosciences,2004,30(4): 419-428.
[25] 杨东来,张永波,王新春,等. 地质体三维建模方法与技术指南[M]. 北京: 地质出版社,2007,9.
[26] 李青元,林宗坚,李成明. 真三维 GIS 技术研究的现状与发展[J]. 测绘科学,2000,25(2): 47-51.
[27] 朱庆,林珲. 数码城市地理信息系统-虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社,2004,10.
[28] Aristides.A.G. REQUICHA. Representation of Rigid Solids:Theory,Methods and Systems[J]. Computing Surveys,1980,12(4):437-464.
[29] 谭仁春. GIS 中三维空间数据模型的集成与应用[J]. 测绘工程,2005,14(1): 63-66.
[30] 赵永军,李汉林,王海起. GIS 三维空间数据模型的发展与集成[J]. 石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(5): 24-28.
[31] Homer H.Chen, Thomas S.Huang. A survey of construction and manipulation of octrees[J]. Computer Vision,Graphics, and Image Processing, 1988, 43(3): 409-431.
[32] Joe.B. Construction of three-dimensional Delaunay triangulations using local transformations[J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 1991,8(2): 123-142.
[33] 吴立新,史文中. 地理信息系统原理与算法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,2003.
[34] 符海芳,朱建军,崔伟宏. 3D GIS 数据模型的研究[J]. 地球信息科学,2002,(2): 45-49.
[35] Arnaud de la Losa, Bernard Cervelle. 3D Topological modeling and visualisation for 3D GIS[J]. Computers & Graphics, 23(4): 469-478.
[36] Molenaar,M. A topology for 3D vector maps[J]. ITC Journal, 1992,(1): 25-33.
[37] 舒红等. 时空拓扑关系定义及时态拓扑关系描述[J]. 测绘学报: 1997,26(4): 299-306.
[38] 崔伟宏. 空间数据结构研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,1996.
[39] A. Huertas, R. Nevatia. Detecting building in aerial images[J]. Computer Vision,Graphics, and Image Processing,1988,41(2): 131-152.
[40] Yuh-Tay Liow, Theo Pavilidis. Use of shadows for extracting building in aerial images[J]. Computer Vision,Graphics, and Image Processing,1990, 49(2): 242-277.
[41] Farshid Arman, J.K.Aggarwal. Model-based object recognition in dense-range images-a review[J]. ACM Computing Surveys,1993, 25(1): 5-43.
[42] Gruen A, Nevatia R. Automatic Building Extraction from Aerial Images[J].Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 1998,72(2): 99-100.
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