摘要
多年的森林覆被率与环境因子之间的分析研究得出:(1)森林覆被率高的地区降水量大、无霜期延长、大风日数减少、平均风速降低、极端最低气温减小;(2)1、7月份降水量增加;(3)水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀减少、最大洪峰流量降低。森林覆被率在保持水土、涵养水源、改善生态环境方面起着很大作用。
不同密度的林分、不同林种的林分土壤养分含量不同,针阔混交林土壤养分含量高,适宜密度的林分土壤养分也高(如:樟子松2×1m大于2×2m大于疏林)。
从水分平衡分析得出,森林覆被率高出一定值时,地下水位下降,在森林覆被率为29.9%左右时,环境因子处于最佳阶段。
不同林种林分的土壤含水量不同,它们的保水能力也不同,灌木大于乔木(山杏大于小叶杨、刺槐大于油松、侧柏),不同密度的林分保水能力也不同(赤峰杨2×5m大于10×10m大于2×2m)。
从年轮生长量与降水量温度相关分析得出:该地区降水量是影响森林生长量的主导因子。
在实际生产中要考虑各方面的影响因子,以达到最佳的生态、经济、社会效益。
The conclusion through studying on the rate of coverage of forest and environment factor is: (1)The region with high rate of coverage have heavy precipitation and longer frost-free period and reduced big windy days and lower average speed of wind and decreased lowest temperature.
(2)Precipitation increase in January and in July.
(3)Hydraulic power erode and wind force erode are decreasing , volume of flood peak is lowering. The rate of coverage of forest have an evident effect on many environment factors such as soil and water reservation ecological environment improvement.
The nutrient content of various densities of forest and various kinds of forest is different. The nutrient content of mixed forest of conifer and broadleaf and forest with fit density(example, camphor 2#lm> 2X2m> loose forest.).
Analyzing the moisture content balance with the rate of forest coverage increase in straight ground water lever fall.Around 29.9% of the rate of forest coverage environment factor stay best stage.
Because of different water content ,the same kind of forest is different in ability of water reservation bush > arbor. (Apricot > small-leaf Poplar Locust > CH pine > cypress).Different density of forest have different water reservation ability (Chi Fen poplar2X5m> 10X 10m > 2X2m).
The conclusion through correlation analysis on annual ring grow quantity and precipitation and temperature is that the precipitation in local area is the main factor which affect forest growth quantity.
In practical production to gain the best ecological and economic and social benefit affecting factors should be considered.
引文
1 Barrow C J. Land degradation Development and break down of terrestrial environments. Cambridge university press. New york.1994. Bojo J P. Economics and land degradation. Ambio. 1991,20:75~79.
2 Stahl M. Environmental degration and political constraints in Ethiopia. Disaster stud.Mgmt. 1990,14:140~150.
3 Stahl M. Land degradation in East Africa. Ambio. 1993,22(8):505~508.
4 Aronson J. Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands. I. A view from the south. Restoration Ecology. 1993,1(1):8~17.
5 Lieth H and Lohmann M. Restoration of forest Ecosystems. Kluwer Acadmic Pulishers. 1991.
6 Ewel JJ. Restoration is the ultimate test of ecological theory. In:Jordan Ⅲ. W. R.,Gilpin, M. E. and Aser J. D. Eds. Restoration Ecology. Cambridge university press. Cambridge. 1987, 31-33.
7 Tarham W.eds. Imporving degraded lands: promising experience from south china. Bbishop. Musuem press. Honolulu. 1993.
8 贺庆赏.新世纪森林气象学的研究展望.北京林业大学学报.2000,22(1):1~3.
9 联合国粮食及农业组织.世界森林状况 1997.英国牛津文字出版社.1997.
10 全国森林资源统计.中华人民共和国林业部.1994.
11 CCICCD china country, paper to combat Desertification Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. (ISBN 75038-1839-5/s.1059).1997.
12 朱震达.中国北方沙漠化现状及发展趋势.中国沙漠.1985,5(3):3~11.
13 朱震达,陈广庭,等著.中国土地沙质荒漠化.北京:科学出版社.1994.
14 潘文灿.中国的可持续发展战略与生态、环境整治、荒漠化及其防治.北京.
15 张弘江.土壤侵蚀原理.中国林业出版社.2000.
16 Cairns,J. protecting the delivery of ecosystem service [J]. Ecosys. Health. 1997, 3(3):185~194.
17 Daily. G. C. et al. Ecosystem service: Benefits supplied to Human societies by natural Ecosystems [R]. 1909.
18 闫德仁,刘永军,刘永宏.落叶松人工林土壤肥力与防治地力衰退趋势的研究.内蒙古跨世纪青年林业研究文集.内蒙古人名出版社.1997:(1~3)
19 张全国,张大勇.生物多样性与生态功能,进展与争论.生物多样性.2002,10(1):49~60.
20 达尔文(著),1992.周建人,叶笃庄,方宗熙(译),1995.物种起源.北京:商条印书馆.127.
21 贺庆赏.林业气象学的研究与进展.中国林业气象文集.北京:气象出版社.1989,1~6.
22 朱震达.荒漠化概念的新进展.干旱区研究.1993,10(4):8~10.
23 金峰等著,区域经济与政策分析.北京.中国环境科学出版社.1992.
24 史明昌.区域综合开发治理信息管理与决策系统.北京林业大学.1995.
25 陈才著.区域经济地理学基本理论问题研究.长春:东北师范大学出版社.1987.
26 秦耀辰编著.区域系统模型及其应用.郑州:河南大学出版社.1994.
27 孙保平,杜启贵.区域综合治理技术决策系统,中国林业出版社.2000:14~16.
28 欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能与可持续发展,社会—经济—自然复合生态系统可持续发展研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社.1999.
29 荒漠化及其防治.林业部防治荒漠化办公室.1995.
30 黄鹤羽,周士威.我国荒漠化研究的现状与对策.科技日报.1996,6,17.
31 祝志勇,季永华.我国森林水文研究形状与发展趋势概述.江苏林业科技.2001,28(2):42~45.
32 陈登林,马建章.中国自然保护史纲.东北林业大学出版社.1991.
33 张坤民等.可持续发展论.中国环境科学出版社.1997.
34 叶平.生态环境保护和资源管理的理论研究.黑龙江科学技术出版社.1995.
35 马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1992.
36 刘世荣.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1996.
37 周晓峰.中国森林与生态环境.中国林业出版社.1999.
38 严平,韦朝领,王相文,王风文.森林覆盖率对区域降水的影响,经济林研究.2000,3(18):8~10.
39 刘宗顺,廖艳梅.赤峰地区造林树种选择及森林覆被率指标的探讨.内蒙古林业科技.1999,3(4):75~78.
40 杨俊平,刘士和.科技兴林示范工程发展模式研究.中国林业出版社.1996.
41 郭惠清,岳海军.内蒙古中部地区杨树与沙棘混交造林的研究.内蒙古林学院学报.1999,21(1):38~41.
42 刘发名,金燕,张小军.荒漠地区柽柳人工固沙林土壤水分动态研究.西北植物学报.2001,1(5):937~943.
43 SCHULZ E D, CALDWELL M M, CANADELL J, et al. Downward flux of water through roots (i.e. inverse hydraulic lift) in dry Kalahari sands [J]. oecologia, 1998,115:460~462.
44 BURGESS S S O, ADAMS M A, TURNER N C, et al. The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems [J]. Oecologia. 1998, 115: 306~311.
45 RICHARDS J H, CALDWELL M M. Hydraulic lift; Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentate roots [J], Oecologia,1987,73:486~489.
46 吴钦孝,赵鸿雁,刘向东,等.森林枯枝落叶层涵养水源、保持水土的作用评价.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1998,4(2):23~28.
47 向师庆,郝晋文,翟保国.华北地区主要阔叶林下森林腐殖质类型的研究.北京林业大学学报.1987,
9 (1):34~45.
48 向师庆,郝晋文,翟保国.华北地区主要针叶林下森林腐殖质类型的研究.北京林学院学报.1986,8 (4):54~65.
49 王礼先,张志强.森林植被变化的水文生态效应研究进展.世界林业研究.1998,11(6):14~21.
50 耿玉清,王保平.森林地表枯枝落叶层涵养水源作用的研究.北京林业大学学报.2000,22(5):49~52
51 刘淑明,孙丙寅,孙长忠.油松蒸腾速率与环境因子关系的研究.西北林学院学报.1999,14(40:27~30.
52 陈惠兰,王黎,李茂哉等.半干旱地区主要造林树种水分生理的研究.甘肃林业科技.1990,(1):12~21.
53 韩蕊莲,梁宗锁,侯庆春等.黄土高原适生树种的耗水特性应用生态学报.1994,5(2):210~215.
54 郭连生,田亮.9种阔叶幼树的蒸腾速率、叶水势与环境因子关系的研究.生态学报.1992,12(1):17~52.
55 赵焕胤.半干旱区森林水量平衡.中国沙地森林生态系统.中国林业出版社.1998.
56 吴绳聚,孟昭福,刘文环.森林对水环境影响浅议.防护林科技.1994,2:22~24.
57 刘淑明,马龙第,孙丙寅.油松年轮生长与秦岭北坡气候的初步研究.西北林学院学报.1997,12(2):37~41.