广域多播可靠传输控制机制研究
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摘要
随着Internet网络技术的迅速发展,出现了许多新型的应用,如大型网络音/视频会议、推送技术、发布/订阅系统(publish/subscribe)、大规模协作计算、IPTV、大型远程教育系统、分布式网格计算、共享白板式的多媒体应用,此外还有为用户群进行软件升级、镜像和高速缓存站点的更新、分布式交互模拟(Distributed Interactive Simulation)等,这些应用都具有从一个主机向多个主机或者从多个主机向多个主机发送同一信息的特性,而在Internet上这种同时分发的数目可能达数十万台,这些都需要更高的带宽支持,并且大大超出了单播的能力。大量的带宽消耗对网络运营商在现有网络资源基础上如何提供高效、稳定的服务提出了挑战。IP多播技术能对这一类应用提供支持,在多播网络中,即使多播用户数量成倍增长,骨干网络中网络带宽也无需增加,多播已成为多点通信应用的关键支撑技术。
多播有许多活跃的研究领域,其中的一个研究重点是关于多播的可靠性(Reliability)研究,即研究如何保证数据包可靠的传输到所需节点。本文主要在多播的可靠性传输控制机制方面做了一些研究与探讨。本论文属于国家自然科学基金项目“基于网格架构的丰富媒体内容分发网络研究”、国家863计划软件重大专项应用类课题:“Linux多媒体网络教学软件”研究成果的一部分。论文的主要工作包括:
(1)针对现有可靠多播协议存在的可扩展性问题,即随着组成员的增加,协议的性能下降,提出了一种基于gossip的可靠多播控制机制,提出了一种采用三层结构的可靠多播模型,使可扩展性得到一定的改善。基本思想:将数据包的丢失恢复分为两个层次,概率可靠和确定可靠。在经过概率可靠恢复后,已使大部分节点的丢失信息得到恢复,确定可靠只需对少量的节点进行恢复处理,较为有效地解决了可靠多播中的反馈爆炸问题,从而使可扩展性得到改善,通过网络模拟实验验证了其有效性。此外,对所提的控制机制从延时、带宽、成员管理等方面作了一些优化。
(2)鉴于目前IP多播还未广泛的部署,应用层多播作为一种并行方案被用于支持当前的多点应用。由于应用层多播的分发树依赖于端主机,使应用层多播的分发树固有的脆弱,易造成分发树的分隔,如何创建一健壮的分发树,解决树分隔问题,是应用层多播的关键问题之一。由此提出一种基于K-正则随机图的分发树创建算法,利用K-正则随机图所具有的特性,如高度的连接性,来对抗端节点的故障或动态离开。模拟结果显示,在一定的节点故障范围内,基于K-正则随机图的分发树,仍然能有效地实现数据的分发。
(3)对与多播可靠性密切相关的问题,即多播的拥塞控制进行了研究,提出了一种基于MINC(Multicast inference of networkcharacteristics)的分层多播动态定制机制,MINC是一种基于端到端的网络测量技术,能对网络进行动态监测,从而改善信息的分发质量,模拟显示定制机制是有效的。
With the rapid growth of the Internet, there are being of more and more new applications, such as large-scale network audio/video conference, push technique, publish/subscribe, large-scale collaboration computing, IPTV, large-scale longdistance learning system, distributed grid computing, share white board, and other, such as user group software update, update for mirror and high speed cache, Distributed Interactive Simulation, and so on. All these posses characteristic that send same message from one to many or many to many. This may happen on a hundred thousand hosts at the same time in the Internet. This all needs higher bandwidth. It goes beyond much more the capacity of unicast. Substantive bandwidth will be consumed by using unicas to distribute message from one to many or many to many. It is challenge to Internet service providers how to provide effect and steady service based on network resource in existence. IP multicast is an efficient way for one to many or many to many packets distribution at the network level. It has become key support technique for multicast application.
There are many active research areas in multicast. One is research on multicast reliability. In this dissertation, it is about research of multicast reliability, including IP multicast reliability, application level multicast reliability, and congestion control. The contribution of the dissertation can be summarized as following:
First, aiming to problem of scalability in reliable multicast, i.e., along with the increase, protocol performance is poor. Therefore, we provide a reliable mutlciast mechanism based on gossip, and provide three layers model of reliable multicast. Basic idea is that loss recovery is divided two layers, probabilistic reliable layer and determinate reliable layer. After probabilistic recovery, most loss message hosts get recovery, and determinate reliable layer only deals with a few loss recovery. Feedback implosion can be controled. Our simulation results show that our protocol performance is improvement from the viewpoints of scalability.
Second, in ALM, multicast related feature, such as group membership management, multicast routing and packet replication, are implemented at end- host instead of routers. A multicast distribution tree is constructed in the application layer, so all nodes in this tree are end-hosts. However, ALM has a serious problem that the multicast distribution tree is intrinsically fragile and an end-hose failure causes tree partitions. To deal with problem, we propose based on k-regular graph tree construction protocol that constructs a robuse distribution tree against end-hose failure. Simulations prove the effectiveness of the proposed control mechanism.
Third, one of the significant challenges associated with multicast delivery is providing congestion control mechanism.Layer multicast for addressing receiver heterogeneity has been provided. In layer multicast, receivers subscribe and unsubscribe to layers according to network congestion condition. It is important to how to measure network. We propose a based on MINC (multicast inference of network characteristics) network monitor, and it can implement dynamically subscribe layer multicast and improve information distribute quality. Simulation result show effective.
多播有许多活跃的研究领域,其中的一个研究重点是关于多播的可靠性(Reliability)研究,即研究如何保证数据包可靠的传输到所需节点。本文主要在多播的可靠性传输控制机制方面做了一些研究与探讨。本论文属于国家自然科学基金项目“基于网格架构的丰富媒体内容分发网络研究”、国家863计划软件重大专项应用类课题:“Linux多媒体网络教学软件”研究成果的一部分。论文的主要工作包括:
(1)针对现有可靠多播协议存在的可扩展性问题,即随着组成员的增加,协议的性能下降,提出了一种基于gossip的可靠多播控制机制,提出了一种采用三层结构的可靠多播模型,使可扩展性得到一定的改善。基本思想:将数据包的丢失恢复分为两个层次,概率可靠和确定可靠。在经过概率可靠恢复后,已使大部分节点的丢失信息得到恢复,确定可靠只需对少量的节点进行恢复处理,较为有效地解决了可靠多播中的反馈爆炸问题,从而使可扩展性得到改善,通过网络模拟实验验证了其有效性。此外,对所提的控制机制从延时、带宽、成员管理等方面作了一些优化。
(2)鉴于目前IP多播还未广泛的部署,应用层多播作为一种并行方案被用于支持当前的多点应用。由于应用层多播的分发树依赖于端主机,使应用层多播的分发树固有的脆弱,易造成分发树的分隔,如何创建一健壮的分发树,解决树分隔问题,是应用层多播的关键问题之一。由此提出一种基于K-正则随机图的分发树创建算法,利用K-正则随机图所具有的特性,如高度的连接性,来对抗端节点的故障或动态离开。模拟结果显示,在一定的节点故障范围内,基于K-正则随机图的分发树,仍然能有效地实现数据的分发。
(3)对与多播可靠性密切相关的问题,即多播的拥塞控制进行了研究,提出了一种基于MINC(Multicast inference of networkcharacteristics)的分层多播动态定制机制,MINC是一种基于端到端的网络测量技术,能对网络进行动态监测,从而改善信息的分发质量,模拟显示定制机制是有效的。
With the rapid growth of the Internet, there are being of more and more new applications, such as large-scale network audio/video conference, push technique, publish/subscribe, large-scale collaboration computing, IPTV, large-scale longdistance learning system, distributed grid computing, share white board, and other, such as user group software update, update for mirror and high speed cache, Distributed Interactive Simulation, and so on. All these posses characteristic that send same message from one to many or many to many. This may happen on a hundred thousand hosts at the same time in the Internet. This all needs higher bandwidth. It goes beyond much more the capacity of unicast. Substantive bandwidth will be consumed by using unicas to distribute message from one to many or many to many. It is challenge to Internet service providers how to provide effect and steady service based on network resource in existence. IP multicast is an efficient way for one to many or many to many packets distribution at the network level. It has become key support technique for multicast application.
There are many active research areas in multicast. One is research on multicast reliability. In this dissertation, it is about research of multicast reliability, including IP multicast reliability, application level multicast reliability, and congestion control. The contribution of the dissertation can be summarized as following:
First, aiming to problem of scalability in reliable multicast, i.e., along with the increase, protocol performance is poor. Therefore, we provide a reliable mutlciast mechanism based on gossip, and provide three layers model of reliable multicast. Basic idea is that loss recovery is divided two layers, probabilistic reliable layer and determinate reliable layer. After probabilistic recovery, most loss message hosts get recovery, and determinate reliable layer only deals with a few loss recovery. Feedback implosion can be controled. Our simulation results show that our protocol performance is improvement from the viewpoints of scalability.
Second, in ALM, multicast related feature, such as group membership management, multicast routing and packet replication, are implemented at end- host instead of routers. A multicast distribution tree is constructed in the application layer, so all nodes in this tree are end-hosts. However, ALM has a serious problem that the multicast distribution tree is intrinsically fragile and an end-hose failure causes tree partitions. To deal with problem, we propose based on k-regular graph tree construction protocol that constructs a robuse distribution tree against end-hose failure. Simulations prove the effectiveness of the proposed control mechanism.
Third, one of the significant challenges associated with multicast delivery is providing congestion control mechanism.Layer multicast for addressing receiver heterogeneity has been provided. In layer multicast, receivers subscribe and unsubscribe to layers according to network congestion condition. It is important to how to measure network. We propose a based on MINC (multicast inference of network characteristics) network monitor, and it can implement dynamically subscribe layer multicast and improve information distribute quality. Simulation result show effective.
引文
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