用户名: 密码: 验证码:
益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗慢性肾功能不全临床研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
慢性肾功能不全是各种原发继发肾脏病发展至后期的共同结局,是常见病、疑难病。中医药治疗本病历史悠久,方法多样、疗效较好。本研究主要对益肾清利和络泄浊法诊治慢性肾功能不全疗效进行探讨。论文分为三个部分,第一部分系统回顾了中医药治疗慢性肾功能不全的进展以及现代医学治疗慢性肾功能不全的进展。第二部分为理论研究,首先阐明了肾虚湿瘀溺毒是慢性肾功能不全的常见病机。认为慢性肾脏病的产生具有遗传易感性。肾虚是这种遗传易感性的中医特性,肾精是这一特性的物质基础。肾主骨生髓的理论与现代医学免疫异常存在相关性;湿热是慢性肾功能不全进展的基本环节,血瘀是慢性肾功能不全的主要病理产物,并反过来加重慢性肾功能不全的进展。提出益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗慢性肾功能不全。具体为益肾为本,兼顾五脏;清利和络泄浊,贯穿始终;分清标本,辨证运用;随证加减,知常达变;辨证辨病,综合治疗五大原则。其次,回顾了生活质量的研究,指出评价患者的生活质量已成为临床判效指标。1991年之后国外文献陆续报道对慢性肾功能不全患者生活质量评价,而国内这方面的研究少而不全面。提出建立适合我国慢性肾功能不全患者的生活质量量表。第三部分为临床研究。首先评价了益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗慢性肾功能不全的远期疗效,并分析了加重肾功能不全进展的因素。其次,评价了慢性肾功能不全患者生活质量问题的主要表现,并观察了益肾清利和络泄浊法对慢性肾功能不全患者生活质量的改善情况。
     目的:
     1评价益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗慢性肾功能不全的远期疗效。分析加重肾功能不全进展的危险因素。
     2建立适合中国慢性肾功能不全(chronic renal failure,CRF)病人的生命质量量表,探讨其与慢性肾功能不全患者中医证候评分、肾功能指标的关系,为客观评价目前的干预措施提供科学手段;评价益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗后,慢性肾功能不全患者生活质量的改善情况。
     方法:
     1收集1995年9月~2006年12月慢性肾功能不全患者资料,以Cockcroft-Gault方程计算ccr。Ccr(ml/min)=[(140-年龄)×体重×(0.85女性)]/72×scr。以回归分析的方法计算血清肌酐倒数(1/scr,umol/L)与时间(月)的直线回归斜率b值。并用这两个指标评估CRF的进展速度。
     2借鉴国外建立量表的经验制定本量表,根据中药新药临床指导原则制定的中医证候评分办法对临床症状评分。将普适量表SF-36和1994年美国肾脏病生活质量工作组(Kidney Disease if Life Working Group)设计的肾脏病生活质量表(KDNEYDISEASE QUALITY OF LIFE SHORT FORM,Version1.3,KDQOL)相结合,加以改良。以问卷形式请病人填写。共填写两次,其间间隔3个月。
     结果:
     1长期疗效分析表明,益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗后,患者b值由治疗前-0.0294±0.2664增加到治疗后0.0028±0.0196,Z统计量为3.317,相伴概率为0.001,小于显著水平0.01。患者ccr治疗前后基本保持稳定(治疗前Ccr29±13.15:治疗后Ccr29.59±16.28,p>0.05)。治疗后观察22.27±1.69月表明,Ccr下降到一定程度后,逐渐表现一段时间的稳定。经益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗后,治疗后患者甘油三酯、胆固醇、LDL水平显著下降(p<0.05):尿蛋白水平下降(p<0.05)。经分析,引起慢性肾功能不全急性加重的危险因素主要有血压增高、肺部感染、梗阻、未正规治疗、腹泻、代酸、高血糖、高尿酸、感冒、发热几个方面,危险因素经治疗后血肌酐恢复情况直接影响到慢性肾功能不全的远期预后。
     2生活质量量表研究表明慢性肾功能不全病人的生命质量量表重复度量效果良好(F=14.6023,P<0.001);同质性信度较好(α=0.9190,标准化α值为0.9320)。相关性分析表明,生活质量量表内的肾脏疾病情况组与健康情况组、肾脏病对日常生活的影响组、患者对医疗的满意度呈正相关关系。相关系数分别为0.439(p<0.05)、0.654(p<0.01)、0.393(p<0.05)。与中医证候积分呈负相关,相关系数为-0.411。对生活质量分析表明,在常见的9个方面(对健康的自我评价、对日常生活影响、肾脏病对工作影响、情绪对工作影响、对社会交往的影响、对情绪的影响、临床常见症状、对性生活的影响、医疗满意度)中,肾脏病对性生活的影响最突出,得分最低(23.33±7.854)。其次是健康自我评价(31.67±3.778)和对工作的影响。对工作的影响又分为健康本身对工作的影响(37.5±2.15)和情绪对工作的影响(49.72±3.45)。再其次是疾病对人的精神情绪的影响(56.67±1.45)。对医疗满意度得分最高(68.97±4.375),其次为肾脏病对日常生活影响(67.23±2.38)和临床常见症状(61.5±2.37)。经非参数分析,各项之间差异显著(p<0.05)。
     经益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗后,患者日常生活各方面积分均有提高,但以购物并自行拎回家、登一层楼、弯腰、下腰、走一里路、走不到一里路、自己穿衣洗澡这几个方面改善最明显(p<0.05);因情绪引起的对工作的影响得到明显改善(p<0.05);患者临床主要表现为神疲乏力、胃口差、咽干舌燥等方面,治疗后这方面明显改善(p<0.05);患者在情绪方面主要表现为沮丧忧郁、精疲力竭、易敏感急躁、自觉没有力量、无精打采,治疗后这些症状均明显减轻,患者幸福感增加(p<0.05)。
     结论
     1研究显示益肾清利和络泄浊法能延缓慢性肾功能不全的进展,其可能机制是通过调脂、降低蛋白尿、改善危险因素等方面。
     2慢性肾功能不全生活质量量表适应于慢性肾功能不全病人,具有可行性、有效性和真实性。本量表是建立中国人慢性肾功能不全生命质量量表的一次尝试,与中医证候积分具有相关性,可以应用到中医治疗慢性肾功能不全的临床研究中。
     经益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗后,患者生活质量得到改善,说明益肾清利和络泄浊法具有改善患者生活质量的作用。
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an ordinary and difficult disease which resulted from allkinds of primary or secondary kidney disease. Traditional Chinese medicine has treated thedisease for many years. It has multiple methods and makes a good curative effect. Thisstudy discuss the life quality measurement table of CRF and the rule of the diagnosis andtreatment methods, such as tonifying kidney and clearing heat and draining dampness andactivating blood. This paper includes three part .The first part reviews traditional Chinesemedicine and modem medicine in treating CRF. The second part is theory study. First, weindicate that kidney insufficiency damp (heat) blood stasis is the basic mechanisms of CRF.The CRF has the heredity susceptibility. Kidney insufficiency is the TCM characteristic ofthe heredity susceptibility, whose substance base is kidney essence. The theory "kidneycontrolling bone and producing marrow" has relationship with immunity abnormity.Dampness and heat is the main interspaces of CRF. Blood stasis is the main pathologyoutcome, which reversely aggravate the progression of CRF. We bring forward that methodof tonifying kidney and clearing heat and draining damp and activating blood to treat CRF.Second,we discuss the life quality measurement table of CRF. We retrospect the conceptand development of life quality and summarize the kidney life quality measurement table.The third part is clinic study, analysis the ccr and the regress equation of time and 1/scr. Inaddition, we analyzed the TCM syndromes of different phase of CRF. Furthermore wecompare the difference of blood pressure, blood fat, blood sugar and urine proteins beforeand after treatment, we analyze the acute aggravating factor of CRF. Furthermore, combineSF-36 and KIDNEY DISEASE QUALITY OF LIFE SHORT FORM, VERSION1.3(KDQOL), base the clinic symptom of predialysis patient., Take out the question aboutdialysis patient and add part question.
     Objective:
     1 studies the rule of method of tonifying kidney and clearing heat and drainingdamp and activating blood treating CRF.
     2 set up life quality measurement table to adapt to Chinese patient of CRF.Discuss the relation of the table with TCM symptoms and bun\scr. Provide scientificmethod to make assessment of the therapy.
     Methods:
     1 collect the case of CRF from september1995 to December 2006.according toCockcroft-Gault calculate ccr. Ccr(ml/min)=[(140-age)×kg×(0.85female)]/72×scr. Base on the regress equation of time and 1/scr, count b. Assess the decreaserate of kidney function.
     2 combine SF-36 and KIDNEY DISEASE QUALITY OF LIFE SHORTFORM, VERSION1.3 (KDQOL), base the clinic symptom of predialysis patient.,Take out the question about dialysis patient and add part question. Investigate 30 casepatient of CRF with questionnaire form. Analyze the outcome with kruskal-wallis test.
     Results:
     1 The long time analysis indicate that after the treatment of tonifying kidneyand clearing heat and draining damp and activating blood, The b of patientfrom-0.0294±0.2664 before treament increase to 0.0028±0.0196 after treatment, Z=3.317, p=0.001, p<0.01. the ccr of patient become stable(Ccr29±13.15 beforetreatment; Ccr29.59±16.28 after treatment,p>0.05)。
     2 the questionnaire of life quality has a stable of reliability (F=14.6023, P<0.0001) and variance (α=0.9190) .corelation analysis indicates that the kidneydisease has a relationship with health and daily life and the satisfaction to medicinestaff. The correlation is 0.439 (p<0.05), 0.654 (p<0.01), 0.393(p<0.05) separately;It has a negative relationship with TCM syndrome. The correlation is -0.411. in nineaspect ,the influence of kidney disease to sex life is omiment (23.33±7.854) ;secondly comes the health self-assessment (31.67±3.778) ;the influence onwork is divide to two part, one is the influence of health to work(37.5±2.15),anotheris the emotion to work (49.72±3.45) .the satisfied to medicine and the influence todaily life and clinic symptoms are count high, the score are(68.97±4.375)(67.23±2.38)and (61.5±2.37)separately.(p<0.05)
     Conclusion:
     1 method of tonifying kidney and clearing heat and draining damp and activatingblood can improve the development of CRF.THE possible mechanisms is regulatinglipid reduce the protein urine and improve the risk factors to slow down theprogression of chronic CRF.
     2 The questionnaire of life quality of chronic renal failure was suitable to CRFpatients. It has a stable of reliability and efficacy. This is the good attempts to usingthis questionnaire in Chinese patients.
     After using tonifying Kidney and activating blood, the life quality of patientshad agood improvement in some aspects.
引文
[1] USRDS Annual report. 2004.
    [2] 中华医学会肾脏病学分会透析移植登记工作组.1999年度全国透析移植登记报告.中华肾脏病杂志,2001,17:77-78.
    [3] 张露霞,王海燕.肾脏病学的新创意:“肾脏疾病:改善全球预后”(KDIGO)[J].中华肾脏病杂志2005,21(12):757-760.
    [4] 郭新峰,赖世隆,梁伟雄.中医药临床疗效评价结局指标的选择与应用,广州中医药大学学报,2002,19(4):251-255
    [1] 刘宏伟.慢性肾衰中医辨证分型和疗效判断标准[J]:中医药信息,1991,8(2):27-28
    [2] 郑筱萸.中药新药临床研究指导原则[M].北京.中国医药科技出版社2002,163-164
    [3] 聂丽芳,欧阳晃平,韩东彦,200例慢性肾功能衰竭证候分布特点与分析[J].中医研究,2006,19(4):29-31
    [4] 范萍,张保平.587例慢性肾衰患者虚证证候分布规律[J].河南中医,2006,26(5):33-34
    [5] 阳晓,朱文锋,胡学军,等.681例慢性肾功能衰竭患者正虚证候分布特点调查分析[J].中医杂志,1999,40(2):112-114
    [6] 阳晓,朱文锋,周小舟等.681例慢性肾衰患者不同阶段邪实兼证特点分析[J].中国医药学报,1999,14(1):14-18
    [7] 王立新.慢性肾衰竭证候分布规律及益气活血蠲毒法机制探讨.全国优秀博士论文库
    [8] 徐德嵩,益气活血降浊汤对延缓慢性肾功能衰竭进展的疗效观察[J].四川中医,2006,24(7):53-54
    [9] 蔡浔远,戴飞,时凯峰,益肾化瘀泄浊法调节慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清IL-13的临床研究[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2006,7(12):718-721
    [10] 周庆华,郝明慧.消热凉血活血法治疗慢性肾功能不全79例[J].中医函授通讯,1999,18(6):34-35
    [11] 向少伟,黄国东,赖申昌.肾安康冲剂治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的临床研究[J].广州中医药大学学报2006,23(4):295-298
    [12] 李瑞娟,肾康口服液治疗慢性肾功能衰竭35例[J].中医研究,2006,19(4):32-34
    [13] 邱建军,朱辟疆,解冰.保元强肾Ⅰ号胶囊治疗慢性肾功能衰竭疗效观察[J].2006,16(4):203-204
    [14] 王志祥,杜义斌,段艳蕊.云南灯盏花胶囊治疗慢性肾功能衰竭60例临床研究[J].云南中医中药杂志,2006,27(5):29-30
    [15] 杨如哲.生大黄水煎剂治疗氮质血症动物实验和临床观察[J].四川中医,1996,3(9):21
    [16] 杨俊伟,黎磊石.大黄延缓慢性肾衰发展的实验研究[J].中华肾脏病杂志,1993,(2):65
    [17] 刘志红,李颖健,章精,等.转化生长因子及大黄酸对肾小球系膜细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白功能的影响[J].中华医学杂志,1999,79(10):780
    [18] 刘志红,朱加明,黄海东,等.大黄酸对转化生长因子诱导内皮细胞纤溶酶原激活物表达的影响[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2002,18(5):337-341
    [19] 郑丰,黎磊石.大黄对肾小管细胞增殖的影响[J].中华医学杂志,1993,73(6):34
    [20] 何东元,王笑云,王宁宁等.大黄酸抑制肾间质成纤维细胞激活的实验研究[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2006,22(2):105-108
    [21] 李孜,卿平,冀玲,等.大黄治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的系统评价[J].中国循证医学杂志,2004,4(7):468-473
    [22] 马济民,刘强,冯菡芳,等.虫草对慢性肾衰大鼠肝脏和肌肉蛋白合成速率的影响[J].中华肾脏病杂志,1997,13(4):199
    [23] 周玲玲,刘抗寒,王衍慧,等.冬虫复草对糖尿病肾病模型鼠肾组织转化因子β_1、结缔细织生长因子表达的影响[J].肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志,2006,15(5):443-446、468
    [24] 王筱霞,吴兆龙.低密度脂蛋白对培养的人身小球系膜细胞的增殖作用及冬虫夏草对其的影响[J].中国病理生理杂志,1999,15(5):405-407
    [25] 许风雷,环文英,吴泰相,等.冬虫夏草治疗慢性肾病临床疗效的系统评价[J].中国循证医学杂志,2006,6(11):804-808
    [26] 金周慧,陈以平.蝉花汤延缓慢性肾功能衰竭进展的临床观察[J].中医药学刊,2006,24(8):1457-1459
    [27] 吴金玉,史伟,黄雪霞,等.田七注射液延缓慢性肾功能衰竭肾纤维化临床研究[J].辽宁中医杂志,2006,33(10):1277-1279.
    [28] 张国强,叶任高,孔庆瑜,等.丹参对培养中狼疮性肾炎的纤维细胞的影响[J].中国医药学报,1997,12(1):19[31]杜兰屏,胡仲仪,邓跃毅,等.莪术对肾脏细胞外基质的影响的实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2001,(6):38
    [29] 刘文军,杨颖.中医药治疗慢性肾衰机理研究概况[J].中国中医药科技,2001,8(2):134-135
    [30] 何隆,邹丽华,马跃先.肾毒消灌肠液治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的临床观察附:82例临床报告[J].成都中医药大学学报2006,29(3):18-19
    [31] 耿静.中药保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰66例临床观察[J].安徽中医学院学报,2006,25(1):15-17
    [32] 葛建敏.中药保留灌肠纠正慢性肾衰36例[J].中国民间疗法,2001,9(12):25-26
    [33] 陶筱娟.泄浊排钾方高位结肠灌肠抢救慢性肾功能衰竭高血钾症[J].中国中医药信息杂志,1998,5(12):38
    [34] 钱晓平,惠永平,杨金亮,等.中药口服、灌肠、熏蒸治疗慢性肾功能不全临床观察[J].山西中医,2006,22(2):16-17.
    [35] 王传德,陈玮,于雯,等.中药肾康袋敷脐治疗慢性肾衰竭50例临床研究[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2006,7(3):151-153
    [1] Mitch WE. Dietary therapy in uremia: The impact on nutrition and progressive renal failure Kidney Int, 2000, 75: s38~s43
    [2] 谌贝台璞,低蛋白饮食对延缓慢性肾损害进展的意义.中国医药导刊,2001,3(2):128-130。
    [3] Levey AS, Greene T, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, Beck GJ, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Kopple JD Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006, 48(6): 879-888.
    [4] Fouque D, Laville M, Boissel JPLow protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, 19 (2): CD001892
    [5] 郑法雷,尹德海.低蛋白饮食延缓慢性肾功能衰竭病程进展的作用.实用医院临床杂志,2005,2(1):12-14
    [6] Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde, RD for the Collaborative Study Group. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Eng J Med 1993, 329: 1456-1462
    [7]Roger A. Rodby, Richard D. Rohde, William R. Clarke, Lawrence G. Hunsicker, Deborah A. Anzalone, Robert C. Atkins, Eberhard Ritz, Edmund J. Lewis and for the Collaborative Study Group The Irbesartan Type II Diabetic Nephropathy Trial: study design and baseline patient characteristics nephrol Dial Transplant ,2000,15:487-497
    
    [8]Barry M. Brenner, M.D., Mark E. Cooper, M.D., Ph.D., Dick de Zeeuw, M.D., Ph.D., William F. Keane, M.D., William E. Mitch, M.D., Hans-Henrik Parving, M.D., Giuseppe Remuzzi, M.D., Steven M. Snapinn, Ph.D., Zhonxin Zhang, Ph.D., Shahnaz Shahinfar, M.D., for the RENAAL Study Investigators Effects of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy.the new England jourenal of medicine 2001,345(12):861-869
    
    [9]Doulton TW.Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in chronic kidney disease.J Hypertens Suppl.2006,24(1):S101-106
    
    [10]Fernandez-Juarez G, Barrio V, de Vinuesa SG, Goicoechea M, Praga M, Luno J. Dual blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin system in the progression of renal disease: the need for more clinical trials.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 ,17(12 Suppl 3):S250-254
    
    [11]Isaka Y, Brees DK, Ikegaya K, Kaneda Y, Imai E, Noble NA, Border WA. Gene therapy by skeletal muscle expression of decorin prevents fibrotic disease in rat kidney. Nat Med 1996,2: 418-423
    
    [12]Zhou A, Ueno H, Shimomura M, Tanaka R, Shirakawa T, Nakamura T, Matsuo M, Ijima K. Blockade of TGF-beta action ameliorates renal dysfunction and histologic progression in anti-GBM nephritis. Kidney Int 2003, 64: 92-101
    
    [13]Haviv YS, Takayama K, Nagi PA, Tousson A, Cook W, Wang M, Lam JT, Naito S, Lei X, Carey DE, Curiel DT. Modulation of renal glomerular disease using remote delivery of adenoviral encoded soluble type II TGF-beta receptor fusion molecule. J Gene Med 2003, 5: 839-851
    
    [14]Tanaka T, Ichimaru N, Takahara S, Yazawa K, Hatori M, Suzuki K, Isaka Y, Moriyama T, Imai E, Azuma H, Nakamura T, Okuyama A, Yamanaka H. In vivo gene transfer of hepatocyte growth factor to skeletal muscle prevents changes in rat kidneys after 5/6 nephrectomy. Am J Transplant 2002, 2: 828-836
    
    [15]Poulsom R, Forbes SJ, Hodivala-Dilke K, Ryan E, Wyles S, Navaratnarasah S, Jeffery R, Hunt T, Alison M, Cook T, Pusey C, Wright NA. Bone marrow contributes to renal parenchymal turnover and regeneration. J Pathol 2001,195: 229-235
    
    [16]Grimm PC, Nickerson P, Jeffery J, Savani RC, Gough J, McKenna RM, Stern E, Rush DN. Neointimal and tubulointerstitial infiltration by recipient mesenchymal cells in chronic renal-allograft rejection. N Engl J Med 2001, 345: 93-97
    [17]Mene P, Polci R, Festuccia F. Mechanisms of repair after kidney injury. J Nephrol 2003, 16: 186-195
    
    [18]Huang Y, Haraguchi M, Lawrence DA, Border WA, Yu L, Noble N. A mutant, noninhibitory plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 decreases matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 2003, 112: 326-328
    
    [19]Boffa JJ, Lu Y, Placier S, Stefanski A, Dussaule JC, Chatziantoniou S. Regression of renal vascular and glomerular fibrosis: role of angiotensin II receptor antagonism and matrix metalloproteinases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: 1132-1144
    
    [20]Benigni A, Zoja C, Coma D, Zatelli C, Conti S, Campana M, Gagliano E, Rottoli D, Zanchi C, Abbate M, Ledbetter S, Remuzzi G. Add-on anti-TGF-beta antibody to ACE inhibitor arrests progressive diabetic nephropathy in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: 1816-1824
    
    [21]Li Y, Yang J, Dai C, Wu C, Liu Y. Role for integrin-linked kjnase in mediating tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition and renal interstitial fibrogenesis. J Clin Invest 2003, 112: 503-516
    
    [22]Zeisberg M, Hanai J, Sugimoto H, Mammoto T, Charytan D, Strutz F, Kalluri R. BMP-7 counteracts TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reverses chronic renal njury. Nat Med 2003,9: 964-968
    
    [23]Daniel C, Takabatake Y, Mizui M, Isaka Y, Kawashi H, Rupprecht H, Imai E, Hugo C. Antisense oligonucleotides against thrombospondin-1 inhibit activation of TGF-beta in fibrotic renal disease in the rat in vivo. Am J Pathol 2003, 163: 1185-1192
    
    [24]Ito T, Suzuki A, Okabe M, Imai E, Hori M. Application of bone marrow-derived stem cells in experimental nephrology. Exp Nephrol 2001, 9: 444-450
    
    [25]Matsuno Y, Iwata H, Umeda Y, Takagi H, Mori Y, Kosugi A, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Hirose H. Hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer into the liver via the portal vein using electroporation attenuates rat liver cirrhosis. Gene Ther 2003,10: 1559-1566
    
    [26]Mizuno S, Nakamura T. Suppressions of chronic glomerular injuries and TGF-beta 1 production by HGF in attenuation of murine diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286: F134-143.
    
    [27]McDonald GA, Sarkar P, Rennke H, Unemori E, Kalluri R, Sukhatme VP. Relaxin increases ubiquitin-dependent degradation of fibronectin in vitro and ameliorates renal fibrosis in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003, 285: F59-67.
    
    [28] Couser WG. Complement inhibitors and glomerulonephritis: are we there yet? J Am Soc Nephrol 2003,14: 815-818
    [1] 成玉斌,罗仁,薛耀明,等.肾虚型糖尿病肾病与Ⅰ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体基因多态性相关性研究[J].新中医,2003,35(1):36-37
    [2] 肖露露,于立新,陈洪涛,等.慢性肾小球肾炎与HLA免疫遗传强关联[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,1999,20(10):592-594
    [3] 胡旭.基因多态性研究在过敏性紫斑肾炎和IgA肾病中的意义[J].国外医学儿科学分册2003.5,30(3):149-152
    [4] 王米渠.“肾为先天之本”行为遗传中关于恐伤肾的表征[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,1997,3(4):23-25
    [5] 雷娓娓,黄真炎,郑高飞,等.肾虚脾虚造型动物免疫超微结构的比较研究[J],深圳中西医结合杂志,1999,9(2):14-15
    [6] 陈小峰,许少峰.免疫灵合剂对肾虚病人T淋巴细胞免疫功能的作用[J].福建中医学院学报,1999,9(3):5~7
    [7] 王培训,周联,潘华新,等.补肾健脾方药免疫药理作用比较[J].中药新药与临床药理,1998,9(2):84~86
    [8] 王米渠,黄健.惊恐孕鼠对子代鼠自然杀伤细胞活性的影响[J].成都中医药大学学报,1997,20(2):33~34
    [9] 杨嘉珍.肾虚血瘀证与红细胞免疫的关系[J].湖北中医杂志,1996,18(3):55
    [10] 严惠芳,郭金瑞,高居生,等.慢性肾炎肾虚患者红细胞变形能力改变的临床研究[J].陕西中医学院学报,2005,28(3):53-54
    [11] 肖学长,褚晓凡.中医激光血疗对老年肾虚脑梗死病人免疫功能的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2000,20(4):264~266
    [12] 朱华宇,邱家明,王志红.“天一寿”胶囊延缓衰老作用的临床研究[J].云南中医学院学报,2001,24(2):4~7
    [13] 陈小峰,许少峰.肾虚病人的细胞因子研究[J].福建中医学院学报,2000,10(2):12~13
    [14] 宋淑霞,吕占军,侯沽,等.益气补肾方药对肾虚小鼠细胞因子IL-1、IL-2及IL-12基因表达的影响[J].中国实验动物学报,2002,10(2):101~104
    [15] 严惠芳,张卫娜,孔月晴,等.慢性肾炎肾阴虚证与IL-6TNF-a相关性的临床观察[J].中医药学刊,2005,23(7):1197-1198
    [16] 刘连噗,单春文,柳息红,等.虎杖晶4号对兔血小板超微结构的影响[J].第一军医大学学报,1998,18(2):105
    [17] 吴坤宝,黄巧冰.烧伤休克微循环障碍及其TNF的关系[J].中华整形烧伤外科杂志,1996,12(1).41
    [1] 方积乾.《生存质量测定方法及应用》,2000,北京:北京医科大学出版社,6
    [2] WHO. The Development of the WHO Quality of Life Assessment Instrument. Geneva, WHO, 1993
    [3] 陈和年,方积乾,胡孟璇.生存质量研究.中华预防医学杂志1993,27(3):178-180
    [4] Levi I. Population, Environment and Quality of Life. Royal Ministry for Foreign Affair, 1987
    [5] 万崇华.生命质量研究中一些重要问题的商讨(一).中国行为医学科学,1999,8(1):66-67
    [6] Anronson NK. Quality of life research in oncology: Past achievements and future priorities[J]. Cancer. 1991, 67: 839
    [7] Mittal sk, Ahern L, Flatter E, et al. Self-assessed physical and mental function of haemodialysis patients [J].Nephrol dial transplant, 2001, 16(7): 1387-1394
    [8] Merkus MP,Jager k J,Dekker F w,et al.The necosad study group-quality of life in patients on chronic dialysis:self-assessment 3 momths after the start of treatment [J].Am J kidney Dis, 1997,29(4):584-592
    [9] Kalender B, Ozdemir AC, Dervisoglu E, Ozdemir O. Quality of life in chronic kidney disease: effects of treatment modality, depression, malnutrition and inflammation.Int J Clin Pract. 2007,7 (29):256-258
    [10] P.S. Duarte, R.M. Ciconelli and R. SessoCultural adaptation and validation of the "Kidney Disease and Quality of Life - Short Form (KDQOL-SF~(TM) 1.3)" in Brazil Braz J Med Biol Res, February2005, 38(2):261-270
    [11] Yildirim A, Ogutmen B, Bektas G, Isci E, Mete M, Tolgay HI. Translation, Cultural Adaptation, Initial Reliability, and Validation of the Kidney Disease and Quality of Life-Short Form (KDQOL-SF 1.3) in Turkey. Transplant Proc. 2007 January - February;39(1):51-54.
    [12] AnneB Bakewell,Robm Higgins and maire Edmunds.does ethnicity influence perceived quality of life of patients on dialysis and following renal transplant.Nephrol Dial transplant,2001,16:1395-1401.
    [13] 钟萍,王云甫,等.SCL—90对慢性肾功能不全患者的测评分析,健康心理学杂志 2002,10(2):83-84.
    [14] 丁晓强,廖履坦,张凯,等.尿毒症透析患者生活质量及其影响因素.中国行为医学科学,1998,7(4):285-287.
    [15] 郭新峰,赖世隆,梁伟雄.中医药临床疗效评价结局指标的选择与应用,广州中医药大学学报,2002,19(4):251-255
    [1] 郑筱萸主编.《中药新药临床研究指导原则》[M],2002,北京:中国医药科技出版社,159-160,164-165
    [2] 高坤.孙伟教授以益肾清利和络泄浊法治疗慢性肾小球疾病的经验[J].江苏中医药.2004,25(11):19-21
    [3] 楚非,魏民,王谦.炎症因子及益肾泄浊汤对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞生长的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志 2000,20(2):132-135
    [4] 孙世竹,孙伟,周栋,等.益肾活血清利方对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化的防治作用[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(12):17-18
    [5] Micth WE, Walser M, Bufiington GA, et al. A simple method of estimating progression of chronic renal failure[J]. Lancet, 1976, 2: 1326-1328
    [6] 聂丽芳,欧阳晃平,韩东彦,200例慢性肾功能衰竭证候分布特点与分析[J].中医研究,2006,19(4):29-31
    [7] 范萍,张保平.587例慢性肾衰患者虚证证候分布规律[J].河南中医,2006,26(5):33-34
    [8] 阳晓,朱文锋,胡学军等.681例慢性肾功能衰竭患者正虚证候分布特点调查分析[J].中医杂志,1999,40(2):112-114
    [9] 阳晓,朱文锋,周小舟等.681例慢性肾衰患者不同阶段邪实兼证特点分析[J].中国医药学报,1999,14(1):14-18
    [10] 刘宏伟.原发性肾小球疾病肾小球内补体成分测定与中医辨证分型关系[J].辽宁中医杂志,1993,20(3):1-3
    [11] 刘宏伟,时振声.原发性肾小球疾病患者肾小球内纤维蛋白沉积与中医分型的关系探讨[J].辽宁中医杂志,1991,18(4):6-8
    [12] 郭利平,张军平,杨洪涛.益肾健脾活血利水方对肾小球系膜细胞分泌炎症介质的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2000,6(1):14-16
    [13] 徐岩,高延霞,马瑞霞.脂质代谢紊乱与慢性肾功能衰竭[J].国外医学·泌尿系统分册,2003,23(4):449-452
    [14] 吴永贵,林善琰,蛋白尿与慢性肾功能衰竭发展机制新见解[J].中华内科杂志,1998,37(11):772-774
    [15] 高潮清,朱桂岗,慢性肾衰急剧加重危险因素分析[J].实用全科医学,2004,2(6):479-480
    [1] USRDS Annual Report. 2004
    [2] W are JE, Snow KK, Ko sinsk iM, et al. SF-36 health survey manual and interpretation guide. Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center. 1993,522-524
    [3] W are JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-Item short form health survey (SF-36), Ⅰ: Conceptual frame work and item selection. Med Care, 1992, 30:473
    [4] P.S. Duartel, R.M. Ciconelli2 and R. SessolCultural adaptation and validation of the "Kidney Disease and Quality of Life - Short Form (KDQOL-SFTM 1.3)" in Brazil Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005 38(2): 261-270
    [5] 李幼平,刘鸣.循证医学与中医药现代化.中国中医药信息杂志,1999,6(12):14
    [6] 李志更,王天芳,赵燕等.慢性肾功能衰竭辨证中常见中医症状证候要素的现代文献分析及相关性初步探讨[J].北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(1):60-66

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700