新建山区公路的土地利用和环境效果的后评价
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摘要
高速公路的环境效果后评价是当今高速公路建设领域的一个研究的热点。土地利用后评价在是当今的公路建设后评价中有待研究的内容。本文对山区公路建设中的环境问题和土地利用情况进行了探讨,并以昭通至待补的高速公路为例,对该项目的土地利用情况及环保情况进行了分析研究。
首先,本文分析研究了国内外有关高速公路环境后评价和土地利用的相关文献,分析了高速公路的等级标准、技术指标、线路的空间布局以及线路的通过方式等对占地的影响。
其次,通过对相关的资料文献的分析研究,提出了山区公路建设的土地利用后评价的后评价的内容,建立了相关的指标体系。对一览表法及矩阵法进行分析研究,并将此两种方法应用到对山区公路的技术指标对占用土地的影响后评价方法中去。并运用模糊数学理论方法对线路的空间布局进行分析研究,总结出17个评价指标,并对目标进行分析,最终提出山区公路线路节约用地的模糊数学方法,并讨论了隶属度和权重的确定方法。讨论了山区公路线路空间布局及定线的影响因子,并讨论了山区公路路线空间布局及定线方案的优选方法。
最后,针对山区公路建设及运营的各个阶段,以昭通高速公路为例,对其建设及运营过程中的环境及土地利用情况进行研究分析。研究在山区公路建设的各个阶段中,怎样结合地貌、地形才能更好的保护环境、节约用地。
The environment effect aft-evaluation of the high speed way is a hot study point in the field of high speed way building at present. The land use aft-evaluation is a substance that remains to be research in the high speed way building. This thesis inquirs into some questions of the environment and the land use in the high speed way building course in the mountain area. The main research and conclusions are summarized as follows:
The thesis starts from the reviews of the internal and external documents which are bound up with the environment effect and the land use on the high speed way. Relatively comperhensive discussions are made on the significances, applications, obtained research productions and problems in the current methods of the aft-evaluation of the high speed way.
Then, the line standard and the technique quota have the direct influence of occupying land during the period of building the high speed way. What effect the space layout and the land determine could bring about occupying the different type of land. The passageways means of the high speed way also has the direct effect on the quantity of land. These matters are studied in this paper. The type and the scale of land which is occupied by the high speed way and the contents and the norm of the land use are also been researched in the thesis.
Beside, the contribution of the high speed way in the mountain area is restricted by the complicated geology, the type of landforms, the running off of the water and soil, the landslide, the mud-rock flow and so on. The system of the ecological environment could also be destoried during the period of the high speed way building. Such as, the passages of the wild animal could be cut off; the types and the structures of the vegetations could be changed; the soild, the air and the water could be polluted; and the noise pollution could be causec and so on.
Finally, taking ZhaoTong-DaiBu high speed way for example, the thesis studies the environment protection and the land use condition in the stage of construction and running. And how to protect the environment and save the land is very impont in every period of the high way buiding in the mountain area.
首先,本文分析研究了国内外有关高速公路环境后评价和土地利用的相关文献,分析了高速公路的等级标准、技术指标、线路的空间布局以及线路的通过方式等对占地的影响。
其次,通过对相关的资料文献的分析研究,提出了山区公路建设的土地利用后评价的后评价的内容,建立了相关的指标体系。对一览表法及矩阵法进行分析研究,并将此两种方法应用到对山区公路的技术指标对占用土地的影响后评价方法中去。并运用模糊数学理论方法对线路的空间布局进行分析研究,总结出17个评价指标,并对目标进行分析,最终提出山区公路线路节约用地的模糊数学方法,并讨论了隶属度和权重的确定方法。讨论了山区公路线路空间布局及定线的影响因子,并讨论了山区公路路线空间布局及定线方案的优选方法。
最后,针对山区公路建设及运营的各个阶段,以昭通高速公路为例,对其建设及运营过程中的环境及土地利用情况进行研究分析。研究在山区公路建设的各个阶段中,怎样结合地貌、地形才能更好的保护环境、节约用地。
The environment effect aft-evaluation of the high speed way is a hot study point in the field of high speed way building at present. The land use aft-evaluation is a substance that remains to be research in the high speed way building. This thesis inquirs into some questions of the environment and the land use in the high speed way building course in the mountain area. The main research and conclusions are summarized as follows:
The thesis starts from the reviews of the internal and external documents which are bound up with the environment effect and the land use on the high speed way. Relatively comperhensive discussions are made on the significances, applications, obtained research productions and problems in the current methods of the aft-evaluation of the high speed way.
Then, the line standard and the technique quota have the direct influence of occupying land during the period of building the high speed way. What effect the space layout and the land determine could bring about occupying the different type of land. The passageways means of the high speed way also has the direct effect on the quantity of land. These matters are studied in this paper. The type and the scale of land which is occupied by the high speed way and the contents and the norm of the land use are also been researched in the thesis.
Beside, the contribution of the high speed way in the mountain area is restricted by the complicated geology, the type of landforms, the running off of the water and soil, the landslide, the mud-rock flow and so on. The system of the ecological environment could also be destoried during the period of the high speed way building. Such as, the passages of the wild animal could be cut off; the types and the structures of the vegetations could be changed; the soild, the air and the water could be polluted; and the noise pollution could be causec and so on.
Finally, taking ZhaoTong-DaiBu high speed way for example, the thesis studies the environment protection and the land use condition in the stage of construction and running. And how to protect the environment and save the land is very impont in every period of the high way buiding in the mountain area.
引文
[1]包薇红,范兢.浅谈公路建设对生态环境的影响.交通环保,2000.
[2]常禹,布仁仓,胡远满,等.长白山北坡苔原/岳桦景观边界的定量检测.地理科学,2003.
[3]常禹,布仁仓,胡远满,等.长白山森林景观边界动态变化研究.应用生态学报,2004.
[4]甘淑,何大明,党承林.澜沧江流域上、中、下游典型案例区景观格局对比分析.山地学报,2002.
[5]黄秉维,现代自然地理.北京:科学出版社.1999.
[6]黄玉仁,黄玉生,李子华,等.生态环境变化对雾的影响.气象科学,2000.
[7]UNDP.Guidelines for Evaluatiors.United Nations Development Program.New York,1993,
[8]ODA.A Guide to ODA Evaluation System.Overseas Development Administration.London,!994.
[9]ODA.Evaluation Department:Administrative Guidelines and Procedures.ODA.London,1990.
[10]王建军.公路建设项目后评价理论与方法研究.北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[11]刘常明,张明顺等.环境管理.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
[12]吴海燕,朱照宏等.高级公路建设与管理.北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[13]夏惠荣,李建.高等级公路与生态环境.辽宁交通科技,1997.20(2):20-22
[14]程胜高,吴登定.高速公路建设的环境问题与对策研究.环境保护,1999(10).
[15]程胜高 高速进.建设项目环境经济效益分析方法的研究.中国环保产业,1997(6)26-27.
[16]陈华新,支喜兰.公路与环境.西安公路交通大学学报,1998.18(3B):295-298.
[17]宋新力,未富宗.高速公路的施工与环境保护.河南交通科技,1997(2): 50-52.
[18]樊巍,李长来.关于调整公路绿化几个问题的探讨.河南交通科技,1997(5):30-32.
[19]王淑申.法国在建设高速公路中的环保措施.综合运输,1997(11):34-35.
[20]朱海鹰.高速公路环境问题与环境管理.国外公路,1996.16(6):10-14.
[21]常根柱.我国北方高速公路的绿化与景观再造.公路,1998(3):33-36.
[22]唐光明.浅谈英国高速公路管理技术.国外公路,1998.18(2):16-19.
[23]王全.美国公路环保.内蒙古环境保护.1998.10(3):38-40.
[24]杨满宏.高等级公路的景观设计.国外公路,1998.18(1):1-4.
[25]王世杰.公路建设的环境影响及对策.中南公路工程.1996.21(3):48-52
[26]AEA Technology(1995)Air pollution in the UK:1993/1994,prepared by the environmental technology Centre,NETCEN,for the Department of the Environment,Harwell.
[27]Allen(1980)relationships between highway noise,noise mitigation and residential property values,FHWA/VA,81/I,Virginia highways and Transportation Research Council,Charlottesville,US.
[28]王瑛,张振维.一个实用的高速公路大气扩散模式.环境保护科学,1997.13(4):20-24.
[29]闫百兴,刘景双.高速公路建设对环境的影响分析.农村生态环境,1997.13(4):34-35.
[30]周志含.公路建设项目目标持续性评价的研究。环保工业大学学报,1999.28(1):55-58.
[31]American Public Transit Association(APTA)(1992)transit Fact Book,APTA,Washington DC.
[32]Bali,dj,RS ttamiltion and R M Harrison(1991)'the influence of highway related pollutants onenvironmental quality' in R S Hamilton and R M Harrison(eds)Highway pollution,elsevier,Amsterdam.
[33]王慧觉,曾德芳等.污染源概念和公路污染源界定.交通环保,1999(1).
[34]林复基,山田浩明.道路周边汽车排气污染扩散模式.环境保护(台湾), 1997.20(1).49-59.
[35]毛文永.开发建设项目生态环境影响评价原则—生态环境功能保护论.环境科学,1996.17(2).
[36]高速公路丛书编委会.高速公路规划设计.北京:人民交通出版社,1999.
[37]张鹏飞,姚成.高速公路与城市道路沿线交通噪声对环境的分析.城市环境与环境生态,1999.12(3):29-31.
[38]李治平,王绍波.论西部公路建设的环境地质灾害及工程对策.西部探矿工程,2002年第2期.
[39]江玉林,杜鹃.高等级公路生态环境保护问题与对策.公路,2008年第8期.
[40]曹智伟,马友鑫,李红梅.正向综合土地利用动态度模型及其应用—以西双版纳公路对土地利用的影响为例,云南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(s1)224-228.
[41]张华,张勃.国际土地利用/覆盖变化模型研究综述[J].自然资源学报,2003,20(3):422-431.
[42]BROWN D G,PIJANOWSKI B C,DUH J D.Modeling the relationships between land use and land cover on private lands in the Upper Midwest,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(4):7-263.
[43]CHOMITZ K M,GRAY D A.Roads,land use,and deforestation:a spatial model applied to Belize[C]/World Bank Economic Review,1996,10(3):487-512.
[44]TROMBULAK S C,FRISSELL C A.Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(1):18-30.
[45]刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方等.中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(2):1031-1040.
[46]张镱锂,阎建忠,刘林山等.青藏公路对区域土地利用和景观格局的影响——以格尔木至唐古拉山段为例[J].地理学报,2002,57(3):253-266.
[47]张宏斌,肖楼等.新形势下公路建设土地组件应注意的问题.黑龙江交通科技,2007,166(32),194-195.
[48]曹智伟,马友鑫,李红梅,郭宗锋,刘文俊等.西双版纳地区公路两侧土地利用变化格局特征.山地学报,2006,24(3):284-290.
[49]Jones JA,Swanson F J,Wemple B C,etal.A perspective on road effects on hydrology,geomorphology,and disturbance patches in stream networks[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(1):76-85.
[50]阎建忠,张镱锂,刘燕等.高原交通干线对土地利用和景观格局的影响——以兰州至格尔木段为例[J].地理学报,2003,58(1):34-44.
[51]徐永键,阎小培等.西方国家城市交通系统与土地利用关系研究.研究综述.1999 23(11)38-43.
[52]闫淑荣.我国高速公路建设集约利用土地的思考.交通发展,2006,33-36.
[53]阚叔愚,孟志勇等.铁路建设中土地利用的优化方法.基础优化,1991.12(3)17-23.
[54]崔璨.谈如何合理利用公路建设用地.辽宁交通科技,2003.2,10-11.
[2]常禹,布仁仓,胡远满,等.长白山北坡苔原/岳桦景观边界的定量检测.地理科学,2003.
[3]常禹,布仁仓,胡远满,等.长白山森林景观边界动态变化研究.应用生态学报,2004.
[4]甘淑,何大明,党承林.澜沧江流域上、中、下游典型案例区景观格局对比分析.山地学报,2002.
[5]黄秉维,现代自然地理.北京:科学出版社.1999.
[6]黄玉仁,黄玉生,李子华,等.生态环境变化对雾的影响.气象科学,2000.
[7]UNDP.Guidelines for Evaluatiors.United Nations Development Program.New York,1993,
[8]ODA.A Guide to ODA Evaluation System.Overseas Development Administration.London,!994.
[9]ODA.Evaluation Department:Administrative Guidelines and Procedures.ODA.London,1990.
[10]王建军.公路建设项目后评价理论与方法研究.北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[11]刘常明,张明顺等.环境管理.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
[12]吴海燕,朱照宏等.高级公路建设与管理.北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[13]夏惠荣,李建.高等级公路与生态环境.辽宁交通科技,1997.20(2):20-22
[14]程胜高,吴登定.高速公路建设的环境问题与对策研究.环境保护,1999(10).
[15]程胜高 高速进.建设项目环境经济效益分析方法的研究.中国环保产业,1997(6)26-27.
[16]陈华新,支喜兰.公路与环境.西安公路交通大学学报,1998.18(3B):295-298.
[17]宋新力,未富宗.高速公路的施工与环境保护.河南交通科技,1997(2): 50-52.
[18]樊巍,李长来.关于调整公路绿化几个问题的探讨.河南交通科技,1997(5):30-32.
[19]王淑申.法国在建设高速公路中的环保措施.综合运输,1997(11):34-35.
[20]朱海鹰.高速公路环境问题与环境管理.国外公路,1996.16(6):10-14.
[21]常根柱.我国北方高速公路的绿化与景观再造.公路,1998(3):33-36.
[22]唐光明.浅谈英国高速公路管理技术.国外公路,1998.18(2):16-19.
[23]王全.美国公路环保.内蒙古环境保护.1998.10(3):38-40.
[24]杨满宏.高等级公路的景观设计.国外公路,1998.18(1):1-4.
[25]王世杰.公路建设的环境影响及对策.中南公路工程.1996.21(3):48-52
[26]AEA Technology(1995)Air pollution in the UK:1993/1994,prepared by the environmental technology Centre,NETCEN,for the Department of the Environment,Harwell.
[27]Allen(1980)relationships between highway noise,noise mitigation and residential property values,FHWA/VA,81/I,Virginia highways and Transportation Research Council,Charlottesville,US.
[28]王瑛,张振维.一个实用的高速公路大气扩散模式.环境保护科学,1997.13(4):20-24.
[29]闫百兴,刘景双.高速公路建设对环境的影响分析.农村生态环境,1997.13(4):34-35.
[30]周志含.公路建设项目目标持续性评价的研究。环保工业大学学报,1999.28(1):55-58.
[31]American Public Transit Association(APTA)(1992)transit Fact Book,APTA,Washington DC.
[32]Bali,dj,RS ttamiltion and R M Harrison(1991)'the influence of highway related pollutants onenvironmental quality' in R S Hamilton and R M Harrison(eds)Highway pollution,elsevier,Amsterdam.
[33]王慧觉,曾德芳等.污染源概念和公路污染源界定.交通环保,1999(1).
[34]林复基,山田浩明.道路周边汽车排气污染扩散模式.环境保护(台湾), 1997.20(1).49-59.
[35]毛文永.开发建设项目生态环境影响评价原则—生态环境功能保护论.环境科学,1996.17(2).
[36]高速公路丛书编委会.高速公路规划设计.北京:人民交通出版社,1999.
[37]张鹏飞,姚成.高速公路与城市道路沿线交通噪声对环境的分析.城市环境与环境生态,1999.12(3):29-31.
[38]李治平,王绍波.论西部公路建设的环境地质灾害及工程对策.西部探矿工程,2002年第2期.
[39]江玉林,杜鹃.高等级公路生态环境保护问题与对策.公路,2008年第8期.
[40]曹智伟,马友鑫,李红梅.正向综合土地利用动态度模型及其应用—以西双版纳公路对土地利用的影响为例,云南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(s1)224-228.
[41]张华,张勃.国际土地利用/覆盖变化模型研究综述[J].自然资源学报,2003,20(3):422-431.
[42]BROWN D G,PIJANOWSKI B C,DUH J D.Modeling the relationships between land use and land cover on private lands in the Upper Midwest,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(4):7-263.
[43]CHOMITZ K M,GRAY D A.Roads,land use,and deforestation:a spatial model applied to Belize[C]/World Bank Economic Review,1996,10(3):487-512.
[44]TROMBULAK S C,FRISSELL C A.Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(1):18-30.
[45]刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方等.中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(2):1031-1040.
[46]张镱锂,阎建忠,刘林山等.青藏公路对区域土地利用和景观格局的影响——以格尔木至唐古拉山段为例[J].地理学报,2002,57(3):253-266.
[47]张宏斌,肖楼等.新形势下公路建设土地组件应注意的问题.黑龙江交通科技,2007,166(32),194-195.
[48]曹智伟,马友鑫,李红梅,郭宗锋,刘文俊等.西双版纳地区公路两侧土地利用变化格局特征.山地学报,2006,24(3):284-290.
[49]Jones JA,Swanson F J,Wemple B C,etal.A perspective on road effects on hydrology,geomorphology,and disturbance patches in stream networks[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(1):76-85.
[50]阎建忠,张镱锂,刘燕等.高原交通干线对土地利用和景观格局的影响——以兰州至格尔木段为例[J].地理学报,2003,58(1):34-44.
[51]徐永键,阎小培等.西方国家城市交通系统与土地利用关系研究.研究综述.1999 23(11)38-43.
[52]闫淑荣.我国高速公路建设集约利用土地的思考.交通发展,2006,33-36.
[53]阚叔愚,孟志勇等.铁路建设中土地利用的优化方法.基础优化,1991.12(3)17-23.
[54]崔璨.谈如何合理利用公路建设用地.辽宁交通科技,2003.2,10-11.