高坝消力塘透水底板脉动壁压特性及其相似律研究
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摘要
我国水电站多建于高山峡谷地区,在泄洪消能方面具有高水头、大流量、窄河谷的特性。由水头高和泄洪功率大产生的泄洪消能问题十分突出。为消杀巨大的泄洪能量,防止高速水流对下游河床的冲刷,工程中通常在坝趾以下一定距离的河床内用混凝土衬砌,并在适当位置修建二道坝,形成具有一定水深的消力塘,以达到消能防冲的目的。而消力塘底板作为下游河床的防护结构,其自身在高速水流冲击下的稳定性是其关键所在。因此,高坝消力塘防护结构的稳定性问题至今仍是工程水力学的前沿课题之一。为提高防护结构稳定性,研究人员开始考虑更有效的抵抗荷载的方法。即从“主动防护”的观念出发,通过改变防护衬砌的结构形式,主动降低作用在防护结构上的荷载,以达到提高防护结构安全稳定性的目的。由于模型相似律是水工模型与原型的换算准则,为解读新型消力塘透水防护结构的工作原理以及荷载特性,首先应开展透水防护结构脉动壁压相似律问题的研究。其次,由于透水防护结构改变了自身原来的结构形式,有可能完全改变脉动荷载的传递方式。因此,应该开展透水防护结构缝隙层中脉动壁压的传播规律的研究,对合理确定新型防护结构的受力与稳定设计具有重要意义。本文以理论分析和模型试验为基础,设计了系列比尺水工模型试验,对比分析了透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压幅值、相关及频谱特性及其模型相似律,在此基础上,研究了透水防护结构缝隙层中脉动壁压的传播规律。主要成果包括:
(1)分析了底流消能与冲击射流情况下透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压强度、偏差系数、峰度系数以及概率密度函数的沿程分布特征,并研究了系列比尺模型试验中脉动壁压幅值特性的相似律问题。
(2)分析了底流消能与冲击射流情况下透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压自相关函数、瞬时空间相关函数和功率谱密度函数,并研究了系列比尺模型试验中脉动壁压相关特性和频谱特性的相似律问题。
(3)对透水防护结构脉动壁压在缝隙内传播规律进行了研究,包括脉动壁压幅值特性、相关特性及频谱特性沿缝隙的传播规律。
综合以上研究发现,底流消能与冲击射流情况下透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压符合重力相似律。并且认为底板开孔相当于增加了缝隙宽度。
Most hydropower stations were built in high-mountain gorge areas in China. The energy dissipation for releasing the flood is characterized as high head and large discharge in narrow valley, thus the problem of flood discharging and energy dissipation with high head and discharge power is critical and prominent. To consume enormous amounts of energy and prevent high-velocity flow to erode underwater bed, riverbed which was some distance from dam toe was lined with concrete and subsidiary dam in position to form of a certain depth of the stilling pond. The safety of protecting structure in plunge pool is the key to success of energy dissipation. The stability of lining structure in the plunge pool is one problem that needs to be solved in practice and also one of the subjects that many researchers have studied for years. Therefore, the study on safety of protecting structure in high dam plunge pool is still one of the front subjects in engineering hydraulics field. To improve the stability of protective structure, the researchers began to consider more effective ways to resist loads. More effective ways for resisting deformation under load have been explored to improve the stability of protective structure. From the concept of initiative protection, pervious slab can initiatively decrease the load acting on the pervious slab in plunge pool and improve the stability of protection structure. At present, pressure fluctuation similarity law in plunge pool should be studied in the first place to interpret the working principle and load characteristics of the new defensive structure, by which we could convert model test results in to fluctuating load of prototype.Secondly, due to the changing of own original structural style of active protection, it might completely change the pulse of the load transferring method. Therefore, analyzing the characteristics of the propagation of the reassure wave within the contraction joints plays an important guiding role in the rational determination of stress and stability design of the new kind of protection structure. The dissertation designed a series scale of hydraulic model test based on theoretical analysis and model test. Comparative analysis was carried out to study the characteristics of fluctuating pressure, the related spectrum and model similarity criterion between pervious slab and impervious slab in plunge pool. Furthermore, characteristics of the propagation of the pressure waves of pervious protecting structure were studied. The main achievements of the dissertation include:
(1) It was analyzed in the paper of the characteristics of the amplitude value of the pressure recorded in the experiments. It consisted of the computation of average, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, probability density function and characteristic function of the pressure data, etc. From the results, a similarity law of the amplitude value of fluctuating pressure was discussed in the hydraulic model test.
(2) The paper analyzed the characteristics of the correlation and spectrum of the pressure recorded in the experiments, which consisted of the computation of autocorrelation, spatial correlation and power spectral density function of the pressure data, etc. From the results, a similarity law of the correlation and spectrum of the pressure was discussed in the hydraulic model test.
(3) The paper analyzed the propagation of the pressure wave within the contraction joints recorded in the experiments, which consisted of the characteristics of amplitude value of the pressure, correlated and related spectrum within the contraction joints.
Above all, it could be drawn that in the hydraulic jumps and plunge pools, the similarity law of the pressure fluctuations of both the pervious slab and impervious in plunge pool obeyed the Froude law. Meanwhile the function of pervious holes was equivalent to increasing the gap width.
(1)分析了底流消能与冲击射流情况下透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压强度、偏差系数、峰度系数以及概率密度函数的沿程分布特征,并研究了系列比尺模型试验中脉动壁压幅值特性的相似律问题。
(2)分析了底流消能与冲击射流情况下透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压自相关函数、瞬时空间相关函数和功率谱密度函数,并研究了系列比尺模型试验中脉动壁压相关特性和频谱特性的相似律问题。
(3)对透水防护结构脉动壁压在缝隙内传播规律进行了研究,包括脉动壁压幅值特性、相关特性及频谱特性沿缝隙的传播规律。
综合以上研究发现,底流消能与冲击射流情况下透水防护结构与不透水防护结构脉动壁压符合重力相似律。并且认为底板开孔相当于增加了缝隙宽度。
Most hydropower stations were built in high-mountain gorge areas in China. The energy dissipation for releasing the flood is characterized as high head and large discharge in narrow valley, thus the problem of flood discharging and energy dissipation with high head and discharge power is critical and prominent. To consume enormous amounts of energy and prevent high-velocity flow to erode underwater bed, riverbed which was some distance from dam toe was lined with concrete and subsidiary dam in position to form of a certain depth of the stilling pond. The safety of protecting structure in plunge pool is the key to success of energy dissipation. The stability of lining structure in the plunge pool is one problem that needs to be solved in practice and also one of the subjects that many researchers have studied for years. Therefore, the study on safety of protecting structure in high dam plunge pool is still one of the front subjects in engineering hydraulics field. To improve the stability of protective structure, the researchers began to consider more effective ways to resist loads. More effective ways for resisting deformation under load have been explored to improve the stability of protective structure. From the concept of initiative protection, pervious slab can initiatively decrease the load acting on the pervious slab in plunge pool and improve the stability of protection structure. At present, pressure fluctuation similarity law in plunge pool should be studied in the first place to interpret the working principle and load characteristics of the new defensive structure, by which we could convert model test results in to fluctuating load of prototype.Secondly, due to the changing of own original structural style of active protection, it might completely change the pulse of the load transferring method. Therefore, analyzing the characteristics of the propagation of the reassure wave within the contraction joints plays an important guiding role in the rational determination of stress and stability design of the new kind of protection structure. The dissertation designed a series scale of hydraulic model test based on theoretical analysis and model test. Comparative analysis was carried out to study the characteristics of fluctuating pressure, the related spectrum and model similarity criterion between pervious slab and impervious slab in plunge pool. Furthermore, characteristics of the propagation of the pressure waves of pervious protecting structure were studied. The main achievements of the dissertation include:
(1) It was analyzed in the paper of the characteristics of the amplitude value of the pressure recorded in the experiments. It consisted of the computation of average, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, probability density function and characteristic function of the pressure data, etc. From the results, a similarity law of the amplitude value of fluctuating pressure was discussed in the hydraulic model test.
(2) The paper analyzed the characteristics of the correlation and spectrum of the pressure recorded in the experiments, which consisted of the computation of autocorrelation, spatial correlation and power spectral density function of the pressure data, etc. From the results, a similarity law of the correlation and spectrum of the pressure was discussed in the hydraulic model test.
(3) The paper analyzed the propagation of the pressure wave within the contraction joints recorded in the experiments, which consisted of the characteristics of amplitude value of the pressure, correlated and related spectrum within the contraction joints.
Above all, it could be drawn that in the hydraulic jumps and plunge pools, the similarity law of the pressure fluctuations of both the pervious slab and impervious in plunge pool obeyed the Froude law. Meanwhile the function of pervious holes was equivalent to increasing the gap width.
引文
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