基于手机图像分析的叶片及立木测量算法研究
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摘要
林木信息的采集是森林资源调查和林业可视化的基础,是一项复杂、繁重的任务。“数字林业”和“精准林业”对林木信息的采集方法提出了更高的要求。传统的林木测量方法需要人工读取和记录测量数据,耗费大量人力和财力,而且自动化程度低,精度不高。近年来出现的许多辅助测量工具,但一般价格昂贵,携带不方便,并且有时会在调查过程中对森林破坏严重。
     当前,手机摄像头性能达到相当高的程度。将手机的摄像头作为树木图像采集的设备,利用嵌入到手机中的相应程序,可实时测量出诸如植物叶面积,立木的树高、树径、材积等,并可将测量出的数据、GIS信息等,利用手机的无线通信和计算机网络,上传数据中心,也可与数据中心进行数据交换,为森林资源调查提供新的方法和途径。
     本文以嵌入手机的图像分析技术为基础,对叶面积测量和立木测量的方法,进行了一些基础性的研究工作,主要工作和贡献如下:
     1、提出了基于彩色通道相似性的叶面积测量方法。它运算速度快,并能很好地克服阴影对叶面积的影响,达到了很高的精度。该方法利用彩色叶片的R、G、B三个颜色通道的相似性对叶片区域进行分割,再根据叶片区域像素数和参考矩形的像素数计算叶面积。
     2、改进了一种自然背景下基于MRF的立木图像的分割算法。本文充分利用智能手机多点触控技术等强大的交互功能确定三分图,划分出确切的前景,背景和未知区域,极大地减少了运算量。
     3、改进了一种基于两幅图像进行相机自标定的方法。本文通过拍照前在树干上设置两个标记,并在相隔一定角度的不同地点分别对树干拍照,然后在两张图像中检测设置的标记,根据第一张照片中的两标记的欧氏距离,对第二张照片进行缩放处理,使两幅照片中两标记的欧氏距离相同,模拟两次拍摄的地点在以拍摄目标为圆心的圆周上,实现相机内参数的标定。
     4、提出了基于图像分析技术计算立木树高、树径和材积的具体方法。立木直径测量方法可测量胸径和树干任意高处的树径。立木直径测量方法能够进行胸径测量和树干任意高的树径测景。本文中利用分段求积法实现立木材积的测量。
Forest information collection is the basis of forest resources investigation and forestry visualization, which is a complex and arduous task."Digital forestry" and "precision forestry" put forward higher requirements of forest information collection methods. Basides consuming a large a nomunt of manpower and finacial resources, mannal reading and recording needed in the traditional forest measurement method has a low detree of automation and precision. Many auxiliary measuring tools having appeared in recent years, on the one hand, are expensive and inconveniently-acrried, on the other hand, they might result in severe damaged to the forest in the course of the investigation.
     At present, mobile phone camera has reached a very high level performance. By using the mobile phone camera as the image acquisition device and the corresponding programs embedded into the mobile phone, real-time measurement data such as plant leaf area, tree height, tree diameter or volume can be measured. The measured data and the GIS information can be updated to the data center by wireless communication and computer network, or can be exchanged with the data center, which provides new methods and approaches to the forest resources investigation.
     In this thesis, basic researches were made on new methods and approaches based on the image analysis embedded in smart mobile phone. The main work and contributions are as follows:
     1. A leaf area measurement method based on the similarity color channel is proposed. Beside the rapid speed, the method can achieve a very high accuracy because it overcomes the influence of the shadow on the leaf area, with which leaf area can be segmented by the use of the R, G and color channel similarity, thus the leaf area is calculated according to its pisel number and referenced rectangular pisel number.
     2. A standing tree image segmentation algorithm based on MRF in complex background is improved. With which the trimap is identified by making full use of the powerful interactive function of the smart mobile phone and its multi-touch technology. As the foreground, background and the unknown region are exactly marked out, and the computation cost is greatly reduced.
     3. A camera self calibration method based on two images is put forward. Two markers are set on tree trunk before photographed. After two images of the tree are shot in different sites with a certain angle interval, the markers are detected. Then the second image is zoomed according to the Euclidean distance of the two markers on the first image to make the Euclidean distance of two markers in two images equal. Thus, the two shooting locations can be on the circumference of the detected tree center and the intrinsic parameters of camera can be calibrated.
     4. Some methods for the calculating of the tree height, diameter and volume are presented based on image analysis. The tree height measurement in this thesis is divided into automatic measurement under branch height and arbitrarily high measurement of trunks. Tree diameter measurement method can measure the diameter at breast or at any height of the tree trunk, and the standing tree volume measurement can be made with measuremental method by section.
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