宁夏盐池沙地沙柳柠条抗旱生理及其土壤水分特征研究
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摘要
本研究通过对宁夏盐池沙地固定沙丘的不同部位、不同立地类型的沙柳林地和柠条林地土壤水分连续两年的定位观测,生长季沙柳和柠条蒸腾速率测定,以及抗旱生理的研究,探讨了沙柳和柠条的抗旱能力以及固定沙丘不同部位、不同立地的沙柳林地和柠条林地的土壤水分布格局和变化规律。其结果如下:
(1)植物组织含水量结果显示,沙柳和柠条的水分亏缺值较低,生长良好。从两种植物的叶片含水量的不同指标值可以看出,沙柳和柠条的抗旱性有差异,相比之下沙柳比柠条更抗旱些。沙柳和柠条的水势变化规律明显不同,沙柳水势变化呈单峰型,柠条水势呈明显的双峰型。两者相比除了在清晨柠条的水势高于沙柳的之外,其余时间沙柳的水势均高于柠条的,这就表明柠条较沙柳需要更多的水分,以维持较高的水势,也说明了沙柳较柠条对干旱环境的适应能力更强。沙柳根系属于主根型,侧根发达,根系主要分布在较浅的土层中,有利于获取较大面积的降水。柠条则以主根系的垂直沿伸获取深层土壤的水分。
(2)日蒸腾速率类型分别为:沙柳为单峰型植物,柠条为混合型。用称重法测定的其生长季平均日蒸腾速率分别为:沙柳551.36 mg?h-1?g-1,柠条316.58 mg?h-1?g-1,生长季蒸腾耗水量分别为:沙柳226.9mm/m2,柠条202.4mm/m2。
(3)各样地土壤水分垂直分布总体表现出明显的分层特征,可划分为三层:土壤水分低值层、土壤水分活跃层、土壤水分相对稳定层。每一层的厚度因不同的立地类型而不同。按季节变化分为三个阶段:5月土壤水分弱失水阶段、6～8月土壤水分消耗阶段、9月土壤水分缓慢恢复阶段。土壤水分的时空变化主要受植被、大气降水和地形因素等的影响。
(4)2006、2007年两个生长季,各样地土壤水分均呈不同程度的盈亏状态。2006年由于降水稀少,各样地土壤水分均出现了亏缺,其中丘间沙柳土壤水分亏缺最为严重,其值为-57mm,亏缺最小的是峁顶沙柳林,其值为-2.2mm。2007年降水比较丰富,各样地土壤水分均出现了盈余,其中峁顶沙柳林土壤水分盈余最多,为45.64mm,固定沙丘坡腰盈余最少,为2.2mm。依据土壤水分盈余(亏缺)程度的轻重,可将各样地划分为三类,即土壤水分高度盈余(亏缺)型、土壤水分中度盈余(亏缺)型和土壤水分轻度赢余(亏缺)型。土壤水分盈亏呈现不同的时间与空间变化。土壤水分盈亏的空间分布因植物种的根系分布、植被类型、林分密度、立地条件(地下水埋深)不同而不同。
This research through two consecutive years observation to the soil moisture of different parts of sandy region , different site types woodland of Salix psammophila and Caragana Korshinskii woodland in Yanchi County of Ningxia province, determining the transpiration rate of Caragana Korshinskii and Salix psammophila in growing season, studied on the physiology of drought resistanc ,discussed the ablity of fight drought of Caragana Korshinskii and Salix psammophila and the distribution patterns and the change rule of soil moisture in different parts of sandy region, different site types woodland of Salix psammophila and Caragana Korshinskii woodland. The results as follows:
(1) The result of plant tissue water content showed that the water deficit value of Salix psammophila and Caragana Korshinskii is lower,but they are growing well.Through the different nidex of the leaves’water content of the two plants can be seen the drought resistance of them is different , Salix psammophila is more drought. The change of rule water potential of the two plant is obviously different, Salix psammophila is single peak, Caragana Korshinskii is obvious double peak. Salix psammophila water potential is higher all the time except the early morning,this shows that Caragana Korshinskii need more water to keep higher water potential,also shows that the adaptive capacity of Salix psammophila is stronger than Caragana intermedia’s. Salix psammophila has taproot,lateral root is also very developed,the root mostly distributs in the shallower soil,this can make for abtaining larger area precipitation. The taproot of Caragana Korshinskii grows vertically in order to abtain Deep soil moisture.
(2) Plants daily transpiration types as follows: Salix psammophila is single peak, Caragana Korshinskii is mixed. Transpiration rate: Salix psammophila 551.36 mg?h-1?g-1, Caragana Korshinskii 316.58 mg?h-1?g-1 Transpiration weighs in growing season: Salix psammophila 226.9mm/m2 Caragana Korshinskii 202.4mm/m2 .
(3) The vertical distribution of soil moisture in different research samples appears obviously stratified features, can be divided into three tiers: low soil moisture layer, active soil moisture layer, relative jarless soil moisture layer. The thickness of each layer is different for different site type. Seasonal changes divided into three stages: May soil moisture weak dehydrate stage,June-August on soil water consumption stage, September soil moisture slow recovery phase. Vegetation, atmospheric precipitation and terrain are the main factors affected changes in soil moisture.
(4)All the plots’soil moisture appears different levels of profit and loss status in two growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. Because of scarce rainfall in 2006, all the plots’soil moisture have deficits,in which the Salix psammophila woodland that growing in interdual land is the most, -57mm,growing in hilly top is the least, its value is -2.2mm. Because of abundant rainfall in 2007, all the plots’soil moisture have surplus, in which the Salix psammophila woodland that growing in hilly top is the most, its value is 45.64mm,the bottom of sandy region is the least, its value is 2.2mm. According to the degree of profit and loss of soil moisture,the plot can be divided into three species:the soil moisture is in a high degree, moderate degree and minor degree of surplus or deficits.The profit and loss of soil moisture is changed for different time and space.which is different in spatial distribution,because of different root distribution of plant, vegetation types, stand density, site conditions,especially the depth of groundwater.
(1)植物组织含水量结果显示,沙柳和柠条的水分亏缺值较低,生长良好。从两种植物的叶片含水量的不同指标值可以看出,沙柳和柠条的抗旱性有差异,相比之下沙柳比柠条更抗旱些。沙柳和柠条的水势变化规律明显不同,沙柳水势变化呈单峰型,柠条水势呈明显的双峰型。两者相比除了在清晨柠条的水势高于沙柳的之外,其余时间沙柳的水势均高于柠条的,这就表明柠条较沙柳需要更多的水分,以维持较高的水势,也说明了沙柳较柠条对干旱环境的适应能力更强。沙柳根系属于主根型,侧根发达,根系主要分布在较浅的土层中,有利于获取较大面积的降水。柠条则以主根系的垂直沿伸获取深层土壤的水分。
(2)日蒸腾速率类型分别为:沙柳为单峰型植物,柠条为混合型。用称重法测定的其生长季平均日蒸腾速率分别为:沙柳551.36 mg?h-1?g-1,柠条316.58 mg?h-1?g-1,生长季蒸腾耗水量分别为:沙柳226.9mm/m2,柠条202.4mm/m2。
(3)各样地土壤水分垂直分布总体表现出明显的分层特征,可划分为三层:土壤水分低值层、土壤水分活跃层、土壤水分相对稳定层。每一层的厚度因不同的立地类型而不同。按季节变化分为三个阶段:5月土壤水分弱失水阶段、6～8月土壤水分消耗阶段、9月土壤水分缓慢恢复阶段。土壤水分的时空变化主要受植被、大气降水和地形因素等的影响。
(4)2006、2007年两个生长季,各样地土壤水分均呈不同程度的盈亏状态。2006年由于降水稀少,各样地土壤水分均出现了亏缺,其中丘间沙柳土壤水分亏缺最为严重,其值为-57mm,亏缺最小的是峁顶沙柳林,其值为-2.2mm。2007年降水比较丰富,各样地土壤水分均出现了盈余,其中峁顶沙柳林土壤水分盈余最多,为45.64mm,固定沙丘坡腰盈余最少,为2.2mm。依据土壤水分盈余(亏缺)程度的轻重,可将各样地划分为三类,即土壤水分高度盈余(亏缺)型、土壤水分中度盈余(亏缺)型和土壤水分轻度赢余(亏缺)型。土壤水分盈亏呈现不同的时间与空间变化。土壤水分盈亏的空间分布因植物种的根系分布、植被类型、林分密度、立地条件(地下水埋深)不同而不同。
This research through two consecutive years observation to the soil moisture of different parts of sandy region , different site types woodland of Salix psammophila and Caragana Korshinskii woodland in Yanchi County of Ningxia province, determining the transpiration rate of Caragana Korshinskii and Salix psammophila in growing season, studied on the physiology of drought resistanc ,discussed the ablity of fight drought of Caragana Korshinskii and Salix psammophila and the distribution patterns and the change rule of soil moisture in different parts of sandy region, different site types woodland of Salix psammophila and Caragana Korshinskii woodland. The results as follows:
(1) The result of plant tissue water content showed that the water deficit value of Salix psammophila and Caragana Korshinskii is lower,but they are growing well.Through the different nidex of the leaves’water content of the two plants can be seen the drought resistance of them is different , Salix psammophila is more drought. The change of rule water potential of the two plant is obviously different, Salix psammophila is single peak, Caragana Korshinskii is obvious double peak. Salix psammophila water potential is higher all the time except the early morning,this shows that Caragana Korshinskii need more water to keep higher water potential,also shows that the adaptive capacity of Salix psammophila is stronger than Caragana intermedia’s. Salix psammophila has taproot,lateral root is also very developed,the root mostly distributs in the shallower soil,this can make for abtaining larger area precipitation. The taproot of Caragana Korshinskii grows vertically in order to abtain Deep soil moisture.
(2) Plants daily transpiration types as follows: Salix psammophila is single peak, Caragana Korshinskii is mixed. Transpiration rate: Salix psammophila 551.36 mg?h-1?g-1, Caragana Korshinskii 316.58 mg?h-1?g-1 Transpiration weighs in growing season: Salix psammophila 226.9mm/m2 Caragana Korshinskii 202.4mm/m2 .
(3) The vertical distribution of soil moisture in different research samples appears obviously stratified features, can be divided into three tiers: low soil moisture layer, active soil moisture layer, relative jarless soil moisture layer. The thickness of each layer is different for different site type. Seasonal changes divided into three stages: May soil moisture weak dehydrate stage,June-August on soil water consumption stage, September soil moisture slow recovery phase. Vegetation, atmospheric precipitation and terrain are the main factors affected changes in soil moisture.
(4)All the plots’soil moisture appears different levels of profit and loss status in two growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. Because of scarce rainfall in 2006, all the plots’soil moisture have deficits,in which the Salix psammophila woodland that growing in interdual land is the most, -57mm,growing in hilly top is the least, its value is -2.2mm. Because of abundant rainfall in 2007, all the plots’soil moisture have surplus, in which the Salix psammophila woodland that growing in hilly top is the most, its value is 45.64mm,the bottom of sandy region is the least, its value is 2.2mm. According to the degree of profit and loss of soil moisture,the plot can be divided into three species:the soil moisture is in a high degree, moderate degree and minor degree of surplus or deficits.The profit and loss of soil moisture is changed for different time and space.which is different in spatial distribution,because of different root distribution of plant, vegetation types, stand density, site conditions,especially the depth of groundwater.
引文
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