从第二语言词汇习得看英语词汇教学
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摘要
词汇是学习一门语言的基础，词汇量的大小，对于一个外语学习者的外语水平有着直接的影响。换言之，词汇量不足的人是无法更进一步的在外语学习中取得发展的。然而，词汇，无论对于英语教学和学习来说，都是一个“拦路虎”或“绊脚石”。学生在抱怨老师对英语词汇的讲解太过单调无味；老师在埋怨学生的学习主动性不高。众所周知，大多数人的外语都是在课堂是学到的，因此，作为外语教师的我们有责任帮助学生有效地扩大词汇量，为学好英语打好基础。
为此，本文审视了有关词汇教学的理论和经验终结，并从第二语言词汇习得的角度出发，介绍了词汇习得的主要过程和影响学生词汇习得的一些重要的因素。通过问卷调查和课堂观察试验，研究并验证了这些习得因素给词汇的教与学带来的巨大影响。并建议作为外语教师的同行，在教学实践中，能够考虑到第二语言词汇习得对教学的相关影响，从而选择合适的词汇教学方法来提高学生的学习兴趣和效率。
Vocabulary or lexicon is the very foundation of learning a foreign language. The number of vocabulary that one mastered will certainly affect his language level. In other words, a learner with inadequate vocabulary knowledge will be doomed to fail in the further development of second language learning. However, as to the English teaching and learning, vocabulary is always "a lion in the way" or "a stumbling block". Students are complaining that their teachers' explanation of new words is too dull, while their teachers are annoyed by the students' negative studying attitudes. It is clear that most students learn their foreign language and acquire vocabulary in the classroom. Correspondently, L2 teachers should be responsible for enlarging students' vocabulary effectively and building a strong foundation of their English learning
As such a point, this paper reviews the theories and research of vocabulary teaching and learning, then introduces the main vocabulary learning process and some factors affect this learning from the angle of vocabulary acquisition. With a questionnaire and observing experiment, this thesis also indicates the great influence of these factors on vocabulary teaching and learning, and suggests that all L2 teachers should keep such factors in mind so as to apply suitable methods to improve their students' vocabulary learning interests and efficiency.
为此，本文审视了有关词汇教学的理论和经验终结，并从第二语言词汇习得的角度出发，介绍了词汇习得的主要过程和影响学生词汇习得的一些重要的因素。通过问卷调查和课堂观察试验，研究并验证了这些习得因素给词汇的教与学带来的巨大影响。并建议作为外语教师的同行，在教学实践中，能够考虑到第二语言词汇习得对教学的相关影响，从而选择合适的词汇教学方法来提高学生的学习兴趣和效率。
Vocabulary or lexicon is the very foundation of learning a foreign language. The number of vocabulary that one mastered will certainly affect his language level. In other words, a learner with inadequate vocabulary knowledge will be doomed to fail in the further development of second language learning. However, as to the English teaching and learning, vocabulary is always "a lion in the way" or "a stumbling block". Students are complaining that their teachers' explanation of new words is too dull, while their teachers are annoyed by the students' negative studying attitudes. It is clear that most students learn their foreign language and acquire vocabulary in the classroom. Correspondently, L2 teachers should be responsible for enlarging students' vocabulary effectively and building a strong foundation of their English learning
As such a point, this paper reviews the theories and research of vocabulary teaching and learning, then introduces the main vocabulary learning process and some factors affect this learning from the angle of vocabulary acquisition. With a questionnaire and observing experiment, this thesis also indicates the great influence of these factors on vocabulary teaching and learning, and suggests that all L2 teachers should keep such factors in mind so as to apply suitable methods to improve their students' vocabulary learning interests and efficiency.
引文
Alan Davies & Annie Brown 1999. Dictionary of Language Testing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Allen, V. F 1983. Techniques in teaching vocabulary. Oxford University Press
Amaud, P. J. C & H. Bejoint 1992. Vocabulary and applied linguistics. Chippenham, Wilstshire: Antony Rowe Ltd.
Bussman. H. Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (外语教学与研究出版社)
Bailey, N., C. Madden, and S. Krashen 1974. 'Is there a "natural sequence" in adult second language learning?" Language Learning 24
Brwon, H. 1980. 'The optimal distance model of second language acquisition.' TESOL Quarterly 14 1981. 'Affective factors in second language learning' The Second Language Classroom: Directions for the 1980s. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, R. 1973. A First Language: The Early Stages. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Bousfile, W. A. 1953. The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology 49
Carroll, D. W 1999. Journal of Memory and Language: Categorization of human memoris Academic Press
Carter, R. A. 1987. Vocabulary: Applied linguistics perspective." London: Allen Uniwin.
Channell. J. 1988. Psycholinguistic considerations in the study of L2 vocabulary acquisition, carried in Vocabulary and Language teaching by R. Carter and M. McCarthy
C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards 1940. Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London: Paul Treber & Co., Ltd.
Cohen，Andrew d，文秋芳导读 2000．Strategies in Learnign and Using a Second Language．北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
Crookes, G., & Schmidt, R. W. 1991. Motivation: Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning, 41 (4)
Dulay, H. & M. Burt. 1973. 'Should we teach children syntax?' Language learning 23
Ellis, N. C. 1994a. Implicit and explicit vocabulary acquisition. London: Academic press. 1994b. Vocabulary acquisition: The implicit ins and outs of explicit cognitive mediation. London: Academic press. 1995. Consciousness in second language acquisition: A review of recent field studies and laboratory experiments. Language Awareness 4
Fay, D. & Cutler, A. 1977. Malapropisms and the Structure of the mental lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry 8
Gairns, R., and S. Redman 1986. Working with words: a guide to teaching and learning vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R. 1990. Comprehending figurative referential descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 16,
Gillis, M. & R. Weber. 1976. 'The emergence of sentence modalities in the English of Japanese-speaking children.' Language Learning 26
Hague, S. A. 1987. Vocabulary instruction: What L2 can learn from L1. Foreign Language Annals 20
Henning, G. H. 1974 Remembering foreign language vocabulary: acoustic and semantic parameters. Language Learning 23
Hulstijn, J., M. Hollander, T. Greidanus. 1996. Incidental vocabulary learning by advanced foreign language students: The influence of marginal glosses, dictionary use, and reoccurrence of unknown words. The Modern
Language Journal 80
Huckin, T., M. Haynes and J. Coady 1993. Second Language Reading and Vocabulary Learning. Norwood, N. J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
J. C. Richards, & T. S. Rodgers 2000. Approaches and methods in language teaching: A description and analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
John Locke 1690. An essay concerning human understanding the Pennsylvania State University
Johnson, C. W. 1985. Keywords and vocabulary acquisition: Some words of Caution about words of assistance. Educational Communication and Technology. 33
Judd, E. 1978. Vocabulary teaching and TESOL: A need for reevaluation of existing assumptions TESOL Quarterly, 12 (1), 71-76.
Kameenui, E. J., Dixon, D. W., & Carnine, D. 1994. The Teacher's wordbook of 30. 000 words. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Keller, J. M. 1983. Motivational design of instruction. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Kess, J. 1992. Psycholinguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Krashen, S. 1977. 'Some issues relating to the monitor model'. On TESOL'77 Washington, D.C.: TESOL
Krashen, S. & T. Terrell.1983. The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Oxford: Pergamon.
Krashen, S.1989. We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for the input hypothesis. Modern Language Journal. 73
Larsen-Freeman, D. 1978. 'Evidence of the need for a second language acquisition index of development' in Ritchie (ed) 1978.
M. C. Arthur. 1981. Longman Lexicon London: Longman.
Meara, P. M. 1980. Vocabulary acquisition: a neglected aspect of language
of language learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstracts 1983. Vocabulary in a second language. CILT, London.
Michael. West 1953. A general service list of English words. London: Longman.
Milon, J. 1974. 'The development of negation in English by a second language learner.' TESOL Quarterly 8
Morton Benson, Evelyn Benson, Robert F. Ilson and Richard Young 1986. BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English word Combinations John Benjamis Publishing
Narang, V., J. Motta and D. Bouchard. 1974. Word identification for ESL Seglish as a second language readers. ERIC Document ED
Nattinger, J. R. & DeCarrico, J. 1992. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Oxford: OUP.
Nation, I. S. P. 1980. Strategies for receptive vocabulary learning. Guidelines: RELC Supplement. 1982. Beginning to learn foreign language vocabulary: a view of the research. RELS. Journal 13(1) 1983. Teaching and learning vocabulary. English Language Institute, University of Wellington. 1990. Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston, MA: Heinle & tteinle Publisher.
Nation, P. & Cater R. 1989. Vocabulary acquisition. Amsterdam: FreeUniversity Press
Oxford, R. & J. Shearin. 1994. Language learning motivation." expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal 78
Paivio, A. & Desrochers, A. 1979. 'Effects of an imagery mnemonic on L2 recall and comprehension', Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33
Pawley, A., & Syder, F. 1983. Two puzzles for linguistic theory: nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In Richards, J., & Schmidt, R. (eds.),
Language and communication. London: Longman.
Ravem, R. 1968. 'Language acquisition in a second language environment' International Review of Applied Linguistics. 1974. 'The development of WH-question in first and second language learners' in Richards (eds.)
R. Carter & M. McCarthy, 1988. Vocabulary and language teaching. Hariow: Longman.
Rod Ellis, 1998. Second Language Acquisition Oxford University Press
Rubin, J. 1987. Learner strategies: theoretical assumptions, research history and typology. In A. Wenden and J. Rubin (eds.) Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New York: Prentice Hall.
Schmitt and McCarthy, 1997. Vocabulary Learning Strategies Cambridge University Press.
Skehan, P. 1998. A cognitive approach to language learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steingart, S. K., & Glock, M. D. 1979. Imagery and the recall of connected discourse. Reading Research Quarterly, 15
Stern, H. H. 1999. Fundamental concepts of language teaching 《语言教学的基本概念》．上海：上海外语教育出版社。
Wallace, M. J. 1982. Teaching vocabulary London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
Weltens, Bert & Marjon Grendel 1993. 'Attrition of vocabulary knowledge', Studies in Bilingualism in R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (eds.), The Bilingual Lexicon, Amsterdam: John Benjamin
Wilkins, D. A. 1982. Teaching vocabulary. London: Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd
Wode, H. 1976. 'Developmental sequences in naturalistic L2 acquisition.'Working papers on Bilingualism 11
白人立 1999．国外词汇习得中的几个问题 《外语与外语教学》
陈桦，张益芳 2001．中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究 《外语学刊》
董燕萍 2001．交际法教学中词汇的直接与间接学习 《外语教学与研究》
郭纯洁，刘芳 1997．外语写作中母语影响的动态研究 《现代外语》
国玮秋 1996．论英语词汇教学中的“反教”现象 《外语学刊》
何家宁 1998．词汇呈现方式对词汇记忆影响的试验研究 《山东外语教学》
孔凡富，王栋 1996．试谈语义在外语教学中的作用 《山东外语教学》
李蓝 1990．论公共英语的核心词汇 《外语界》
刘洁君，蔡新玉 1968．《7000科技英语基本单词速记法》 湖南科学技术出版社
刘双 1995．文化因素在词汇理解中的作用 《外语学刊》
刘丽萍 1999．点、线、面三位一体的词汇教学法 《山东外语教学》
刘润清，吴一安 1992．《中国英语木科学生素质调查报告》外语教学与研究出版社
刘文俊 1998．《大学英语1-6级词汇考点手册》 武汉测绘大学出版社
马春雨 1986．英语词汇教学初探，《外语学刊》，
宋宜昌 1994．《风暴迷式英语单词速记法》 北京科学普及出版社
盛建元 1996．英语强化教学中的词汇教学 《外语界》
王大文 1993．《科技英语常用词快速记忆》 南开大学出版社
王文宇 1998．观念、策略与英语词汇记忆 《外语教学与研究》
王文正 1996．大学英语词汇教学的目的与方法 《外语界》
王美君 1986．词汇教学的四个侧面 《外语界》
王扬 1999．略论语境与词义理解 《国外外语教学》
王庆华 1998．关于我国大学生词汇量的初步探索 《外语界》
席仲恩 1998．英语专业学生的词汇发展状况调查 《外语教学》
肖福寿 2000．用词型法进行英文词汇教学 《外语教学与研究》
肖旭国 2001．语音表征在取词拼写过程中的作用 《外语教学与研究》
郑建国 2000．《大学英语4级考试考点手册》 北京国家行政学院出版社
邹爱民 1993．大学英语词汇教学淡 《外语界》
周晓康 1988． 语言习得和语言教学 《外语界》．
文秋芳 1995． 《英语学习策略沦》 上海外语教育出版社
Allen, V. F 1983. Techniques in teaching vocabulary. Oxford University Press
Amaud, P. J. C & H. Bejoint 1992. Vocabulary and applied linguistics. Chippenham, Wilstshire: Antony Rowe Ltd.
Bussman. H. Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (外语教学与研究出版社)
Bailey, N., C. Madden, and S. Krashen 1974. 'Is there a "natural sequence" in adult second language learning?" Language Learning 24
Brwon, H. 1980. 'The optimal distance model of second language acquisition.' TESOL Quarterly 14 1981. 'Affective factors in second language learning' The Second Language Classroom: Directions for the 1980s. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, R. 1973. A First Language: The Early Stages. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Bousfile, W. A. 1953. The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology 49
Carroll, D. W 1999. Journal of Memory and Language: Categorization of human memoris Academic Press
Carter, R. A. 1987. Vocabulary: Applied linguistics perspective." London: Allen Uniwin.
Channell. J. 1988. Psycholinguistic considerations in the study of L2 vocabulary acquisition, carried in Vocabulary and Language teaching by R. Carter and M. McCarthy
C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards 1940. Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London: Paul Treber & Co., Ltd.
Cohen，Andrew d，文秋芳导读 2000．Strategies in Learnign and Using a Second Language．北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
Crookes, G., & Schmidt, R. W. 1991. Motivation: Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning, 41 (4)
Dulay, H. & M. Burt. 1973. 'Should we teach children syntax?' Language learning 23
Ellis, N. C. 1994a. Implicit and explicit vocabulary acquisition. London: Academic press. 1994b. Vocabulary acquisition: The implicit ins and outs of explicit cognitive mediation. London: Academic press. 1995. Consciousness in second language acquisition: A review of recent field studies and laboratory experiments. Language Awareness 4
Fay, D. & Cutler, A. 1977. Malapropisms and the Structure of the mental lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry 8
Gairns, R., and S. Redman 1986. Working with words: a guide to teaching and learning vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R. 1990. Comprehending figurative referential descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 16,
Gillis, M. & R. Weber. 1976. 'The emergence of sentence modalities in the English of Japanese-speaking children.' Language Learning 26
Hague, S. A. 1987. Vocabulary instruction: What L2 can learn from L1. Foreign Language Annals 20
Henning, G. H. 1974 Remembering foreign language vocabulary: acoustic and semantic parameters. Language Learning 23
Hulstijn, J., M. Hollander, T. Greidanus. 1996. Incidental vocabulary learning by advanced foreign language students: The influence of marginal glosses, dictionary use, and reoccurrence of unknown words. The Modern
Language Journal 80
Huckin, T., M. Haynes and J. Coady 1993. Second Language Reading and Vocabulary Learning. Norwood, N. J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
J. C. Richards, & T. S. Rodgers 2000. Approaches and methods in language teaching: A description and analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
John Locke 1690. An essay concerning human understanding the Pennsylvania State University
Johnson, C. W. 1985. Keywords and vocabulary acquisition: Some words of Caution about words of assistance. Educational Communication and Technology. 33
Judd, E. 1978. Vocabulary teaching and TESOL: A need for reevaluation of existing assumptions TESOL Quarterly, 12 (1), 71-76.
Kameenui, E. J., Dixon, D. W., & Carnine, D. 1994. The Teacher's wordbook of 30. 000 words. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Keller, J. M. 1983. Motivational design of instruction. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Kess, J. 1992. Psycholinguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Krashen, S. 1977. 'Some issues relating to the monitor model'. On TESOL'77 Washington, D.C.: TESOL
Krashen, S. & T. Terrell.1983. The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Oxford: Pergamon.
Krashen, S.1989. We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for the input hypothesis. Modern Language Journal. 73
Larsen-Freeman, D. 1978. 'Evidence of the need for a second language acquisition index of development' in Ritchie (ed) 1978.
M. C. Arthur. 1981. Longman Lexicon London: Longman.
Meara, P. M. 1980. Vocabulary acquisition: a neglected aspect of language
of language learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstracts 1983. Vocabulary in a second language. CILT, London.
Michael. West 1953. A general service list of English words. London: Longman.
Milon, J. 1974. 'The development of negation in English by a second language learner.' TESOL Quarterly 8
Morton Benson, Evelyn Benson, Robert F. Ilson and Richard Young 1986. BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English word Combinations John Benjamis Publishing
Narang, V., J. Motta and D. Bouchard. 1974. Word identification for ESL Seglish as a second language readers. ERIC Document ED
Nattinger, J. R. & DeCarrico, J. 1992. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Oxford: OUP.
Nation, I. S. P. 1980. Strategies for receptive vocabulary learning. Guidelines: RELC Supplement. 1982. Beginning to learn foreign language vocabulary: a view of the research. RELS. Journal 13(1) 1983. Teaching and learning vocabulary. English Language Institute, University of Wellington. 1990. Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston, MA: Heinle & tteinle Publisher.
Nation, P. & Cater R. 1989. Vocabulary acquisition. Amsterdam: FreeUniversity Press
Oxford, R. & J. Shearin. 1994. Language learning motivation." expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal 78
Paivio, A. & Desrochers, A. 1979. 'Effects of an imagery mnemonic on L2 recall and comprehension', Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33
Pawley, A., & Syder, F. 1983. Two puzzles for linguistic theory: nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In Richards, J., & Schmidt, R. (eds.),
Language and communication. London: Longman.
Ravem, R. 1968. 'Language acquisition in a second language environment' International Review of Applied Linguistics. 1974. 'The development of WH-question in first and second language learners' in Richards (eds.)
R. Carter & M. McCarthy, 1988. Vocabulary and language teaching. Hariow: Longman.
Rod Ellis, 1998. Second Language Acquisition Oxford University Press
Rubin, J. 1987. Learner strategies: theoretical assumptions, research history and typology. In A. Wenden and J. Rubin (eds.) Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New York: Prentice Hall.
Schmitt and McCarthy, 1997. Vocabulary Learning Strategies Cambridge University Press.
Skehan, P. 1998. A cognitive approach to language learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steingart, S. K., & Glock, M. D. 1979. Imagery and the recall of connected discourse. Reading Research Quarterly, 15
Stern, H. H. 1999. Fundamental concepts of language teaching 《语言教学的基本概念》．上海：上海外语教育出版社。
Wallace, M. J. 1982. Teaching vocabulary London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
Weltens, Bert & Marjon Grendel 1993. 'Attrition of vocabulary knowledge', Studies in Bilingualism in R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (eds.), The Bilingual Lexicon, Amsterdam: John Benjamin
Wilkins, D. A. 1982. Teaching vocabulary. London: Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd
Wode, H. 1976. 'Developmental sequences in naturalistic L2 acquisition.'Working papers on Bilingualism 11
白人立 1999．国外词汇习得中的几个问题 《外语与外语教学》
陈桦，张益芳 2001．中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究 《外语学刊》
董燕萍 2001．交际法教学中词汇的直接与间接学习 《外语教学与研究》
郭纯洁，刘芳 1997．外语写作中母语影响的动态研究 《现代外语》
国玮秋 1996．论英语词汇教学中的“反教”现象 《外语学刊》
何家宁 1998．词汇呈现方式对词汇记忆影响的试验研究 《山东外语教学》
孔凡富，王栋 1996．试谈语义在外语教学中的作用 《山东外语教学》
李蓝 1990．论公共英语的核心词汇 《外语界》
刘洁君，蔡新玉 1968．《7000科技英语基本单词速记法》 湖南科学技术出版社
刘双 1995．文化因素在词汇理解中的作用 《外语学刊》
刘丽萍 1999．点、线、面三位一体的词汇教学法 《山东外语教学》
刘润清，吴一安 1992．《中国英语木科学生素质调查报告》外语教学与研究出版社
刘文俊 1998．《大学英语1-6级词汇考点手册》 武汉测绘大学出版社
马春雨 1986．英语词汇教学初探，《外语学刊》，
宋宜昌 1994．《风暴迷式英语单词速记法》 北京科学普及出版社
盛建元 1996．英语强化教学中的词汇教学 《外语界》
王大文 1993．《科技英语常用词快速记忆》 南开大学出版社
王文宇 1998．观念、策略与英语词汇记忆 《外语教学与研究》
王文正 1996．大学英语词汇教学的目的与方法 《外语界》
王美君 1986．词汇教学的四个侧面 《外语界》
王扬 1999．略论语境与词义理解 《国外外语教学》
王庆华 1998．关于我国大学生词汇量的初步探索 《外语界》
席仲恩 1998．英语专业学生的词汇发展状况调查 《外语教学》
肖福寿 2000．用词型法进行英文词汇教学 《外语教学与研究》
肖旭国 2001．语音表征在取词拼写过程中的作用 《外语教学与研究》
郑建国 2000．《大学英语4级考试考点手册》 北京国家行政学院出版社
邹爱民 1993．大学英语词汇教学淡 《外语界》
周晓康 1988． 语言习得和语言教学 《外语界》．
文秋芳 1995． 《英语学习策略沦》 上海外语教育出版社