DMPP氮肥蔬菜硝酸盐污染控制及硝酸盐速测技术研究
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摘要
在田间和盆栽试验条件下采用含硝化抑制剂DMPP(3，4—二甲基吡唑磷酸盐，3，4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate，DMPP)氮肥(含硝化抑制剂DMPP硫硝铵，简称ASN+DMPP和含硝化抑制剂DMPP尿素，简称urea+DMPP)探讨了蔬菜硝酸盐污染控制技术，以便为绿色蔬菜生产提供理论依据及科学方法；探讨了硝酸盐速测技术，以为食品卫生监督、监测部门提供一种硝酸盐快速、简便的检测手段，取得如下主要结果：
1．通过田间试验对过量施氮条件下硝化抑制剂DMPP氮肥对小青菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究。结果表明：与尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)相比，硝化抑制剂DMPP与尿素、硫硝铵配合形成的新型氮肥均可显著降低小青菜硝酸盐累积，提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和Zn含量，改善品质，ASN+DMPP作用更为明显。与ASN、urea相比，ASN+DMPP处理小青菜硝酸盐含量分别降低16.0％、14.1％，均达到了显著性水平；urea+DMPP与urea、ASN相比，小青菜硝酸盐含量分别降低7.9％和7.6％，均达到了显著水平。urea+DMPP、ASN+DMPP明显减少茎叶、特别是茎中硝酸盐积累，抑制幅度以ASN+DMPP较大。此外，ASN+DMPP还可缓解因氮肥过多引起的减产效应。
2．对田间正常施氮情况下ASN+DMPP对小青菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究。结果表明：与碳铵(NH_4HCO_3)、尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)等常规氮肥相比，ASN+DMPP处理小青菜略有增产，且显著降低小青菜硝酸盐的累积，提高Vc、氨基酸和可溶性糖等含量，改善品质。此外，对小青菜不同生长期体内硝酸盐含量变化动态分析可知，与常规氮肥相比，施用含硝化抑制剂DMPP氮肥可提早蔬菜硝酸盐含量达到绿色蔬菜生产标准，可提早蔬菜上市时间，在本试验条件下可提早3-4天上市，获得较高的市场价值。
3．在田间试验条件下对氮肥品种、用量及不同基肥种类对长生长期蔬菜作物包心菜硝酸盐累积及品质的影响做了探讨。结果表明：ASN+DMPP与ASN、urea相比，不仅可以提高包心菜的产量，降低NO_3~--N含量，还可以提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和矿质营养元素(P、K、Ca、Fe、Zn)含量。ASN+DMPP与urea相比，NO_3~--N含量降低了6.1％(金华)、16.5％(新昌)，而与ASN相比NO_3~-N含量降低了7.3％(新昌)、9.4％(金华)。适当降低氮肥用量包心菜不会减产，还可降低硝酸盐含量。ASN80％用量水平(360kg·hm~(-2))与100％用量水平(450kg·hm~2)相比，包心菜NO_3~--N含量分别降低了5.0％(新昌)、18.7％(金华)，Vc和K含量显著提高。用硫基复合肥(NPK15-15-15S)作基肥与用氯基复合肥(NPK16-16-16Cl)
相比，包心菜产量、N03一N含量没有显著差别。用氯基复合肥作基肥可提高包心菜Vc、N、
P、K、Fe含量，特别是显著地提高了K和Fe含量。
4.土培试验条件下对ASN+D入4PP不同基追肥比例对小青菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影
响做了探讨。结果表明，等氮量(0 .5 Ng·kg一，土)施用条件下基肥75%、追肥25%的基追
肥比例不仅可提高蔬菜产量、降低硝酸盐含量，还可提高V。、氨基酸、Zn、N和K含量，
改善蔬菜品质。
5.就田间施用硝化抑制剂DN护P对冰箱贮藏条件下小青菜可食部分硝酸盐、维生素C
(Vc)含量变化的影响作了研究。结果表明:在贮藏过程中，施与不施DMPP二种处理小青
菜硝酸盐含量呈现先降低后略有升高的趋势，vc含量呈降低的趋势;DMPP在贮藏前期能够
有效地降低硝酸盐含量，延缓Vc含量的降低。贮藏2天后，DMPP处理小青菜硝酸盐、Vc
含量分别降低了74.4 mg·吨一，和9 mg·kg一，，而对照处理分别降低了54.4mg·kg一，和50
mg·kg一，，降低幅度均达显著水平;贮藏2一4天中，DMPP处理硝酸盐、vc含量分别降低
了20.1 mg·kg-，和91 mg·kg-，，而对照处理分别降低了一44，7 mg·kg-，和84 mg·kg-，。蔬
菜贮藏时间不要过长，以不超过4天左右为宜。
6.在恒温培养和田间试验条件下就硝化抑制剂DMPP对菜园土按态氮和硝态氮含量的
影响作了研究。结果表明:无论是在恒温培养，还是在田间试验条件下硝化抑制剂DN[PP都
有较好的硝化抑制作用，土壤中硝态氮含量维持在较低水平。
7.根据特定的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐显色反应，制成一种能快速、简便地检测蔬菜硝酸盐、
亚硝酸盐浓度的半定量试纸。
The control techniques of nitrate contaminated in vegetable were discussed in this paper with application of nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium sulphate nitrate and urea) with nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) (ASN+DMPP and urea+DMPP) under field and pot experiments to provide acedemic foundation and scientific method of green vegetable production. Quick determination technique of nitrate was also discussed to provide a quick, simple nitrate determination for the supervise department of foodstuff. Results were shown as follows:
The influences of nitrogen fertilizer with nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate accumulation and nutritional quality of greengrocery (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) under excessive nitrogen use condition were investigated in field experiment. Results showed that nitrogen fertilizers with NI DMPP could significantly reduce nitrate accumulation, increase Vc, amino acid, soluble sugar and Zn concentration of greengrocery as compared with urea, ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN), and hence improve greengrocery nutritional quality, ammonium sulphate nitrate fertilizer with NI DMPP (ASN+DMPP) was especially effective in these aspects. Compared to ASN and urea, nitrate concentration in greengrocery treated with ASN+DMPP reduced 16.0% and 14.1%, urea+DMPP reduced 7.9% and 7.6% respectively, and the difference reached significant level. ASN+DMPP and urea+DMPP could evidently reduced nitrate accumulation in stems and leaves, especially stems. The inhibition effect of ASN+D
MPP was greater than urea+DMPP. In addition, ASN+DMPP could alleviate yield decreasing of vegetable due to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers.
The influences of ASN+DMPP on nitrate accumulation and nutritional quality of greengrocery {Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) were investigated under natural nitrogen use condition in field experiment. Results indicated that ASN+DMPP could slightly increase the yield of greengrocery, significantly decrease nitrate accumulation, and increase Vc, amino acid and soluble sugar concentration of greengrocery as compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium bicarbonate, urea, ammonium sulphate nitrate etc., and hence improve nutritional quality. In addition, compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizers the time of vegetable attain the criterion of green foodstuff production might be advanced by analyzing nitrate concentration in
different grown stage, thus the time of vegetable coming into market might be advanced, then get a better price. Under this experiment condition the time would advanced 3-4d.
The influences of different nitrogen fertilizer variety, nitrogen level and basal manure on nitrate accumulation and quality of cabbage were investigated in field experiments. Results showed that ASN+DMPP could increase cabbage yield and decrease NO3--N concentration as compared with ASN and urea. ASN+DMPP could also increase vitamin C (Vc), amino acid, soluble sugar, and mineral nutrient element (P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn) concentration in cabbage. ASN+DMPP could decrease NO3--N concentration by 6.1% (Jinhua) 16.5% (Xinchang) as compared with urea, and 7.3% (Xinchang) 9.4%(Jinhua) as compared with ASN. Properly decreasing nitrogen level would not decrease cabbage yield, but decrease nitrate concentration. 80% of nitrogen level (360 kg hm-2) could decrease NO3--N concentration by 5.0% (Xinchang) 18.7% (Jinhua) as compared with 100% nitrogen level (450 kg hm-2) , Vc and K concentration were significantly increased. There were no significant differences in cabbage yields and nitrate concentration between composed N-P-K. fertilizer containing sulfur and fertilizer containing chlorine as basal manure. Applying composed N-P-K fertilizer containing chlorine as basal manure could increase Vc, N, P, K and Fe concentration, especially significantly increased K and Fe concentration.
Effects of different ratios of basal application to top dressing of ASN+DMPP on nitrate accumulation and nutritional quality of greengr
1．通过田间试验对过量施氮条件下硝化抑制剂DMPP氮肥对小青菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究。结果表明：与尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)相比，硝化抑制剂DMPP与尿素、硫硝铵配合形成的新型氮肥均可显著降低小青菜硝酸盐累积，提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和Zn含量，改善品质，ASN+DMPP作用更为明显。与ASN、urea相比，ASN+DMPP处理小青菜硝酸盐含量分别降低16.0％、14.1％，均达到了显著性水平；urea+DMPP与urea、ASN相比，小青菜硝酸盐含量分别降低7.9％和7.6％，均达到了显著水平。urea+DMPP、ASN+DMPP明显减少茎叶、特别是茎中硝酸盐积累，抑制幅度以ASN+DMPP较大。此外，ASN+DMPP还可缓解因氮肥过多引起的减产效应。
2．对田间正常施氮情况下ASN+DMPP对小青菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究。结果表明：与碳铵(NH_4HCO_3)、尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)等常规氮肥相比，ASN+DMPP处理小青菜略有增产，且显著降低小青菜硝酸盐的累积，提高Vc、氨基酸和可溶性糖等含量，改善品质。此外，对小青菜不同生长期体内硝酸盐含量变化动态分析可知，与常规氮肥相比，施用含硝化抑制剂DMPP氮肥可提早蔬菜硝酸盐含量达到绿色蔬菜生产标准，可提早蔬菜上市时间，在本试验条件下可提早3-4天上市，获得较高的市场价值。
3．在田间试验条件下对氮肥品种、用量及不同基肥种类对长生长期蔬菜作物包心菜硝酸盐累积及品质的影响做了探讨。结果表明：ASN+DMPP与ASN、urea相比，不仅可以提高包心菜的产量，降低NO_3~--N含量，还可以提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和矿质营养元素(P、K、Ca、Fe、Zn)含量。ASN+DMPP与urea相比，NO_3~--N含量降低了6.1％(金华)、16.5％(新昌)，而与ASN相比NO_3~-N含量降低了7.3％(新昌)、9.4％(金华)。适当降低氮肥用量包心菜不会减产，还可降低硝酸盐含量。ASN80％用量水平(360kg·hm~(-2))与100％用量水平(450kg·hm~2)相比，包心菜NO_3~--N含量分别降低了5.0％(新昌)、18.7％(金华)，Vc和K含量显著提高。用硫基复合肥(NPK15-15-15S)作基肥与用氯基复合肥(NPK16-16-16Cl)
相比，包心菜产量、N03一N含量没有显著差别。用氯基复合肥作基肥可提高包心菜Vc、N、
P、K、Fe含量，特别是显著地提高了K和Fe含量。
4.土培试验条件下对ASN+D入4PP不同基追肥比例对小青菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影
响做了探讨。结果表明，等氮量(0 .5 Ng·kg一，土)施用条件下基肥75%、追肥25%的基追
肥比例不仅可提高蔬菜产量、降低硝酸盐含量，还可提高V。、氨基酸、Zn、N和K含量，
改善蔬菜品质。
5.就田间施用硝化抑制剂DN护P对冰箱贮藏条件下小青菜可食部分硝酸盐、维生素C
(Vc)含量变化的影响作了研究。结果表明:在贮藏过程中，施与不施DMPP二种处理小青
菜硝酸盐含量呈现先降低后略有升高的趋势，vc含量呈降低的趋势;DMPP在贮藏前期能够
有效地降低硝酸盐含量，延缓Vc含量的降低。贮藏2天后，DMPP处理小青菜硝酸盐、Vc
含量分别降低了74.4 mg·吨一，和9 mg·kg一，，而对照处理分别降低了54.4mg·kg一，和50
mg·kg一，，降低幅度均达显著水平;贮藏2一4天中，DMPP处理硝酸盐、vc含量分别降低
了20.1 mg·kg-，和91 mg·kg-，，而对照处理分别降低了一44，7 mg·kg-，和84 mg·kg-，。蔬
菜贮藏时间不要过长，以不超过4天左右为宜。
6.在恒温培养和田间试验条件下就硝化抑制剂DMPP对菜园土按态氮和硝态氮含量的
影响作了研究。结果表明:无论是在恒温培养，还是在田间试验条件下硝化抑制剂DN[PP都
有较好的硝化抑制作用，土壤中硝态氮含量维持在较低水平。
7.根据特定的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐显色反应，制成一种能快速、简便地检测蔬菜硝酸盐、
亚硝酸盐浓度的半定量试纸。
The control techniques of nitrate contaminated in vegetable were discussed in this paper with application of nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium sulphate nitrate and urea) with nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) (ASN+DMPP and urea+DMPP) under field and pot experiments to provide acedemic foundation and scientific method of green vegetable production. Quick determination technique of nitrate was also discussed to provide a quick, simple nitrate determination for the supervise department of foodstuff. Results were shown as follows:
The influences of nitrogen fertilizer with nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate accumulation and nutritional quality of greengrocery (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) under excessive nitrogen use condition were investigated in field experiment. Results showed that nitrogen fertilizers with NI DMPP could significantly reduce nitrate accumulation, increase Vc, amino acid, soluble sugar and Zn concentration of greengrocery as compared with urea, ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN), and hence improve greengrocery nutritional quality, ammonium sulphate nitrate fertilizer with NI DMPP (ASN+DMPP) was especially effective in these aspects. Compared to ASN and urea, nitrate concentration in greengrocery treated with ASN+DMPP reduced 16.0% and 14.1%, urea+DMPP reduced 7.9% and 7.6% respectively, and the difference reached significant level. ASN+DMPP and urea+DMPP could evidently reduced nitrate accumulation in stems and leaves, especially stems. The inhibition effect of ASN+D
MPP was greater than urea+DMPP. In addition, ASN+DMPP could alleviate yield decreasing of vegetable due to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers.
The influences of ASN+DMPP on nitrate accumulation and nutritional quality of greengrocery {Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) were investigated under natural nitrogen use condition in field experiment. Results indicated that ASN+DMPP could slightly increase the yield of greengrocery, significantly decrease nitrate accumulation, and increase Vc, amino acid and soluble sugar concentration of greengrocery as compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium bicarbonate, urea, ammonium sulphate nitrate etc., and hence improve nutritional quality. In addition, compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizers the time of vegetable attain the criterion of green foodstuff production might be advanced by analyzing nitrate concentration in
different grown stage, thus the time of vegetable coming into market might be advanced, then get a better price. Under this experiment condition the time would advanced 3-4d.
The influences of different nitrogen fertilizer variety, nitrogen level and basal manure on nitrate accumulation and quality of cabbage were investigated in field experiments. Results showed that ASN+DMPP could increase cabbage yield and decrease NO3--N concentration as compared with ASN and urea. ASN+DMPP could also increase vitamin C (Vc), amino acid, soluble sugar, and mineral nutrient element (P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn) concentration in cabbage. ASN+DMPP could decrease NO3--N concentration by 6.1% (Jinhua) 16.5% (Xinchang) as compared with urea, and 7.3% (Xinchang) 9.4%(Jinhua) as compared with ASN. Properly decreasing nitrogen level would not decrease cabbage yield, but decrease nitrate concentration. 80% of nitrogen level (360 kg hm-2) could decrease NO3--N concentration by 5.0% (Xinchang) 18.7% (Jinhua) as compared with 100% nitrogen level (450 kg hm-2) , Vc and K concentration were significantly increased. There were no significant differences in cabbage yields and nitrate concentration between composed N-P-K. fertilizer containing sulfur and fertilizer containing chlorine as basal manure. Applying composed N-P-K fertilizer containing chlorine as basal manure could increase Vc, N, P, K and Fe concentration, especially significantly increased K and Fe concentration.
Effects of different ratios of basal application to top dressing of ASN+DMPP on nitrate accumulation and nutritional quality of greengr
引文
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