基于锁模激光的相干多普勒激光雷达研究
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摘要
相干多普勒激光雷达是测量遥感风场和运动目标速度的有力工具。相干多普勒激光雷达的发射源普遍使用单纵模激光器，而锁模激光所具有的宽频谱、窄脉宽、高峰值功率等特性使其在作为相干激光雷达发射源方面具有潜在的应用价值。本文从理论上和实验上对基于锁模激光的相干多普勒激光雷达进行了研究。
理论上，在单频外差探测原理的基础上，考虑了具有m+1个模式、纵模间隔为ω的本振光，与发生了Δω频移的信号光相干拍频后的理论模型，证明了相位差恒定的锁模激光可以实现相干混频，并可以通过低通滤波或FFT频谱分析的方式检测出差频信号。利用这一理论模型进行了数值模拟计算，分析了信号光在不同的频移值时的拍频波形，讨论了实现相干探测本振光与信号光应满足的条件。
基于相干多普勒激光雷达系统对发射光源的要求，进行了锁模激光器的实验研究。通过使用不同的锁模器件得到锁模激光输出，其中主动锁模和调Q主动锁模都获得了单脉冲宽度在百皮秒量级、锁模深度100%、锁模几率95%以上的稳定的锁模脉冲序列输出。对被动锁模、主动锁模、调Q主动锁模的激光输出特性进行了对比研究，主动锁模脉冲序列包络时间较长但峰值功率较低，而调Q主动锁模峰值功率高但包络时间较短，不同类型的激光输出为后续的相干测速实验提供了多种选择。
利用声光移频器模拟外差探测中信号光发生的多普勒频移，进行了锁模激光拍频实验研究，并与单纵模激光拍频实验结果进行了比较。使用锁模激光在频移为30~80MHz的范围内进行了拍频实验研究，拍频波形及信号处理的结果均与理论分析相符，测量结果的相对误差在0.5%以下。分别使用脉宽为10ns和16ns的调Q单纵模脉冲进行拍频，在信号光频移为150MHz时测量结果的相对误差分别为3.7%和1.6%。对比实验结果发现，调Q单纵模脉冲由于有限的脉宽限制了拍频后包络的数量，导致误差相对较大，而锁模脉冲序列由于具有较长包络时间，在测量较低频移值时仍具有较高的精度，即测量低速目标时更具有优势。在具有较长包络时间的同时，锁模激光还具有高峰值功率和窄脉宽的特点。使用光纤耦合的方式进行了相干拍频实验，得到了稳定的相干拍频波形，FFT频谱分析的结果与设定值和理论分析相符。
设计并建立了相干多普勒激光雷达测速系统，利用高速旋转的圆盘模拟外差探测时的运动目标，通过相干拍频并滤波的方式得到了信号光的多普勒频移值，算得系统的视向速度误差小于0.4m/s。通过改变锁模激光器谐振腔内调Q晶体的初始透过率，讨论了不同包络宽度的探测光对测量结果的影响。其中包络时间较长的探测光回波信号较弱，但是测量结果更为稳定；包络时间较短的探测光回波信号较强，但是单次测量的相对误差可能较大，可以通过多次测量取平均的方式降低误差。针对拍频波形无法辨别目标方向的问题，使用了对本振光附加频移的超外差方法，实验结果表明可以根据此方法获知目标的速度和方向信息。在转盘顺时针旋转和逆时针旋转时进行了相干拍频实验，获得的频差值与实际值相符，均值的相对误差分别小于2%和1%，根据频差值获得的视向速度曲线与实际速度曲线吻合较好。
Coherent Doppler LIDAR (laser and infrared radar) has been proved aneffective tool for measuring the velocity of wind fields and moving targets by meansof remote sensing. Single longitudinal mode (SLM) laser is generally used in thecoherent Doppler LIDAR system as an emitter, and mode-locked laser, with thecharacteristics of wideband spectrum, narrow pulse width and high peak power, is apotential source for coherent detection. In this dissertation, a coherent DopplerLIDAR system based on the mode-locked laser is studied theoretically andexperimentally.
According to the heterodyne detection theory of SLM laser, a theoretical modelof coherent beat frequency between two mode-locked lasers is discussed, in whichthe longitudinal mode number of the local oscillator is m+1, the longitudinal modespacing is ω, and the frequency shift of the signal laser is Δω. The derivation resultindicates that mode-locked laser is able to realize coherent frequency mixing whenthe phase difference is constant, and the difference frequency signals can beobtained after low-pass filtering or FFT spectral analysis. Accordingly, thenumerical simulation method has been employed, the waveforms of signal laserschanging with different frequency shifts have been analyzed, and the conditions torealize coherent detection have been discussed as well.
The experimental studies on the mode-locked laser have been conducted for thepotential of being a laser source of coherent Doppler LIDAR. Mode-locked laseroutputs have been obtained by applying different mode-locked devices. For theactively mode-locked laser as well as the actively mode-locked Q-switched laser,steady outputs with the characteristics of hundreds of picoseconds duration,100%modulation depth, and over95%mode-locked probability have been obtained. Thecomparison between the actively mode-locked laser and the actively mode-lockedQ-switched laser indicates that the actively mode-locked pulse train has a longduration and the pulse peak power is low, while the actively mode-lockedQ-switched pulse train has a high peak power and a short duration. Mode-lockedlasers with different output characteristics provide different emitters for thesubsequent coherent velocity measurement experiments.
The coherent beat frequency experiment has been conducted by using anacousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS) simulating Doppler shift in the heterodynedetection. In the30~80MHz frequency shift range, the beat frequency waveformsas well as the results after signal processing are consistent with the theoreticalanalysis, and the relative errors of the results measured are less than0.5%, and the beat frequency experiments have been conducted by using Q-switched SLM lasersof10nanoseconds pulse width and16nanoseconds pulse width respectively, and therelative errors obtained are3.7%and1.6%accordingly when the frequency shiftvalue of the signal laser is set at150MHz. The results indicate that the envelopenumbers of beat frequency waveforms are limited due to the narrow pulse width ofthe Q-switched SLM laser, and the relative errors are large. For the mode-lockedlaser, with a wide envelope, the measurement accuracy is high even when measuringsmall frequency shift, which means the mode-locked laser is more dominate inmeasuring low velocity moving targets. In addition, the mode-locked laser has highpeak power and narrow pulse width. The coherent beat frequency experiment basedon fiber coupling has been conducted. The FFT spectrum analysis results of beatfrequency waveforms obtained are consistent with the set values as well astheoretical analysis.
A laser Doppler velocimetry has been designed and set up. In the system, ahigh-speed rotating disk is used to simulate the moving target, and the Doppler shiftvalue has been obtained after beat frequency and filtering. The radial velocity erroris less than0.4m/s through calculation. By means of changing the initialtransmittance of the Q-switch crystal, the effects of different envelope widths of theprobe lasers on measuring results have been discussed. The echo signal of the probelaser with a wider envelope is weaker, but the measuring result is more stable; theecho signal of probe laser with a narrower envelope is stronger, and the relativeerror of single measurement is probably bigger, which can be reduced by averagingthe values of repeated measurements. A superheterodyne method is used by adding afrequency shift to the local oscillator, since moving directions of the target areunable to be distinguished according to the beat frequency waveforms. Experimentalresults indicate that the direction and velocity information are available. Thecoherent beat frequency experiment indicates that the frequency shift value isconsistent with the actual value no matter the disk rotates clockwise orcounterclockwise. The average relative errors are less than2%and1%respectively.The gained line-of-sight velocity curve based on the frequencydifference fits well with actual velocity curve.
理论上，在单频外差探测原理的基础上，考虑了具有m+1个模式、纵模间隔为ω的本振光，与发生了Δω频移的信号光相干拍频后的理论模型，证明了相位差恒定的锁模激光可以实现相干混频，并可以通过低通滤波或FFT频谱分析的方式检测出差频信号。利用这一理论模型进行了数值模拟计算，分析了信号光在不同的频移值时的拍频波形，讨论了实现相干探测本振光与信号光应满足的条件。
基于相干多普勒激光雷达系统对发射光源的要求，进行了锁模激光器的实验研究。通过使用不同的锁模器件得到锁模激光输出，其中主动锁模和调Q主动锁模都获得了单脉冲宽度在百皮秒量级、锁模深度100%、锁模几率95%以上的稳定的锁模脉冲序列输出。对被动锁模、主动锁模、调Q主动锁模的激光输出特性进行了对比研究，主动锁模脉冲序列包络时间较长但峰值功率较低，而调Q主动锁模峰值功率高但包络时间较短，不同类型的激光输出为后续的相干测速实验提供了多种选择。
利用声光移频器模拟外差探测中信号光发生的多普勒频移，进行了锁模激光拍频实验研究，并与单纵模激光拍频实验结果进行了比较。使用锁模激光在频移为30~80MHz的范围内进行了拍频实验研究，拍频波形及信号处理的结果均与理论分析相符，测量结果的相对误差在0.5%以下。分别使用脉宽为10ns和16ns的调Q单纵模脉冲进行拍频，在信号光频移为150MHz时测量结果的相对误差分别为3.7%和1.6%。对比实验结果发现，调Q单纵模脉冲由于有限的脉宽限制了拍频后包络的数量，导致误差相对较大，而锁模脉冲序列由于具有较长包络时间，在测量较低频移值时仍具有较高的精度，即测量低速目标时更具有优势。在具有较长包络时间的同时，锁模激光还具有高峰值功率和窄脉宽的特点。使用光纤耦合的方式进行了相干拍频实验，得到了稳定的相干拍频波形，FFT频谱分析的结果与设定值和理论分析相符。
设计并建立了相干多普勒激光雷达测速系统，利用高速旋转的圆盘模拟外差探测时的运动目标，通过相干拍频并滤波的方式得到了信号光的多普勒频移值，算得系统的视向速度误差小于0.4m/s。通过改变锁模激光器谐振腔内调Q晶体的初始透过率，讨论了不同包络宽度的探测光对测量结果的影响。其中包络时间较长的探测光回波信号较弱，但是测量结果更为稳定；包络时间较短的探测光回波信号较强，但是单次测量的相对误差可能较大，可以通过多次测量取平均的方式降低误差。针对拍频波形无法辨别目标方向的问题，使用了对本振光附加频移的超外差方法，实验结果表明可以根据此方法获知目标的速度和方向信息。在转盘顺时针旋转和逆时针旋转时进行了相干拍频实验，获得的频差值与实际值相符，均值的相对误差分别小于2%和1%，根据频差值获得的视向速度曲线与实际速度曲线吻合较好。
Coherent Doppler LIDAR (laser and infrared radar) has been proved aneffective tool for measuring the velocity of wind fields and moving targets by meansof remote sensing. Single longitudinal mode (SLM) laser is generally used in thecoherent Doppler LIDAR system as an emitter, and mode-locked laser, with thecharacteristics of wideband spectrum, narrow pulse width and high peak power, is apotential source for coherent detection. In this dissertation, a coherent DopplerLIDAR system based on the mode-locked laser is studied theoretically andexperimentally.
According to the heterodyne detection theory of SLM laser, a theoretical modelof coherent beat frequency between two mode-locked lasers is discussed, in whichthe longitudinal mode number of the local oscillator is m+1, the longitudinal modespacing is ω, and the frequency shift of the signal laser is Δω. The derivation resultindicates that mode-locked laser is able to realize coherent frequency mixing whenthe phase difference is constant, and the difference frequency signals can beobtained after low-pass filtering or FFT spectral analysis. Accordingly, thenumerical simulation method has been employed, the waveforms of signal laserschanging with different frequency shifts have been analyzed, and the conditions torealize coherent detection have been discussed as well.
The experimental studies on the mode-locked laser have been conducted for thepotential of being a laser source of coherent Doppler LIDAR. Mode-locked laseroutputs have been obtained by applying different mode-locked devices. For theactively mode-locked laser as well as the actively mode-locked Q-switched laser,steady outputs with the characteristics of hundreds of picoseconds duration,100%modulation depth, and over95%mode-locked probability have been obtained. Thecomparison between the actively mode-locked laser and the actively mode-lockedQ-switched laser indicates that the actively mode-locked pulse train has a longduration and the pulse peak power is low, while the actively mode-lockedQ-switched pulse train has a high peak power and a short duration. Mode-lockedlasers with different output characteristics provide different emitters for thesubsequent coherent velocity measurement experiments.
The coherent beat frequency experiment has been conducted by using anacousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS) simulating Doppler shift in the heterodynedetection. In the30~80MHz frequency shift range, the beat frequency waveformsas well as the results after signal processing are consistent with the theoreticalanalysis, and the relative errors of the results measured are less than0.5%, and the beat frequency experiments have been conducted by using Q-switched SLM lasersof10nanoseconds pulse width and16nanoseconds pulse width respectively, and therelative errors obtained are3.7%and1.6%accordingly when the frequency shiftvalue of the signal laser is set at150MHz. The results indicate that the envelopenumbers of beat frequency waveforms are limited due to the narrow pulse width ofthe Q-switched SLM laser, and the relative errors are large. For the mode-lockedlaser, with a wide envelope, the measurement accuracy is high even when measuringsmall frequency shift, which means the mode-locked laser is more dominate inmeasuring low velocity moving targets. In addition, the mode-locked laser has highpeak power and narrow pulse width. The coherent beat frequency experiment basedon fiber coupling has been conducted. The FFT spectrum analysis results of beatfrequency waveforms obtained are consistent with the set values as well astheoretical analysis.
A laser Doppler velocimetry has been designed and set up. In the system, ahigh-speed rotating disk is used to simulate the moving target, and the Doppler shiftvalue has been obtained after beat frequency and filtering. The radial velocity erroris less than0.4m/s through calculation. By means of changing the initialtransmittance of the Q-switch crystal, the effects of different envelope widths of theprobe lasers on measuring results have been discussed. The echo signal of the probelaser with a wider envelope is weaker, but the measuring result is more stable; theecho signal of probe laser with a narrower envelope is stronger, and the relativeerror of single measurement is probably bigger, which can be reduced by averagingthe values of repeated measurements. A superheterodyne method is used by adding afrequency shift to the local oscillator, since moving directions of the target areunable to be distinguished according to the beat frequency waveforms. Experimentalresults indicate that the direction and velocity information are available. Thecoherent beat frequency experiment indicates that the frequency shift value isconsistent with the actual value no matter the disk rotates clockwise orcounterclockwise. The average relative errors are less than2%and1%respectively.The gained line-of-sight velocity curve based on the frequencydifference fits well with actual velocity curve.
引文
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