基于透视还原的圆明园四十景图造景设计研究
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摘要
在本文的研究内容中,作者试图建立一种研究方法:对存有透视效果图资料的清代景观设计进行较为精细的研究。
作者选取盛期圆明园四十景的造景设计作为研究题材。首先通过查阅相关现存原始资料及可靠的前人研究成果证实《圆明园四十景图咏》中所绘的四十景均为盛期圆明园的事实描述,同时阐述了这份历史资料的重要研究价值,进而进行作图推测乾隆九年(1744年)彩色绢本圆明园四十景图为透视图。然后,通过广泛地收集和查阅大量历史资料从各方面证实圆明园四十景图确实为透视效果图。最后,以透视反求的作图方法将四十景图还原为景观设计平面图,并对其造景设计进行详细的分析研究。
同时,本文也试图最大限度的还原盛期圆明园造景设计相关历史信息。因为晚清到近代有关圆明园的原始资料都遭到巨大劫难,现存原始资料残缺不全,近现代的各种研究资料也需要重新确认辨析。因此,本文在尽量运用原始资料的同时,将各种相关的前人研究资料进行了相互比对和验证,以图获得可靠的推断。本文的资料辨析主要集中在:对类似研究资料的可信度分析、有关建筑尺寸和名称推断、关键人物工作环境和师承关系推断、植物种类的辨析等方面。这些信息和景观设计平面图一起,还原出当时当地的设计情境,为造景设计研究提供基础。
限于客观条件,作者仅选用了四十景中的天然图画这一景点作为研究对象。应用上述研究方法,还原乾隆九年(1744年)天然图画的景观设计平面图,并根据所得到的平面图,从各个景观要素、历史成因等对这一景点进行造景设计的精细分析。
本文基于这样一种认识:即在真实的设计中,人能体验到的效果是最为重要的,体验不到的设计效果对体验者来说并不重要。因此,本文的研究重点不是做考古研究,而是以能记录当时园林盛况最清晰、直观的“圆明园四十景图”为基准效果图进行景观设计的还原研究,探讨圆明园盛期的园林景观设计。
本文的核心创新点也不在于对单景点进行事实考古探究,而是选择四十景图中的天然图画一景,通过分析各种文献资料还原其设计情境,通过透视反求还原其景观设计平面图。并希望通过尝试这一研究方法,形成一定研究成果,对还原圆明园盛期的景观设计同时对圆明园的景观历史研究有所帮助。
In this paper, the author of the study content to have tried to establish an information of the qing dynasty pivot rendering landscape design are relatively fine the research methods.
The author selected stage of yuanmingyuan 40 landscape landscape design as the theme of study. First, by consulting relevant archaeological materials and reliable previous research results confirm the yuanmingyuan 40 landscape figure "into the painting of 40 landscape are described, the fact that stage yuanmingyuan and expatiates the important research this historical material value, and then, a graphic speculate qianlong nine years (in 1744) color length yuanmingyuan 40 landscape the graph is perspective. Then, through widely collect and consulting a large number of historical data from various aspects prove yuanmingyuan 40 landscape figure does for perspective rendering. Finally, to put this in perspective drawing method of the reverse the 40 landscape for landscape design plan figure reduction, and the landscape design carried on the detailed analysis of the research.
At the same time, this paper also tried to maximum reduction stage landscape design relevant historical information yuanmingyuan. Because of late qing dynasty to the original data about yuanmingyuan modern were huge disaster, existing original material, the modern various research incomplete information also need to confirm discrimination. Therefore, in this paper try to use the original material in the meantime, will be all sorts of relevant previous research data than each other, thus obtain reliable and verified the inference. This paper differentiates mainly concentrated in the material of similar data: credibility analysis, about building size and name assertions and key figures in the work environment and the media determinist inferencing, plant species discrimination, etc. These information and landscape design plan together, then the design of a reduction of local situation, providing foundation for landscape design.
Limited to objective conditions, the author of the 40 landscape solely using natural picture this scenic spot as the research object. The aforementioned research methods, restore qianlong nine years (in 1744) natural picture of landscape design plan, and according to the plan, received from each landscape elements, such as historical cause in this scenic spot for landscape design fine analysis.
This paper is based on the idea that namely the design of the real, one can experience the effect is most important, not to the design effect experience is not important who experiences. Therefore, this research focus is not do, but archaeological research record was marred by can most clear, intuitive garden "yuanmingyuan 40 landscape graph" as a benchmark for rendering the reduction of landscape design, this paper discusses the research of imperial garden and landscape design stage.
This article core innovation points nor in carrying out fact of single attractions, but archaeological inquiry choose 40 landscape in the chart the natural picture one scene, through the analysis of various literature material reductive its design situations, pass clairvoyant reverse reductive the landscape design plan. And I hope by trying to this study methods and form a certain research results of the landscape design of the reductive yuanmingyuan stage of yuanmingyuan landscape and historical studies help.
作者选取盛期圆明园四十景的造景设计作为研究题材。首先通过查阅相关现存原始资料及可靠的前人研究成果证实《圆明园四十景图咏》中所绘的四十景均为盛期圆明园的事实描述,同时阐述了这份历史资料的重要研究价值,进而进行作图推测乾隆九年(1744年)彩色绢本圆明园四十景图为透视图。然后,通过广泛地收集和查阅大量历史资料从各方面证实圆明园四十景图确实为透视效果图。最后,以透视反求的作图方法将四十景图还原为景观设计平面图,并对其造景设计进行详细的分析研究。
同时,本文也试图最大限度的还原盛期圆明园造景设计相关历史信息。因为晚清到近代有关圆明园的原始资料都遭到巨大劫难,现存原始资料残缺不全,近现代的各种研究资料也需要重新确认辨析。因此,本文在尽量运用原始资料的同时,将各种相关的前人研究资料进行了相互比对和验证,以图获得可靠的推断。本文的资料辨析主要集中在:对类似研究资料的可信度分析、有关建筑尺寸和名称推断、关键人物工作环境和师承关系推断、植物种类的辨析等方面。这些信息和景观设计平面图一起,还原出当时当地的设计情境,为造景设计研究提供基础。
限于客观条件,作者仅选用了四十景中的天然图画这一景点作为研究对象。应用上述研究方法,还原乾隆九年(1744年)天然图画的景观设计平面图,并根据所得到的平面图,从各个景观要素、历史成因等对这一景点进行造景设计的精细分析。
本文基于这样一种认识:即在真实的设计中,人能体验到的效果是最为重要的,体验不到的设计效果对体验者来说并不重要。因此,本文的研究重点不是做考古研究,而是以能记录当时园林盛况最清晰、直观的“圆明园四十景图”为基准效果图进行景观设计的还原研究,探讨圆明园盛期的园林景观设计。
本文的核心创新点也不在于对单景点进行事实考古探究,而是选择四十景图中的天然图画一景,通过分析各种文献资料还原其设计情境,通过透视反求还原其景观设计平面图。并希望通过尝试这一研究方法,形成一定研究成果,对还原圆明园盛期的景观设计同时对圆明园的景观历史研究有所帮助。
In this paper, the author of the study content to have tried to establish an information of the qing dynasty pivot rendering landscape design are relatively fine the research methods.
The author selected stage of yuanmingyuan 40 landscape landscape design as the theme of study. First, by consulting relevant archaeological materials and reliable previous research results confirm the yuanmingyuan 40 landscape figure "into the painting of 40 landscape are described, the fact that stage yuanmingyuan and expatiates the important research this historical material value, and then, a graphic speculate qianlong nine years (in 1744) color length yuanmingyuan 40 landscape the graph is perspective. Then, through widely collect and consulting a large number of historical data from various aspects prove yuanmingyuan 40 landscape figure does for perspective rendering. Finally, to put this in perspective drawing method of the reverse the 40 landscape for landscape design plan figure reduction, and the landscape design carried on the detailed analysis of the research.
At the same time, this paper also tried to maximum reduction stage landscape design relevant historical information yuanmingyuan. Because of late qing dynasty to the original data about yuanmingyuan modern were huge disaster, existing original material, the modern various research incomplete information also need to confirm discrimination. Therefore, in this paper try to use the original material in the meantime, will be all sorts of relevant previous research data than each other, thus obtain reliable and verified the inference. This paper differentiates mainly concentrated in the material of similar data: credibility analysis, about building size and name assertions and key figures in the work environment and the media determinist inferencing, plant species discrimination, etc. These information and landscape design plan together, then the design of a reduction of local situation, providing foundation for landscape design.
Limited to objective conditions, the author of the 40 landscape solely using natural picture this scenic spot as the research object. The aforementioned research methods, restore qianlong nine years (in 1744) natural picture of landscape design plan, and according to the plan, received from each landscape elements, such as historical cause in this scenic spot for landscape design fine analysis.
This paper is based on the idea that namely the design of the real, one can experience the effect is most important, not to the design effect experience is not important who experiences. Therefore, this research focus is not do, but archaeological research record was marred by can most clear, intuitive garden "yuanmingyuan 40 landscape graph" as a benchmark for rendering the reduction of landscape design, this paper discusses the research of imperial garden and landscape design stage.
This article core innovation points nor in carrying out fact of single attractions, but archaeological inquiry choose 40 landscape in the chart the natural picture one scene, through the analysis of various literature material reductive its design situations, pass clairvoyant reverse reductive the landscape design plan. And I hope by trying to this study methods and form a certain research results of the landscape design of the reductive yuanmingyuan stage of yuanmingyuan landscape and historical studies help.
引文
①于敏中:《日下旧闻考》卷八十第1337页“国朝苑囿”记载:“圆明园为世宗宪皇帝藩邸赐园,康熙四十八年所建。”北京古籍出版社,1981年。
①《圆明园内工则例》有很多版本,内容和名称也略有不同,开列于下:
《内庭圆明园内工诸作现行则例》(中国文物研究所图书馆藏)
《圆明园内工现行则例》十八卷本(清华大学建筑学院图书馆藏)
《圆明园内工现行则例》十六卷、十五卷、十四卷本(清华大学图书馆藏)
《圆明园内工则例》(国家图书馆藏,以下简称国图)
《圆明园工程则例》(国图藏)
《圆明园则例》(国图藏)
《内庭、圆明园、万寿山三处会同则例》(北京大学图书馆藏)
[1]方裕谨辑.原中法大学收藏之样式雷圆明园图样目录.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第二集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.73.
[2]刘敦桢.同治重修圆明园史料.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第一集)[M]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.93-94.
[3]乾隆.圆明园后记.圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[4]郭黛姮.乾隆御品圆明园[M].浙江:浙江古籍出版社,2007.52-58.
[5]清世宗.雍邸集·园景十二咏.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第二集)[M]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.55.
[6]清高宗.天然图画诗序.见:圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.19
[7]汪菊渊.中国古代园林史·上卷[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.457~460
[8]清高宗.镂月开云诗序.见:圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.21
[9]杨乃济.圆明园大记事.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第四集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.
[10]王湜华.张若霭圆明园四十景图简介.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第五集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.82-86.
[11]郭黛姮.远逝的辉煌—圆明园建筑园林研究与保护[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2009.
[12]法国华夏建筑研究学会主编.圆明园遗址的保护和利用[M].中国林业出版社,2002.
[13]佐丽.年希尧的生平及其对艺术和科学的贡献[J].中国史研究,2000,(3):163-164.
[14]刘克明.中国图学思想史[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.524
[15] (清)年希尧.视学[Z].清雍正刻本.周易书斋复印本,2006.
[16]聂崇正.界画与线法画[J].紫禁城,1999,(2):11-14
[17]聂崇正.线法画小考[J].故宫博物院院刊,1982,(3):85-89
[18]张宝章.样式雷家事诸考—样式雷与同治年间重修圆明园.见:张宝章,张威等编著.建筑世家样式雷[M].北京:北京出版社,2003.36-49.
[19]聂崇正.清代宫廷画家唐岱和杨雨森[J].故宫博物院院刊,2003,(4):9-12
[20]杨伯达.郎世宁在清内廷的创作活动及其艺术成就[J].故宫博物院院刊,1988,(2):7-13
[21] (明)计成原著.园冶注释[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[22]于敏中.日下旧闻考(卷八十).国朝苑囿.圆明园篇.北京:北京古籍出版社,1981.
[23]张恩荫.圆明园盛期植物造景初探[J].古建园林技术,1989,(3):12-16
[24]清高宗御制诗(五集卷二十三).钦定四库全书[M].北京:紫禁城出版社,2007.
[25]张天麟.园林树木1200种[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[26]张恩荫.清五帝诗文中的御制圆明园史料.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第五集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.
[27]王概.芥子园画谱.辽宁:万卷出版社,2009.94
[28]圆明园管理处.圆明园百景图志[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2010.37-41
[29]清代档案史料·圆明园(上下册)[M].中国第一历史档案馆.上海:上海古籍出版社,1991.
[30]黄文华.建筑阴影与透视图学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.119-122
[31]彭一刚.中国古典园林分析[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[32]于希贤,于洪.圆明园水景艺术.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第七集)[M].北京:内部出版,2010.52-54.
[33]侯仁之.中国古代地理名著选读(第一辑)[M].禹贡篇.北京:学苑出版社,2005.
[34]赵君.圆明园盛期植物景观研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.2009.62-63
[35]清高宗.杏花春馆诗序.见:圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.40
[36]清高宗.武陵春色诗序.见:圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.56
[37]胤禛.圆明园记.圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[38]王秀梅译注.诗经[M].上海:中华书局出版社,2006.
①《圆明园内工则例》有很多版本,内容和名称也略有不同,开列于下:
《内庭圆明园内工诸作现行则例》(中国文物研究所图书馆藏)
《圆明园内工现行则例》十八卷本(清华大学建筑学院图书馆藏)
《圆明园内工现行则例》十六卷、十五卷、十四卷本(清华大学图书馆藏)
《圆明园内工则例》(国家图书馆藏,以下简称国图)
《圆明园工程则例》(国图藏)
《圆明园则例》(国图藏)
《内庭、圆明园、万寿山三处会同则例》(北京大学图书馆藏)
[1]方裕谨辑.原中法大学收藏之样式雷圆明园图样目录.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第二集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.73.
[2]刘敦桢.同治重修圆明园史料.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第一集)[M]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.93-94.
[3]乾隆.圆明园后记.圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[4]郭黛姮.乾隆御品圆明园[M].浙江:浙江古籍出版社,2007.52-58.
[5]清世宗.雍邸集·园景十二咏.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第二集)[M]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.55.
[6]清高宗.天然图画诗序.见:圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.19
[7]汪菊渊.中国古代园林史·上卷[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.457~460
[8]清高宗.镂月开云诗序.见:圆明园四十景图咏[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.21
[9]杨乃济.圆明园大记事.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第四集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.
[10]王湜华.张若霭圆明园四十景图简介.见:中国圆明园学会主编.圆明园(第五集)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.82-86.
[11]郭黛姮.远逝的辉煌—圆明园建筑园林研究与保护[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2009.
[12]法国华夏建筑研究学会主编.圆明园遗址的保护和利用[M].中国林业出版社,2002.
[13]佐丽.年希尧的生平及其对艺术和科学的贡献[J].中国史研究,2000,(3):163-164.
[14]刘克明.中国图学思想史[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.524
[15] (清)年希尧.视学[Z].清雍正刻本.周易书斋复印本,2006.
[16]聂崇正.界画与线法画[J].紫禁城,1999,(2):11-14
[17]聂崇正.线法画小考[J].故宫博物院院刊,1982,(3):85-89
[18]张宝章.样式雷家事诸考—样式雷与同治年间重修圆明园.见:张宝章,张威等编著.建筑世家样式雷[M].北京:北京出版社,2003.36-49.
[19]聂崇正.清代宫廷画家唐岱和杨雨森[J].故宫博物院院刊,2003,(4):9-12
[20]杨伯达.郎世宁在清内廷的创作活动及其艺术成就[J].故宫博物院院刊,1988,(2):7-13
[21] (明)计成原著.园冶注释[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[22]于敏中.日下旧闻考(卷八十).国朝苑囿.圆明园篇.北京:北京古籍出版社,1981.
[23]张恩荫.圆明园盛期植物造景初探[J].古建园林技术,1989,(3):12-16
[24]清高宗御制诗(五集卷二十三).钦定四库全书[M].北京:紫禁城出版社,2007.
[25]张天麟.园林树木1200种[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
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