县域森林可持续经营规划研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
当代社会最新发展观念的可持续发展思想,已成为世界各国社会经济发展的指南与理论研究的热点。森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持地球生物圈的完整性、庇护地球上包括人类在内的各种生物有着重要作用。全球森林的毁坏和减少的严峻事实,对全球生态环境产生着严重影响,直接危及人类21世纪生存环境和未来人类的生存。人们已经认识到森林的可持续发展是世界可持续发展的重要基础。政府及林业部门为实现森林生态系统及森林资源的可持续发展,需要制定适应于不同管理层次和尺度的森林可持续经营规划。
     森林可持续经营规划或森林经营方案,在我国既是一项传统的森林经理业务,又是当前森林经理的一个新课题。论其为传统的森林经理业务,我国始于20世纪30年代。近年来,我国确定了以生态建设为主的林业发展方向,提出生态需求已成为社会对林业的第一需求。同时,随着林业分类经营、集体林权制度和森林采伐管理等相关改革的深入推进,产权主体日趋多元化,迫切需要从宏观尺度上,对森林经营管理活动进行统筹考虑;在区域水平上,根据国民经济发展规划,协调好保护与利用的关系,满足经济社会发展对森林多种效益的需求。为此,国家林业主管部门对现阶段我国的森林可持续经营规划和森林经营方案作了明确的界定,赋予森林可持续经营规划以新的内容和要求。因此,当前的森林可持续经营规划的编制及其研究,又是一项新的课题。
     在国际上也很重视森林经营方案。森林经营方案是各国森林管理的主要法律手段,良好的森林经营方案能够保障森林的持续经营,各国法律无不予以高度重视。国际上,如加拿大在上世纪90年代中后期对森林可持续经营规划编制进行了深入的研究和探索。采用了目前林业社会较为推崇的生态系统管理方法,被称为是“一个基于生态系统的森林经营规划”。当时认为对我国林业生态环境建设有所借鉴和启发。
     本文的目的是在研究国内外现有理论、方法和经验的基础上,探讨适合我国国情的县域森林可持续经营规划的理论与技术。科学编制森林可持续经营规划,为现实森林经营寻求可持续经营的途径、方法和技术。县域森林可持续经营规划,对实施可持续发展林业战略,满足经济社会发展对森林多种效益的需求,构建森林可持续经营区域决策体系,具有非常重要的现实意义。
     作为研究地的龙泉市是全国森林经营示范县(市)和浙江省森林可持续经营试点项目县(市),开展县域森林可持续经营规划编制的同时,进行编制技术研究,在规划编制的方法、技术路线、规范要求等方面进行先行实践,力求为浙江省乃至南方集体林区开展同类工作提供示范与借鉴。
     本文以作者参与完成的国家林业局有关森林经营的多项研究课题为平台,以作者作为项目主要研究人员执笔完成的《县级森林可持续经营规划研究》和《浙江省龙泉市森林可持续经营规划》等成果为前期基础,结合作者四年多来参与国家林业可持续发展与森林可持续经营管理工作的体会与经验,对森林可持续经营规划过程中的理论与技术进行了系统探讨,对有关的实践进行了系统的分析、总结和研究。本文的主要工作在于:
     (1)系统阐明了森林经营及其理论的历史进展。为精准表达森林经营这一术语,根据林学学科或课程脉络,围绕森林经营与林学发展作相关的梳理;按照科学合理性的演进趋势,论述人类对森林及其森林经营的认识,既体现为人类随着科学技术的发展在认识上的深化,同时也符合科学哲学思想的演变。
     (2)建立了森林可持续经营规划分析框架。围绕森林可持续经营和林业可持续发展这一主线,从哲学层面和森林生态系统层面,引导森林经营的理性思考,借鉴森林可持续
     经营的研究成果及相关理论,建立森林可持续经营规划分析框架。为论文研究和理论完善提供了基础。
     (3)丰富了森林资源管理与经营评价的内容。分析论述了研究地的自然地理与社会经济条件,森林经营管理现状和森林资源概况;研究并增加了森林植被生物量与碳储量,森林资源资产价值量和森林生态服务功能的内容;总结了森林经营成效及其存在的问题。
     (4)探讨了森林经营决策与经营目标。针对森林经营周期长、功能多样、受环境影响
     大等特点,将森林可持续经营作为森林经营决策的宏观目标。以实现森林可持续经营前提和重大举措的森林分类经营为基础,将生态公益林的建设规模作为决策目标。进行森林经营决策分析的探索性研究。构建森林可持续经营的目标体系。提出相关的对策措施。
     (5)开展了森林生态功能区划。按四个层次依次展开。第一层次即森林经营区划,从景观和整个区域层面谋划森林经营策略,协调不同的经营功能区;第二层次即森林功能区划,依据森林的某一主导功能或经营目标,以地域、地段为单元进行区划;第三层次即森林分类区划,根据森林的主导功能进行森林用途分类,应优先区划高保护价值森林区;第四个层次即森林经营管理类型组的分类,以加强生态保护和适度服务地方经济为宗旨,以森林分类区划成果和基础,以高保护价值森林判定标准作为补充,选取生态重要性和生态敏感性两个层面的指标群进行分类。
     (6)组织了森林可持续经营技术体系。理解并接受现实的森林生态系统,认可当前的
     森林景观格局,即维持森林资源及其经营现状,开展适应性经营或管理。结合森林经营管理经营类型组,以及森林群落类型,提出生态系统经营的3个基本途径,即保护、恢复和维持。
     (7)设计了森林择伐经营措施。为解决现实森林经营中的问题,树立可持续的森林经营观念,按照生态系统生态学和生态经济学的要求,充分认识和研究针、阔混交林经营特征,设计相应的森林经营措施,使其既能满足生态建设的需要,又能培育和收获木材,使生态效益和经济效益均处于最佳状态。
     (8)实证了森林经营关键环节与重点领域的规划可行性。围绕森林培育、森林采伐利用、非木质资源经营、森林游憩等项森林经营关键环节,按照森林生态系统经营的要求,提出贯彻和体现森林可持续经营的基本理念和要求。从实现森林可持续经营必须考虑的重点领域,对森林培育、利用等经营环节,提出了保护生物多样性,完善和提高林区基础设施,加强森林经营能力建设,发挥技术支撑体系的作用,建立相应的政策保障体系。
     (9)评价了项目实施的生态与社会影响。回顾了以往林业项目生态环境管理方面的主要实践与成效,进行了项目在人工造林方面的比较分析,提出了加强生态环境管理的主要措施。分析评价了项目实施对研究地带来的生态、经济和社会影响。对项目实施中潜在的负面影响,提出了减缓措施。评价结论,项目可行。
Sustainable development, as the latest development concept at present, has become the world's guidelines of economic and social development and hot spots of the theoretical study. Forest as the important component of land ecological system plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the earth's biosphere and protecting all kinds of creatures including humans on the earth. The severe fact of destruction and reduction in global forest has a serious impact on the ecological environment in the world that go so far as to endanger human's living environment directly of the21st century and mankind's survival in the future. People have already realized that the forestry sustainable development is the important foundation of the sustainable development of the world. For the realization of sustainable development in forest ecosystem and the sustainable development in forest resources, the government and the forestry department need to develop various sustainable forest management plans to adapt different management levels and the scales.
     Sustainable forest management plan is not only a traditional forest management business but also a new topic of forest management at present in China. As a traditional forest management business, it began in the1930s in China. In recent years giving ecological construction priority in the forestry development has been determined and ecological demand has become the basic demand for forestry of society in china. Meanwhile, it's urgent to consider forest management activities as a whole from the macro scale with the forestry classified management, the collective forest right system and forest fell management and the related improved and property right subject increasingly diverse. In the region level, according to the national economic development planning, it's necessary to coordinate the relationship between the protection and utilization and to meet the needs of economic and social development in the development of forestry resources. For this reason, the competent departments of national forestry clearly define sustainable forest management and the forest management plan and give sustainable forest management plan a new content and requirement at present in China. Therefore, it is a new subject to research and plan sustainable forest management currently.
     Forest management plan has been paid great attention internationally. Forest management plan is a major legal measure to manage forest in the world. Because good forest management plan that can ensure the forestry sustainable business, the laws in every country have been paid great attention. Internationally, for example Canada made a further research and explored deeply on sustainable forest management plan in the late1990s. In the method of forestry ecosystem management highly praised in the current social, it's been known as "a forest management plan based on ecological system". Then it's considered that it was a good reference and inspiration to ecological environment construction of forestry in China.
     The purpose of this paper is that explores suitable sustainable forest management theory and technology for China's national conditions based on existing theory, methods and experiences at home and abroad. Sustainable forest management plan was made scientifically to seek sustainable management approach, method and technology for forest management. Sustainable management plan in the forest in county has very important practical significance to realize the forestry sustainable development strategy, meet the needs of the economic and social development provided by forest and construct the regional decision-making system of sustainable forest management.
     As the city of study, Longquan is not only the pilot city of sustainable forest management in Zhejiang province but also demonstration city of forest management in China. With making a sustainable forest management plan on the level of county, the discussion of compiling technology and the practice for compiling method, the technical route, standard requirement and others are carried out, which provides the demonstration and reference for developing similar work of collective forest in Zhejiang province and even the south.
     In this paper, the author involved and completed many subjects on forest management in State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China as a platform. It's the preliminary basis that "sustainable forest management plan research in county" and "Zhejiang longquan sustainable forest management plan" and relative achievements were finished by the author as the main researcher. With the experience in national forestry sustainable development and sustainable forest management work in the past four years, I discuss the theory and technology in the process of Sustainable forest management and analysis, the summary and research on relevant practice in this paper systematacially. This article mainly lies in:
     (1) It systematically clarifies historical progress of forest management and the theory. According to the forestry subject or context course, making a research around the forest management and forestry development is necessary to define forest management precisely. In accordance with the scientific reasonable trend of the evolution, discussing human understanding foerest and forest management not only reflects the deepening in recognition with the development of science and technology but also accords with the evolution of science and philosophy.
     (2) It sets up sustainable forest management plan analysis framework. Along the line of sustainable forest management and sustainable development of forestry, this paper guides rational thinking about forest management from the level of philosophical and forest ecological system and sets up sustainable forest management plan analysis framework by reference to relevant theory the research achievements of sustainable forest management, which provides the basis on research and perfecting the theory.
     (3) It enriches the content about forest resources management and evaluation. The paper analyzes and describes natural geography and social economic conditions, present situation of forest management and general situation of forest resources in researched area. It studies the forest vegetation biomass and carbon storage, forest resources asset value and forest ecological service function and summarizes the forest management effectiveness and its existing problems.
     (4) It discusses the forest management decision-making and management goals. According to long cycle, functional diversity and easy influence by environment in forest management, this paper takes sustainable forest management as macro objectives of forest management decision. Based on forest classified management and achieve sustainable forest management, it takes the scale of ecological public welfare forest construction as the decision goal. Do exploratory research about forest management decision analysis, Construct sustainable forest management target system and put forward relevant countermeasures.
     (5) It divides the forest ecological function districts, which is carried out by four levels in this paper. The first level is forest management division which coordinates different management functional areas and makes forest management strategy on the level of landscape and the whole region. The second level is forest function division in accordance with leading function of the forest or the management goal. The third level is forest classified division according to the dominant function of forest which is prior to divide the forest region with high protection value. The fourth level is the classification of forest management type of the group by two indexes of ecological importance and sensitivity.
     (6) It organizes sustainable forest management technology system. Understand and accept realistic forest ecological system and recognize the forest landscape pattern that means to maintain forest resources management situation at present and carry out adaptable operation or management. Combined with forest management business types group and the forest community types, three basic ways of the ecosystem management, namely protection, restoration and maintenance, are put forward.
     (7) It designs the forest selective felling management measures. In order to solve the problems of forest management and set up the view of sustainable forest management it takes corresponding measures on forest management to fully understand and study the needle, broadly mixed forest management features with the ecosystem ecology and ecological economics requirements. It not only meets the needs of the ecological construction but also cultivate and harvest lumber to maximize the ecological and economic benefits.
     (8) It proves the feasibility of key links and areas planning in forest management. Centering on some key links for example forest cultivation, the forest cut utilization, non-wood resource management, forest recreation in forest management, and so on in forest management it puts forward the implementing and reflection the basic idea and requirements of sustainable forest management in accordance with the requirements of the forest ecosystem management. From the perspective of the key points that must be considered in sustainable forest management, it puts forward the method of biodiversity protection in the process of forest cultivation and management, perfects and improves infrastructure in forest region, reinforces the ability of forest management, at the same time, plays a role of technical support system and sets up a corresponding policy guarantee system.
     (9) It evaluates the ecological and social influence in the project implementation. This paper reviews the main practice and achievement of ecological environment management in forestry project in the past, and then it puts forward the major measures of ecological environment management by compared reforestation projects. The ecological, economic and social influence of the project implementation on study region is analyzed and evaluated. The paper takes some measures to reduce the potential negative effects as well. Finally it comes to a conclusion that the project is feasible.
引文
[1]盛炜彤.2006-2007林学学科发展报告(摘要)[J]林业科学,2007,43(4):141-142.
    [2]刘东国.绿党政治[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2002:392.
    [3]蒋有绪.国际森林可持续经营问题的进展[J].资源科学,2000,22(6):77-82.
    [4]Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, J(?)rgen Randers, and William W. Behrens Ⅲ..The Limits to Growth[M]. New York:University Books,1972.
    [5]世界环境与发展委员会.我们共同的未来[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1989:20-21.
    [6]陈华荣.可持续发展战略管理研究[D].2009:2.
    [7]中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书[M].北京:中国环境科学出版,1994.05:191.
    [8]黄书进.树立和落实科学发展观[M].北京:国防大学出版,2007:105.
    [9]曹利军.可持续发展评价理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:6-12.
    [10]林春逸.发展伦理初探[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007:249-258.
    [11]Daly,HE.etal. Valuing the earth:economics, ecology, ethics[M]The MIT Press,1993.
    [12]阎兆万.产业与环境[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2007:30.
    [13]P. Dasgupta, Optimal Development and the Idea of Net National Product[M]. The Economics of Sustainable Development University Press,1995.
    [14]范柏乃,马庆国.国际可持续发展理论综述[J].经济学动态,1998,8:35-38.
    [15]王九龄.中国林业生态环境建设[M].北京:人民日报出版社,2002:159.
    [16]蒋有绪.国际森林可持续经营的标准与指标体系研制的进展[J].世界林业研究,1997,2:9-14.
    [17]施昆山当代世界林业[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001:173.
    [18]张守攻.森林可持续经营导论[M].北京中国林业出版社,2001:6-8.
    [19]周国林.国际森林可持续经营的新进展[J].林业工作研究,1999,11:30-37.
    [20]苏明.期待中国在履约中发挥重要作用.中国绿色时报,2009,4,15.
    [21]何腾发.森林资源管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007:26.
    [22]Duncan Poore. What is meant by a country's commitment to manage its forest sustainability[R]. ITTO,2003.
    [23]侯元兆.林业可持续发展和森林可持续经营的框架理论[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(2):1-6.
    [24]姜春前,徐庆,朱永军等.世界森林可持续经营标准与指标发展的现状与趋势[J].世界林业研究,2004,17(3):1-5.
    [25]Romm J.Sustainable Forestry and Sustainable Forests[M].Global Forest Conference,1993.
    [26]FAO. Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management:A Compendium Paper Compiled by F. Castaneda, C. Palmberg-Lerche and P. Forest Management Working Papers. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. Rome, Italy:FAO,2001,5:5.
    [27]张瑛山.生态系统可持续经营的探讨[J].北京林业大学学报.1995,17(3):1-8.
    [28]黄清麟.森林可持续经营综述[M].福建林学院学报,1999,19(1):282-285.
    [29]王清军.集体林权制度改革背景下森林采伐管理体制变革研究——兼论森林法的完善[J].东南学术,2010,5:20-25.
    [30]冯彩云.国外私有林现状及发展趋势[J].世界林业研究,2005,18(1),6-11.
    [31]张煜星.美国林业政策和制度[J].世界林业研究,2005,18(1):66-67.
    [32]Victoria Government Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Forest management plan for the Central Highlands [R]. Melboilrne, Australia, May1998.
    [33]The Forest Practices Authority. The Tasmanian Forest Practices System[R]. Tasmania, Australia, August2005.
    [34]赵爱云.一个基于生态系统的森林经营规划[J].林业科技管理,1999,1:58-61.
    [35]张松丹.中国森林可持续经营的现状[J].国际木业,2009,9:12.
    [36]国家自然科学基金委员会.自然科学学科发展战略调研报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:11-12.
    [37]沈国舫.林学概论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989:391.
    [38]孙铖.实用森林学[M].上海:上海棋盘街新学会社,1913:例言
    [39]赵忠林学概论[M].北京中国农业出版社,2008:7
    [40]弼良殷编,梁希校.中等林学大意[M].北京中华书局,1947:2-3.
    [41]张静甫.森林经营学[M].北京:商务印书馆1936:2-3.
    [42]陈嵘.造林学概要[M].南京:中华农学会,1933:5-6.
    [43]陈植.造林学原论[M].重庆:正中书局,1949:1-2.
    [44]刘于鹤,林进.加强森林经营提高森林质量[J].林业经济,2008(7):6-10.
    [45]邓华锋.中国森林可持续经营管理研究[M].北京科学出版社,2008:167-175.
    [46]郝景盛.林学概论[M].北京商务印书馆,1946:2.
    [47]沈国舫.从”造林学”到”森林培育学”[J].科技术语研究,2001(2):33-34.
    [48]张建国.关于森林经营问题的探索[J].林业经济问题,2008(6),471-174.
    [49]中国文化大学中华学术院中华百科全书编纂委员会编辑.中华百科全书[M]第7册.台湾:中国文化大学出版部,1983:132.
    [50]张静甫.森林经理学[M].上海:永祥印书馆,1953:1.
    [51]黄枢主编.绿色乐章[M].济南:山东人民教育出版社,2001:144-145.
    [52]吴曙东.森林经营学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1957:4.
    [53]简晓丹,石凤鸣,邱岩明等.小班区划经营综合抚育采伐[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007:149.
    [54]亢新刚等.森林资源管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001:1
    [55]凌道扬.森林学大意[M].北京:商务印书馆北京,1916.
    [56]聂斯切洛夫.林学概论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1953:1.
    [57]熊大桐.中国林业科学技术史[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995:312-313.
    [58]中国科学院干部局.自然科学学科简介[M].北京科学出版社,1965:309.
    [59]牡丹江林业学校.森林经营学[M].北京中国林业出版社.1986.
    [60]尤尔根桑.营林手册[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1954.
    [61]云南林学院.营林手册[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1982.
    [62]陈道.经济大辞典农业经济卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:318.
    [63]姚延梼,杨秀清,杜娟等.林学概论[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2008:151.
    [64]姚庆渭.实用林业词典[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1990:734.
    [65]于汝元,罗菊春,赵世华.森林经营学不同时期和类目科技论文分布与学科发展的关系[J].林业资源管理,1993(1):101-104.
    [66]南京林业大学.中国林业辞典[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1994:138.
    [67]叶镜中,孙多.森林经营学[M].北京:中国林业出版社:1995:1-2.
    [68]陈祥伟,胡海波.林学概论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005:243.
    [69]赵忠.森林培育学http://www.docin.com/p-234835573.html(2011-10-25).
    [70]顾宝和主编.英汉分类词典.南京:译林出版社,1993:399.
    [71]李修松主编.当代学科大全.合肥:安徽人民出版社,1990:873
    [72]TW丹尼尔,JA.海勒姆斯,F.S.贝克.森林经营原理[M].北京中国林业出版社,1987:1-3.
    [73]史密斯.实用育林学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1990.
    [74]林学名词审定委员会.林学名词[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.
    [75]郭强,陈兴民,张立汉.灾害大百科[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1996:749.
    [76]北京高校情报资料工作研究会.21世纪图书情报资料工作展望[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,1997:230.
    [77]翟明普.森林培育学[M].北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,2001:2.
    [78]沈国舫.关于森林培育学教材建设的一些历史回顾[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,5(6):280-283.
    [79]中国科学技术学会.林业科学学科发展报告[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2007:99.
    [80]徐海云,黄志强.刍议森林经理与森林经营[J].林业勘查设计,2003,3:1-3.
    [81]苏春雨.我国森林经营管理的发展趋势综述[J].林业资源管理,2004,5:11-15.
    [82]中国科学院干部局.北京:科学出版社,1965:310-311.
    [83]Wikipedia,Forestmanagement.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_management (2011/7/24).
    [84]Forestry and Environmental Resources. http://cnr.ncsu.edu/fer/under/formgmt.html (2011-7-27).
    [85]Vermont Agency of Natrual resoureces. http://www.mapleinfo.org/htm/forests_management.cfm (2011-7-27).
    [86]Forest Management. NC STATE UNIVERSITY.http://www.ncsu.edu/majors-careers/do_with_major_in/showmajor.php?id=31(2011-7-27).
    [87]Forest Management. ecomii. http://www.ecomii.com/science/encyclopedia/forest-management.
    [88]Randall B.Heiligmann. Forest Management Developing a Plan to Care for Your Forest[J].Extension,2002,2:1-3.
    [89]Forest Management. http://www.mapleinfo.org/htm/forests_management.cfm.
    [90]Forest Operations. http://www.forestencyclopedia.net/p/p1040.
    [91]Forest Operation Research.http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/.
    [92]费多益.略述科学合理性的演进趋势[J]哲学动态,2000,7:27-32.
    [93]杨耀坤.科学合理性的历史(下)[J].演变科学技术与辩证法,2000,1:27-31.
    [94]杨耀坤.科学合理性的历史(上)[J].演变科学技术与辩证法,1999,6:26-30.
    [95]董智勇.世界林业发展道路[M].北京中国林业出版社,1992:28
    [96]徐国祯.系统工程在林业上的应用[J].世界林业研究,1993,4:21-27.
    [97]徐国祯.林业发展中多元相关的探讨[J]林业经济问题2010,1:27-31.
    [98]中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组.中国可持续发展林业战略研究总论[M].北京:中国林业出版社2003,4348.
    [99]徐刚著.根的传记:森林之卷[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1997:173
    [100]董肇君.系统工程学原理[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1987:1-3
    [101]王福如.科学思想方法漫谈[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1982:83-84.
    [102]肖峰.科学精神与人文精神[M].北京中国人民大学出版社,1994:267
    [103]关百均.世界林业[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989:384.
    [104]郭贵春,成索梅,马惠娣.如何理解和翻译"Science and Technology Studies"[J]自然辩证法通讯,2004,1:104-107.
    [105]吴永忠孙红岩,刘丽萍等.后现代主义科技观探析[J].自然辩证法研究,1997,13(3):5-8.
    [106]李晓峰,吴永忠.论STS的两种研究传统[J].哈尔滨学院学报,2008,3:21-24.
    [107]张昌盛.《科学、技术与社会》丛书学术研讨会——“学习贯彻党的十七大精神”综述[J].学术动态,2008,6:15-17.
    [108]周生贤.中国林业的历史性转变[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002:20.
    [109]中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组.中国可持续发展林业战略研究保障卷[M].北京中国林业出版社,2003:368.
    [110]中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组.中国可持续发展林业战略研究保障卷[M].北京中国林业出版社,2003:337-338.
    [111]刘金龙肖军.关于国际森林问题的思考[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(6):71-75
    [112]雷加富.中国森林生态系统经营实现林业可持续发展的战略途径[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2007:74.
    [113]陈谋询.用系统和信息观研究并把握森林资源管理[J].森林资源管理1989:5-8.
    [114]陈谋询.我国21世纪森林经理发展趋势分析[J].华东森林经理,2001.2:1-5.
    [115]罗绍麟.森林的经营[J].科学发展,2005,388:15-19.
    [116]董世魁,刘世梁,邵新庆.恢复生态学[M].北京高等教育出版社,2009:132.
    [117]马世骏,王如松.社会—经济—自然符合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
    [118]张嘉宾.系统林学[M].云南:云南人民出版社,1992.
    [119](美)L·汉贝塔朗菲.一般系统论导论(上)[J].自然科学哲学问题丛刊,1979,2:1-8.
    [120]董军,姚顺忠,张嘉宾等.森林复杂巨系统中的自组织动力学特征分析[J].森林工程,2003,19(3):9-10.
    [121]Sprott J C, Janine Bolliger. David j. Madenoff. Self-organized criticality in forest-landscape evolution[J].Physics Letter A,2002,297:267-271.
    [122]Jorgensen S E, H mejer, Nielsne S N. Ecosystem as self-organizing critical system[J]. Ecological Modelling,1998:261-268.
    [123]宋卫国,范维澄.中国森林火灾的自组织临界性[J].科学通报,2001,46(6):521-525.
    [124]Blank A, Solomon S Power laws in cities population, financial markets and internet sites(scaling in systems with a variable number of components)[J]. Physica A,2000,287:279-288.
    [125]Okuyama K, Takayasu M, TAkayasa H,Zipf's law in income distribution of companies[J]. Physica A,1999,269:125-131.
    [126]陈彦光.中国城市发展的自组织特征与判据[J].城市规划,2006,30(8):24-30.
    [127]毕晓丽洪伟,吴承祯等.黄山松种群统计分析[J].林业科学,2002,38(1):6134-5067.
    [128]中国林学会森林经理分会.森林可持续经营探索与实践[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006:2-29.
    [129]国家林业局.2007中国林业发展报告[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007:1-20.
    [130]牛文元.Zipf定则及其广延在自然资源数量计算中的应用[J].自然资源学报,1988,3(3):271-280.
    [131]陈彦光,刘继生.城市规模分布的分形和分维[J].人文地理,1999,14(2):43-48.
    [132]YoushiFujiwara. Zipf law in firms bankruptcy [J]. PhysicaA,2004,337:219-230.
    [133]K. Michael Bessey. Structure and Dynamics in an Urban Landscape:Toward a Multiscale View [J]. Ecosystems,2002(5)360-375.
    [134]B. McCowan, L.R. Doyle, J.M. Jenkins et al. The appropriate use of Zipf's law in animal communication studies [J]. Animal Behaviour.2005,69(1):F1-F7.
    [135]Laurent Seuront, James G. Mitchell. Towards a seascape typology.Ⅰ. Zipf versus Pareto laws[J]. Journal of Marine Systems,2008,69(3-4)310-327.
    [136]James G. Mitchell, Laurent Seuront. Towards a seascape topology Ⅱ:Zipf analysis of one-dimensional patterns [J]. Journal of Marine Systems,2008,69(3-4)328-338.
    [137]杨国良,张捷,刘波等.旅游流流量位序—规模分布变化及其机理——以四川省为例[J].地理研究,2007,26(4):662-672.
    [138]刘羿,佘光辉,刘安兴,等.森林资源系统自组织特征研究[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2008,32(5):51-55.
    [139]LEE Y. An allometric analysis of the US urban system:1960-1980[J]. Environment&Planning A,1989,21(4):463-476.
    [140]Whitfield, J.All creatures great and small[J]. Nature,2001,413:342-344.
    [141]Kensuke Okada, Yuta Nomura, Takahisa Miyatake. Relations between allometry, male-male interactions and dispersal in a sap beetle, Librodor japonicus[J]. Animal Behaviour,2007,74(4):749-755.
    [142]刘羿,佘光辉.基于Zipf定律的森林资源规模分析[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2009,33(2):73-76.
    [143]M.B.Cleary, E.Pendall, B.E.Ewers. Testing sagebrush allometric relationships across three fire chronosequences in Wyoming, USA[J] Journal of Arid Environments.2008,72(4):285-301.
    [144]Delphis F, Levia Jr. A generalized allometric equation to predict foliar dry weight on the basis of trunk diameter for eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(5-6):1789-1792
    [145]Enquist, B.J.&Niklas, K.J. Global allocation rules forpatterns of biomass partitioning in seed plants[J]. Science,2002,295:1517-1520.
    [146]李春萍,李刚,肖春旺.异速生长关系在陆地生态系统生物量估测中的应用[J].世界科技研究与发展,2007,29(2):51-57.
    [147]陈述彭.中国可持续发展战略的实践[J].地球信息科学,2001,4:5-6.
    [148]哈肯,协同学.大自然的奥秘[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2001:101-162.
    [149]成思危.复杂科学与组织管理[J].科学,2001,1:6-9.
    [150]刘鸿翔.还原论、整体论与融贯论——复杂性科学方法论之认识[J].长沙理工大学学报:社会科学版,2008,2:118-120.
    [151]朱清时,姜岩著.东方科学与文化的复兴[M].北京市:北京科学技术出版社,2004:59.
    [152]张世英.新哲学讲演录[M].桂林市:广西师范大学出版社,2004.
    [153]欧阳莹之.复杂系统理论基础[M].上海市:上海科技教育出版社,2001.
    [154]成思危.复杂性科学与管理[M].北京民主与建设出版社,1999,6-8.
    [155]王伯鲁,王永杰,雷叙川.科学技术学教程:自然辩证法概论新编[M].四川:西南交通大学出版社,2006.
    [156]林长升,张芸.九龙江流域环境监测与可持续发展[M].科学出版社,2009.
    [157]徐国祯.重视系统复杂性、复杂性管理的研究促进森林经营管理工作的发展[J].林业调查规划2002,27(4):1-4.
    [158]徐国祯.森林生态系统经营——21世纪森林经营的新趋势[J].世界林业研究,1997,2:16-20
    [159]徐化成.美国新林业学说的理论和实践[J].北京林业大学学,1991,13(4):105-111.
    [160]施昆山.当代世界林业[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001:49.
    [161]J. F. Franklin. Toward a New Forestry[J]. American Forestry,1989,95(11)37-45.
    [162]余谋昌,王耀先.环境伦理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2004:49.
    [163]周生贤.中国林业的历史性转变[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002:3.
    [164]肖军,鲁德.促进全球森林可持续经营的资金机制分析[J].林业经济,2009,7:72-75.
    [165]江泽慧,盛炜彤.中国可持续发展林业战略研究——森森问题卷[M].2003,11:6-8.
    [166]刘金龙肖军.关于国际森林问题的思考[J].世界林业研究-2008,6:71-75.
    [167]朱凯.森林问题的伦理根源[J].北京林业大学学报:社会科学版,2007,4:16-19.
    [168]奥尔多·利奥波德(Aldo Leopold)原荒纪事[M].北京市:科学出版社,1996:238.
    [169]李宏煦.生态社会学概论[M].北京市:冶金工业出版社,2009:71.
    [170]霍尔姆斯·罗尔斯顿.哲学走向荒野[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2000:10.
    [171]薛勇民.走向生态价值的深处[M].太原市:山西科学技术出版社,2006:6.
    [172]粮农组织林政处长谈森林的可持续经营Lennart Ljungman (1998.10) http://www.china001.com/show_hdr.php?xname=PPDDMV0&dname=VPRBD41&xpos=52.
    [173]GALIDO-LEAL C, BUNNELL F L. Ecosystem management:Implications and opportunities of a new paradigm [J].The Forestry Chronicle,1995,71:601-606.
    [174]GERLACH L P,BENGSTON D N. If ecosystem management is the solution, What's the problem? Eleven challenges for ecosystem management[J]. Journal of Forestry,1994,92(8):18-21.
    [175]GRUMBINE RE. What is ecosystem management[J].Conservation Biology,1994,8(1):27-38.
    [176]IRLAND L C. Getting from here to there:Implementing ecosystem management on the ground [J] Journal of Forestry,1994,92(8):12-17.
    [177]李俊清.森林生态学[M].北京市:高等教育出版社,2006.274-281.
    [178]董乃钧,郑小贤,邓华峰.关于森林生态系统经营的几个问题[J].绿色中国:理论版,2004,02M:16-17.
    [179]邓华锋.森林生态系统经营综述[J].世界林业研究,1998,4:9-15.
    [180]龙泉市林业局.龙泉市森林资源规划设计调查成果报告[R],2008.
    [181]《中国森林立地分类》编写组.北京:中国林业出版社,1989,284-292.
    [182]赵敏,周广胜.基于森林资源清查资料的生物量估算模式及其发展趋势]J].应用生态学报.2004,15(8):1468-1472.
    [183]罗云建张小全,王效科等.森林生物量的估算方法及其研究进展[J].林业科学.2009,45(8):129-134.
    [184]刘华,雷瑞德.我国森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡的研究方法及进展[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(4):835-843
    [185]王秀云,孙玉军.森林生态系统碳储量估测方法及其研究进展[J].世界林业研,2008,21(5):24-29.
    [186]吕景辉,任天忠,闫德仁.国内森林碳汇研究概述[J].内蒙古林业科技,2008,34(2):43-47.
    [187]程鹏飞,王金亮,王雪梅等.森林生态系统碳储量估算方法研究进展[J].林业调查规划,2009,34(6):39-44.
    [188]Brown SL, Schroeder P, Kern JS. Spatial distribution of biomass in forests of the eastern USA[J]. For Ecol Man,1999,123:81-90.
    [189]张茂震王广兴,刘安兴.基于森林资源连续清查资料估算的浙江省森林生物量及生产力[J].林业科学.2009,45(9):13-17.
    [190]张茂震王广兴.浙江省森林生物量动态[J].生态学报.2008,28(11):5665-5674.
    [191]王兵,魏文俊.江西省森林碳储量与碳密度研究[J].江西科学,2007,25(6:681-687.
    [192]陈利军,刘高焕,冯险峰.运用遥感估算中国陆地植被净第一性生产力[J].植物学报(英文版.2001,43(11):1191-1198.
    [193]Fang J Y, Chen A P, Peng C H, et al.2001. Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between1949and1998[J]. Science,292:2320-2322
    [194]李海奎雷渊才.中国森林植被生物量和碳储量评估[M].中国林业出版社,2010.
    [195]袁位高,江波,葛永金等.浙江省重点公益林生物量模型研究[J].浙江林业科技.2009(2):1-5.
    [196]江波,袁位高,朱锦茹等.森林生态体系快速构建理论与技术研究[M].中国林业出版社,2010.
    [197]彭镇华张守攻,岳永德等.浙江林业现代化发展战略研究与规划[M].中国农业出版社,2006.
    [198]肖兴威,王祝雄,陈雪峰等.中国森林资源清查[M].中国林业出版社,2005.
    [199]蓝金宣,叶绍明.国内外森林资产评估研究现状及对策探讨[J].林业经济,2010(07):117-120.
    [200]王宏伟.森林资源资产评估实务[M].中国财经经济出版社,2009,5.
    [201]赵志,赵春梅,魏胜利.森林资源资产评估的主要方法及在实践中应注意的问题[J].林业科技情报,2010,42(4):20-21.
    [202]秦国金付世福,朱开宪,等.森林资产评估中的折现率设定[J].湖北林业科技,2011.3,19-21.
    [203]Daily G. C. What are ecosystem services?[R]//In:Daily G. C.(ed.). Nature's services:Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC,1997:1—10.
    [204]Woodwell G. M. Biotic feedbacks from the warming of the eartb[M]//In:Woodwell G. M. and Mackenzie F.T.(eds.).Biotic feedbacks in the global climatic system:Will the warming feed the warming? Oxford University Press,New York,1995:3-21.
    [205]Anderson D. Carbon fixing from and economic perspective[C].Forestry Commission's First Economics Research Conference,New York University,1990.
    [206]Woodwell G. M. Forests:What in the world are they for?[M]//In:Ramakrishna K., and Woodwell G. M.(eds.). World forests for the future:Their Use and conservation. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn,1993:1-20.
    [207]Meher-Homji V. M. Probable impact of deforestation on hydrological processes[M]//In:Myers N.(ed.). Tropical forests and climate.Dordrecht, Nether lands,1992:163-174.
    [208]Bruijnzeel L. A. Hydrology of moist tropical forests and effects of conservation:A state of knowledge review [R]. International Hydrological Programme,UNESCO,Paris,1990.
    [209]Sfeir—Younis A. Soil conservation in developing countries:A background report[R].The World Bank,Washington. DC,1986.
    [210]EhrlichP. R.,Ehrlich A. H. The value of biodiversity[J].AMBIO,1992,21:219—226.
    [211]Buchmann S. L., Nabhan G. P. The Forgotten pollinators[R]. Island Press, Washington DC,1996.
    [212]Nabhan G. P, Buchmann S. L. Pollination services:Biodiversity's direct link to world food stability[R]//In:Daily G. C.(ed.). Nature s services:Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press,Washington.DC,1997:133-150.
    [213]De Bach P. Biological control by natural enemies [M]. London:Cambridge University Press,1974.
    [214]Naylor R., Ehrlich P.The value of natural pest control services in agriculture[R].//In:Daily G. C (ed.).Nature's services:Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington,DC,1997:151-174.
    [215]De Groot R. Functions of nature:Evaluation of nature in environmental planning, management and decision making[M]. Groningen,Netherlands,Wolters-Nordhoff,1993.
    [216]Vitousek P.,Ehrlich P.,Ehrlich A., Matson P. Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis [J].BioScience,1986,36:368-373.
    [217]Kulshreshtha S. N.,Gillies J. A. Economic evaluation of aesthetic amenities:A case study of river view [J].Water Resources Bulletin,1993,29(2)257-266.
    [218]鲁绍纬.中国森林生态服务功能动态分析与仿真预测[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2006.
    [219]蒋延玲,周广胜.中国主要森林生态系统公益的评估[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(5):426432.
    [220]赵同谦.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究[D].北京中国科学院研究生院,2004.
    [221]何浩,潘耀忠,朱文泉等.中国陆地生态系统服务价值测量[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(6):1122-1127
    [222]靳芳.中国森林生态系统价值评估研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2005.
    [223]国家林业局.森林生态系统服务功能评估规范[S].中华人民共和国林业行业标准(LY/T17212008,2008.4.28.
    [224]姜文来.森林涵养水源的价值核算研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):34-40.
    [225]李荣勋.森林生态效益价值评估研究—以浙江省为例[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2004,11.
    [226]王祖华,蔡良良,关庆伟等.淳安县森林生态系统服务价值评估[J].浙江林学院学报,2010,27(5):757-761.
    [227]葛永金,袁位高,江波等.浙江省生态公益林土壤理化性质的初步研究[J].江西农业大学学报.2006.12(6):828-832.
    [228]袁正科,田大伦,袁穗波.森林生态系统净化大气S02能力及吸S潜力研究[J].湖南林业业科技2005.32(1):1-4.
    [229]中国生物多样国情研究报告编写组.中国生物多样国情研究报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997
    [230]中国森林生态服务功能评估组.中国森林生态服务功能评估[M].中国林业出版社,2010.
    [231]蔡体久,姜孟霞.森林分类经营:理论、实践及可视化[M].北京市:科学出版社,2005:2-3.
    [232]亢新刚.森林资源经营管理[M]北京市:中国林业出版社,2001:2-3.
    [233]代力民,邵国凡著.森林经营决策、理论与实践[M].辽宁科学技术出版社,2006,208-209.
    [234]中国林学会森林经理分会.森林可持续经营研:2007[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2008,30-35.
    [235]牛雪筑李同宁.现代工业企业管理教程[M].北京市:中国建材工业出版社,1997:67.
    [236]鲁法典Peter.风险状态下混交林最优经营决策[J].林业科学-2009,11:83-89.
    [237]Volin V C, Buongiorno J. Effects of alternative management regimes on forest stand structure, species composition, and income:a model for the Italian Dolomites [J].For Ecol Man,1996,87:107-125.
    [238]Usher M B. A matrix approach to the management of renewable resources with special reference to selection forests[J]. Appl Ecol,1966,3:355-367.
    [239]Schulte B J, Buongormo J. A growth and yield model for naturally regenerated mixed shortleaf pine forests in the southern United States of America[J].Int For Rev,2004,6(1):19-29.
    [240]谢黎,徐天蜀.森林经营决策支持系统研究综述[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2008,6:35-37.
    [241]Richardson, B. Advances in modelling and decision support systems for vegetation management in young forest[J]. Forestry2006,1:29-12.
    [242]龙泉市水利局,龙泉市水利水电勘测设计所.龙泉市水土保持总体规划2003.
    [243]雷加富.中国森林生态系统经营:实现林业可持续发展的战略途径[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2007:84.
    [244]雷加富.中国森林生态系统经营:实现林业可持续发展的战略途径[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2007:5.
    [245]高吉喜.21世纪生态发展战略[M].贵阳市:贵州科技出版社,2000:227-230.
    [246]中国水政要览1988-1992[M].北京市:水利电力出版,社水利电力出版社,1993:259.
    [247]国家林业局.全国森林资源经营管理分区施策导则[M].银川市:宁夏大地音像出版,2009.
    [248]浙江省林业发展区划工作组.全国林业发展区划浙江省三级区划[M].2008.
    [249]Maim J S. Practising sustainable forest sector development in Canada:a federal perspective[J]. The Forestry Chronicle,1991,67(2):107-108.
    [250]刘羿,佘光辉.林业自然地理的模糊聚类区划[M].浙江林学院学报,2008,4:422426.
    [251]KLIJIN F, UDO DE HASE H A. A hierarchical approach to ecosystem and its implications for ecological land classification[J]. Landscape Ecol,1994,9(2):89—104.
    [252]HOST G E, POLZER P L, MLADENOFF D J, et al. A quantitative approach to developing regional ecosystem classifications [J]. EcolAppli,1996,6(2):608—618.
    [253]俞孔坚,李迪华.“反规划”之台州案例[J].建筑与文化,2007,1:20-23.
    [254]国家林业局森林资源管理司.森林资源管理工作手册[M].北京市:中国计量出版社,2007:1401.
    [255]吴波,贾子毅.高保护价值森林的定义与内涵[J].世界林业研究,2006,19(1):6-9.
    [256]董珂,邓华峰.高保护价值森林理论研究和应用现状及发展趋势[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(5):7-11.
    [257]吴爱娣,陈平留,郑德祥.浅析生态公益林与高保护价值森林的区别[J].林业经济问题,29(1):65-69.
    [258]国家林业局.关于印发《中国森林可持续经营指南》的通知[Z].林造发[2006]226号.
    [259]国家林业局.关于印发《县级森林可持续经营规划编制指南(试行)》的通知[Z].2009
    [260]刘羿,佘光辉.高保护价值森林与公益林比较分析[J].世界林业研究,2010,6:18-23.
    [261]刘羿,张长山.县级森林资源经营管理分区施策研究——以浙江省龙泉市为例[J].林业资源管理,2010.5:11-16.
    [262]Jennings S, Nussbaum R, Judd N, et al.The high conservation value forest toolkit[R]. ProForest,2003.
    [263]谢哲根,唐永强.森林经营体系概论[J].华东森林经理,2001,2:9-11.
    [264]徐化成.森林生态与生态系统经营[M].北京市:化学工业出版社,2004,1:384.
    [265]刘羿,张长山.我国县级森林可持续经营区划研究[J].林业经济,2010,10:65-70.
    [266]“中国森林”编辑委员会.中国森林[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,1997:513-516.
    [267]陈豪庭.龙泉市林业[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2009:75-80.
    [268]彭绍云,吴群.亚热带常绿阔叶林的重建与思考[J].亚热带水土保持,2007,1:37-39.
    [269]中国大百科全书总编辑委员会《地理学》编辑委员会.中国大百科全书地理学[M].北京市:中国大百科全书出版社,1990:455.
    [270]《浙江森林》编辑委员.浙江森林[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,1993:136-137,87-91.
    [271]孙鸿烈.中国生态系统[M]北京市:科学出版社,2005:277.
    [272]李俊清,臧润国.小兴安岭五营林区森林生态系统经营研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2000,4:25-34.
    [273]徐化成.中国红松天然林[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2001:238.
    [274]徐化成.森林生态与生态系统经营[M].北京市:化学工业出版社,2004:401-403,423-425.
    [275]蔡斌,雷小珍.自然保护区禁伐令的探析——以天目山国家自然保护区为例[J].江西农业大学学报:社会科学版,2008,4:126-129.
    [276]杨淑贞,杜晴洲.天目山毛竹林蔓延对鸟类多样性的影响研究[J].浙江林业科技,2008,4:43-46.
    [277]姚庆渭.实用林业词典[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,1990:46.
    [278]Harmom M E, et al. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystem[J]. In:Advances in ecological research,1986,15:133-302.
    [279]季昆森,韦重主编.循环经济理论与实践长三角循环经济论坛暨2006年安徽博士科技论坛论文集[M].安徽大学出版社,2006,7:540-543.
    [280]邓华锋.中国森林可持续经营管理研究[M].北京市:科学出版社,2008:286-288.
    [281]徐小牛.林学概论[M].北京市:中国农业大学出版社,2008,1:291.
    [282]徐化成.中国红松天然林[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2001.4:237-242.
    [283]郭晋平,马大华.森林经理学原理[M].北京科学出版社,2000:56-62.
    [284]周新年,巫志龙.森林择伐研究进展[J].山地学报,2007,5:629-636.
    [285]赵秀海,吴榜华,史济彦.世界森林生态采伐理论的研究进展[J].吉林林学院学报,1994,10(3):204-10.
    [286]周新年,邱仁辉.福建天然林择伐研究[J].福建林业科技,1992,19(4):56-60.
    [287]陈祥伟,胡海波.林学概论[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,2005:266.
    [288]兆赖之.育林学[M].北京市:中国环境科学出版社,2004:152.
    [289]姚延梼,杨秀清,杜娟.林学概论[M].北京市:中国农业科学技术出版社,2008:204-205.
    [290]曹新孙.择伐[M].北京中国林业出版,1990:30-119.
    [291]于政中.森林经理学[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,1993:47-111.
    [292]常杰,葛滢著.统合生物学纲要[M].北京市:高等教育出版社,2006:142-143.
    [293]廖方明.天然林择伐作业技术探讨[J].林业科技开发,2004,6:74-75.
    [294]刘安兴,杜群.森林类型的最优化选择与经营设计[J].浙江大学学报,2005,31(5):545-549.
    [295]郭仁鉴刘安兴.浙江省主要树种组高蓄积林分特征分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1998,1:51-55.
    [296]佘济云,成子纯,蔡聪等.长江中上游马尾松阔叶树混交林结构规律研究[J].林业资源管理,2002(2):33-36.
    [297]佘济云,曾思齐.马尾松阔叶树混交林涵水固土功能研究[J].中南林业调查规划,2002,1:52-55.
    [298]浙江森林编辑委员会.浙江森林[M].北京市:中国林业出版社,1993:70-82.
    [299]刘安兴,郭仁鉴.针阔混交防防林可持续经营技术研究[J].浙江林学院学报,1998,1:42-50.
    [300]伍业钢,李哈滨.景观生态学的理论发展[A].北京市:中国科学技术出版社,1992:30-39.
    [301]Pickett S.T.A, White P.S. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics[M].Academic:New York,1985:472.
    [302]Forman, R.T.T. Land Mosaic—The Ecology of Landscape and Regions[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,1995.
    [303]Forman, R.T.T. Some General Principles of Landscape and Regional Ecology[J]. Landscape Ecology,1995,10(3):133-142.
    [304]郝吉海,张洪林.森林可持续经营与森林生态采伐经营[J].林业勘查设计,2007,2:13-14.
    [305]林来仙,石雷,岳祥华.干扰和森林可持续发展[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(10):109-111.
    [306]王如松,周涛.产业生态学基础[M].北京市:新华出版社,2006:335-337.
    [307]蒋忠诚李先琨,曾馥平.岩溶峰丛洼地生态重建[M].地质出版社,2007.5:36-37.
    [308]麦肯,A.S.鲍尔,S.R.弗迪.生态学[M].北京市:科学出版社,2004:227-235.
    [309]大盒永治.森林择伐[M].北京市:中国林业出版杜,1988,202-233.
    [310]郎奎建,王长文.森林经营管理学导论[M].哈尔滨市:东北林业大学出版社,2005:85-86.
    [311]吴曙东.森林经营学[M]北京市:科学技术出版社,1957:110.
    [312]Hartono H, Lorenzo M C, Valmores C,et al. Learning together:responding to change and complexity to improve community forests in the Philippines[R]. Bogor, Indonesia:CIFOR,2003.
    [313]Salafsky N, Margoluis R, Redford K. Adaptive management:a tool for conservation practitioners[R]. The Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund,2001.
    [314]Jaeobson C. Introduction to adaptive management[EB/OL].2003. http://student, lincoln. ac. nz/am—links/am—intro.html.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700