中国简管蓟马族分类研究
|
摘要
本文是管蓟马亚科简管蓟马族的分类研究论文。论文回顾了国内外简管蓟马族的研究历史，介绍了简管蓟马族的形态分类特征；简要介绍了简管蓟马族的生物学特性、经济重要性及其地理分布。分类部分系统描述了中国简管蓟马族12属47种，包括17新种，6中国新记录种，编制了分属、种检索表，绘制了所有种主要形态特征图，并补充了雄性外生殖器图。首次应用支序分析计算机软件Hennig86对中国简管蓟马族12属间的系统发育关系进行了初步研究，结果表明：Stigmothrips和Bamboosiella两个属在3个树中均位于根部，与外群及其它属平行，不属于本族；简管蓟马族的这10个属可以归纳为3个组：缺翅管蓟马组，仅包括缺翅管蓟马属Apterygothrips；简管蓟马组，包括长吻管蓟马属Neoheegeria、修管蓟马属Dolichothrips、木管蓟马属Xylaplothrips、简管蓟马属Haplothrips；棘腿管蓟马组，包括肢管蓟马属Podothrips、前肢管蓟马属Praepodothrips、长鬃管蓟马属Karnyothrips、巴氏管蓟马属Bagnalliella、棘腿管蓟马属Androthrips，简管蓟马组和缺翅管蓟马组的属间关系与目前多数蓟马分类学者的认识相同，而棘腿管蓟马组中的属间关系还需进一步的研究和探讨。
新种及中国新记录如下：
新种：贵阳棘腿管蓟马Androthrips guiyangensis、短鬃竹管蓟马Bamboosiella brevibristla、端大修管蓟马Dolichothrips apeventricosus、长鬃修管蓟马Dolichothrips longibristlus、陕西修管蓟马Dolichothrips shaanxiensis、河南修管蓟马Dolichothrips henanensis、黄色修管蓟马Dolichothrips flavescenus、基缩长吻管蓟马Neoheegeria contractas、安顺长吻管蓟马Neoheegeria anshunensis、异色前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips bicolorum、长前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips longus、梯形前肢管蓟马Praepadothrips scalariformus、包头前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips baotouensis、三角肢管蓟马Podothrips triangularus、杯状斑管蓟马Stigmothrips cupuliformus、南宁木管蓟马Xylaplothrips nanningensis、钟木管蓟马Xylaplothrips campanulatus。
中国新记录种：丽竹管蓟马Bamboosiella exastis(Ananthakrishnan et Kudo)、支简管蓟马Haplothrips defractus Schliephake et Idimt、星补血草简管蓟马Haplothrips limisniastri Priesner、平简管蓟马Haplothrips tolerabilis Priesner、毛蕊长吻管蓟马Neoheegeria verbasci(Osborn)、舟前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips cymbapogomi Ananthakrishnan。
文末附有学名索引、中名索引、系统发育树、种类特征图47幅及中国简管蓟马族属种名录。
This paper deals with a taxonomical study on the Chinese thrips of the tribe Haplothripini . It includes the following parts: resume, materials and methods, result and discussion. Firstly, the history and present situation both in China and abroad, biological character, economic importance and taxonomic character are reviewed and outlined. Secondly, in the taxonomy part, 47 species of 12 genera in the tribe Haplothripini from China have been identified and described, of which 17 species are new to science, 6 species are newly recorded from China. Keys are given to all genera and species concerned. The male genitalia of some species have been illustrated supplementarily. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 genera of Haplothripini is originally carried out in the paper, 3 cladogram are obtained. The results show that the genera Stigmothrips and Bamboosiella would be removed from Haplothripini, all the other 10 genera is a monophyletic group and can be categorized into three groups: Apterygothrips group, Haplothrips gr
oup, Androthrips group. Apterygothrips group contains Apterygothrips. Haplothrips group contains Neoheegeria, Dolichothrips, Xylaplothrips and Haplothrips. Androthrips group contains Podothrips, Praepodothrips, Karngothrips, Bagnalliella and Androthrips. Intergenera relationships in Haplothrips group and Apterygothrips group are consistent with the present knowledge, but relationships in Androthrips group need to be further studied.
New species: Androthrips guiyangensis Bamboosiella brevibristla Dolichothrips apeventricosus Dolichothrips longibristlus Dolichothrips shaanensis Dolichothrips henanensis Dolichothrips flavescenus Neoheegeria contractas Neoheegeria anshunensis Praepodothrips bicolorum Praepodothrips longus Praepadothrips scalariformus Praepodothrips baotouensis Podothrips triangularus Stigmothrips cupuliformus Xylaplothrips nanningensis Xylaplothrips campanulatus,
New records:Bamboosiella exastis (Ananthakrishnan & Kudo), Haplothrips defractus Schliephake et Idimt Haplothrips limisniastri PriesnerHaplothrips tolerabilis Priesne Neoheegeria verbasci (Osborn) Praepodothrips cymbapogomi Ananthakrishnan.
At the end of the paper, some important information and figures were attached.
新种及中国新记录如下：
新种：贵阳棘腿管蓟马Androthrips guiyangensis、短鬃竹管蓟马Bamboosiella brevibristla、端大修管蓟马Dolichothrips apeventricosus、长鬃修管蓟马Dolichothrips longibristlus、陕西修管蓟马Dolichothrips shaanxiensis、河南修管蓟马Dolichothrips henanensis、黄色修管蓟马Dolichothrips flavescenus、基缩长吻管蓟马Neoheegeria contractas、安顺长吻管蓟马Neoheegeria anshunensis、异色前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips bicolorum、长前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips longus、梯形前肢管蓟马Praepadothrips scalariformus、包头前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips baotouensis、三角肢管蓟马Podothrips triangularus、杯状斑管蓟马Stigmothrips cupuliformus、南宁木管蓟马Xylaplothrips nanningensis、钟木管蓟马Xylaplothrips campanulatus。
中国新记录种：丽竹管蓟马Bamboosiella exastis(Ananthakrishnan et Kudo)、支简管蓟马Haplothrips defractus Schliephake et Idimt、星补血草简管蓟马Haplothrips limisniastri Priesner、平简管蓟马Haplothrips tolerabilis Priesner、毛蕊长吻管蓟马Neoheegeria verbasci(Osborn)、舟前肢管蓟马Praepodothrips cymbapogomi Ananthakrishnan。
文末附有学名索引、中名索引、系统发育树、种类特征图47幅及中国简管蓟马族属种名录。
This paper deals with a taxonomical study on the Chinese thrips of the tribe Haplothripini . It includes the following parts: resume, materials and methods, result and discussion. Firstly, the history and present situation both in China and abroad, biological character, economic importance and taxonomic character are reviewed and outlined. Secondly, in the taxonomy part, 47 species of 12 genera in the tribe Haplothripini from China have been identified and described, of which 17 species are new to science, 6 species are newly recorded from China. Keys are given to all genera and species concerned. The male genitalia of some species have been illustrated supplementarily. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 genera of Haplothripini is originally carried out in the paper, 3 cladogram are obtained. The results show that the genera Stigmothrips and Bamboosiella would be removed from Haplothripini, all the other 10 genera is a monophyletic group and can be categorized into three groups: Apterygothrips group, Haplothrips gr
oup, Androthrips group. Apterygothrips group contains Apterygothrips. Haplothrips group contains Neoheegeria, Dolichothrips, Xylaplothrips and Haplothrips. Androthrips group contains Podothrips, Praepodothrips, Karngothrips, Bagnalliella and Androthrips. Intergenera relationships in Haplothrips group and Apterygothrips group are consistent with the present knowledge, but relationships in Androthrips group need to be further studied.
New species: Androthrips guiyangensis Bamboosiella brevibristla Dolichothrips apeventricosus Dolichothrips longibristlus Dolichothrips shaanensis Dolichothrips henanensis Dolichothrips flavescenus Neoheegeria contractas Neoheegeria anshunensis Praepodothrips bicolorum Praepodothrips longus Praepadothrips scalariformus Praepodothrips baotouensis Podothrips triangularus Stigmothrips cupuliformus Xylaplothrips nanningensis Xylaplothrips campanulatus,
New records:Bamboosiella exastis (Ananthakrishnan & Kudo), Haplothrips defractus Schliephake et Idimt Haplothrips limisniastri PriesnerHaplothrips tolerabilis Priesne Neoheegeria verbasci (Osborn) Praepodothrips cymbapogomi Ananthakrishnan.
At the end of the paper, some important information and figures were attached.
引文
1．蔡邦华，1985，昆虫分类学(上，中，下册)．北京：科学出版社
2．陈作新，1997．昆虫生物地理学．北京：中国林业出版社
3．段半锁，1998．河南伏牛山蓟马三新种记述．伏牛山区昆虫(Ⅰ)，北京：中国农业科技出版社，53-58
4．段半锁，冯纪年，1999．鸡公山昆虫—缨翅目．北京：中国农业科技出版社
5．段半锁，李明照，杨蕊枝，1998．中国简管蓟马属一新种记述．动物分类学报，23(1)：48-51
6．冯纪年，1992．中国蓟马科七新记录种．昆虫分类学报，14(3)：235-236
7．冯纪年，晁平安，马彩霞，1999．陕西太白山大蓟马属二新种．昆虫分类学报，21(4)：261-264
8．韩运发，张广学，1981．缨翅目 西藏昆虫，Vol，1
9．韩运发，1992．西南武陵山地区昆虫—缨翅目．北京：科学出版社
10．韩运发，1997．缨翅目：纹蓟马科 蓟马科管蓟马科．长江三峡库区昆虫(上册)，重庆：重庆出版社，531-571
11．韩运发，1997．中国经济昆虫志(缨翅目)．北京：科学出版社
12．韩运发，崔云琦．1991．横断山管蓟马二新种记述．昆虫学报，34(3)：337-339
13．韩运发，潘永诚，王德清，1979．京郊玉米蓟马的研究．昆虫学报，22(2)：133-139
14．韩运发，徐祖荫，1982．中国农作物蓟马．北京：农业出版社
15．韩运发，张广学，1981．西藏昆虫第一册——缨翅目．北京：科学出版社
16．黄春梅，1993，龙栖山动物．北京：中国林业出版社
17．黄大卫，1996．支序系统学概论．北京：中国农业出版社
18．李清西，2000．计算机在昆虫分类中的新用途．昆虫分类学报，22(2)：153-156
19．李子忠，汪廉敏，1992．贵州农林昆虫志．贵阳：贵州科学技术出版社
20．林荫珍，1992．昆虫标本制作．上海：上海科学技术出版社
21．刘兆弟，1962．小麦皮蓟马生活规律几测报技术的初步研究．新疆农业科学，(3)：89-101
22．孟祥玲，1961．几种常见蓟马的鉴别．昆虫知识，10(4-6)：517-521
23．孟祥玲，1967．几种常见蓟马的鉴别．昆虫学报，10(4-6)：517-521
24．宋大祥，1994．西南武陵山地区动物资源和评价．北京：科学出版社
25．谭娟杰，1980．昆虫的地质历史．动物分类学报，5(1)：1-13
26．天目山自然保区管理局，1992．天目山自然保护区自然资源综合考察报告．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社
27．童晓立，张维球，1989．中国管蓟马亚科菌食性蓟马种类简记．华南农业大学学报，10(3)：58-66
28．童晓立，1988．中国南方管蓟马科的分类及地理分布的初步研究(硕士论文)
29．王保海，1992．西藏昆虫区系及其演化．郑州：河南科学技术出版社
30．王金川，严双全，1990，甘肃麦类作物蓟马种类．植物保护，16(2)：5-7
31．王敬儒，杨海峰，戴淑慧，1959．新疆棉区蓟马为害情况．昆虫知识，3：86-88
32．王林瑶，张广学，1983．昆虫标本技术．北京：科学出版社
33．吴鸿，方志刚，1992．浙江莫干山昆虫名录浙江林学院学报9(4)：450-470
34．吴鸿，方志刚，1995．浙江古田山昆虫区系研究浙江林学院学报12(1)：63-72
35．吴宝铃，陆华，1993．支序分类CLADISTICS在浮游多毛类眼蚕科ALCIOPIDAE系统演化研究中的应用．动物学报，39(1)：23-29
36．吴宝铃，陆华，1993．支序分类CLADISTICS在蜉蝣多毛类眼蚕科ALCIOPIDAE系统演化研究中的应用．动物学报，39(1)：23-28
37．杨集昆，1960．昆虫的采集．上海：上海科学技术出版社
38．杨集昆，1988．梵净山昆虫考察专辑．贵州省科学院生物所
39．杨玲环，2001．中国横脊叶蝉系统分类，西北农林科技大学博士学位论文
40．杨秀元，吴坚，1981．中国森林昆虫名录．北京：中国林业出版社
41．尹文英，1992．中国亚热带土壤动物．北京：科学出版社
42．袁锋，1996．昆虫分类学．北京：科技出版社
43．张荣祖，1998．中国动物地理区划的再修订．动物分类学报，Vol．23，Suppl
44．张维球，1980．几种捕食性蓟马．昆虫天敌(1)：1-6
45．张维球，1982．海南岛尖峰岭食菌性蓟马．昆虫分类学报，4(1-2)：61-63
46．张维球，1984．广东海南岛蓟马种类初志Ⅲ管蓟马亚科(缨翅目：管蓟马科)．华南农业大学学报，5(3)：15-27
47．张维球，1984．广东海南岛蓟马种类初志Ⅱ大管蓟马亚科(缨翅目：管蓟马科)．华南农学院学报，5(2)：18-25
48．张维球，1984．中国皮蓟马族种类初记．昆虫分类学报，6(1)：15-22
49．张维球，1989．中国管蓟马亚科菌食性蓟马种类简记．华南农业大学学报，10(3)：58-66
50．张维球，童晓立，1993．西双版纳管蓟马亚科种类及二新种汜述．华南农业大学，14(3)：10-16
51．张维球，童晓立，1997．中国剪管蓟马属种类及一新种记述，昆虫分类学报，19(2)：58-66
52．张维球，童晓立，1999．中国网管蓟马属种类及二新种．动物分类学报，15(1)：101-106
53．张智强，2000．国际动物命名法规·第四版．动物分类学报，25(3)：359-360
54．赵铁桥，1995．系统生物学的概念和方法，北京：科学出版社
55．赵蔚曾，1963．小麦皮蓟马Haplothrips tritici Kurdjumov在穗上活动习性的研究．新疆害虫文选(第二集)，88-92
56．赵修复，1981．福建省昆虫名录，福州：福建科学技术出版社
57．赵修复，1993．武夷山自然保护区科学考察报告集，福州：福建科学技术出版社
58．郑乐怡，1987．动物分类学原理与方法北京：高等教育出版社
59．郑乐怡，归鸿，1999．昆虫学(上)．南京：南京师范大学出版社
60．中国科学院青藏高原综合考察队，1981、1982．西藏昆虫(第一，二册)．北京：科学出版社
61．中国自然地理编委会，1979．中国自然地理动物地理．北京：科学出版社
62，钟扬，1994．分支分类的原理与方法．北京：高等教育出版社
63．周尧，1983．拉丁文．杨凌：天则出版社
64．周尧，刘思孔，谢卫平译，1993．昆虫外生殖器在昆虫分类上的应用．香港：天则出版社
65．朱弘复，1979．中国昆虫分类学、昆虫形态学三十年．昆虫学报，22(3)：237-240
66．朱弘复，1987，动物分类学理论基础．上海：上海科学技术出版社
67． 朱弘复等译，1988． 国际动物法规(第三版)．北京：科技出版社
68． 禹建锡，1974． Thysanoptera of Korea．Korean J. of Entomol．，4(2) ：1-90
69． 黑尺三树男，1968． 日本产总翅类の研究．Insecta Matsumurana，Supplement 4：1-94
70． Ananthakrishnan T. N. , 1984． Bioecology of Thrips. India Publication House, Oak Park, Michigan, 233 pp
71． Ananthakrishnan T. N., 1980． Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera. Zoological Survey of India, 234 pp.
72． Ananthakrishnan T. N.,1979． Biosystematics of Thysanoptera. Ann.Rev. Entomol,24: 159-83
73． Ananthakrishnan T.N et Sen.S. ,1980． Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera. Handbook Ser.zool.Surv. Indian,(1) :1-234
74． Ananthakrishnan T.N. and Jagadish A.,1969． Studies on the species of Xylaplothrips Priesner from India.Zoologischer Anzeigei,182(1-2) :121-133
75． Ananthakrishnan T.N. and Kudo I., 1974． The species of the Genus Xenothrips Ananthakrishnan(Thysanoptera,Phlaeothripidae). Kontyu.tokyo,42(2) :117-121
76． Ananthakrishnan T.N., 1955． Studies on some Indian thysanoptera-Ⅰ. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 8 (12) :608-612
77． Ananthakrishnan T.N., 1968． Patterns of structural diversity in the males of some phlaeophilous Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (N. S.) ,4:413-418
78． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1956． Studies on some Indian thysanoptera-Ⅱ. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 8 (12) :608-612
79． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1964． Thysanopterologica Indica-Ⅱ. Ent.Tidskr., 85:218-235
80． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1964． Contribution to our knowledge of Tubulifera from India. Opuse. Ent. (suppl.) ,25:1-120
81． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1971． New species of Stigmothrips Ananthakrishnan with to Indian species.J.Zool.Soc.India, 23(2) :175-185
82． Ananthakrishnan,T.N. et Jagadish,A.,1971． Further studies on the mycophagous species of Xylaplothrips Priesner. Zool.Anz, 186:259-267．
83． Ananthakrishnan,T.N., 1953． Note on some Thysanoptera From South India .Indian J.Ent.,New Dilhi, 14:197-20
84． Ananthakrishnan,T.N., 1968． Study on new and little known Indian Thysanoptera Orient Insects , 1 (1-2) : 113-138
85． Bailey, S. F., 1940． The distribution of injurious thrips in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 33:133-136
86． Bhatti J. S., 1979． Studies in some Haplothripine forms (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Nouvelle Revue Ent., 9(4) : 305-311
87． Bhatti J. S.,1973． A new species of Haplothrips(Thysanoptera:Phlaeothripidae)from wheat in India. Orient Insects,7(4) :535-537
88． Bhatti J.S., 1978． A review of Dolichothrips karny and Dolicholepta Preisner,with descriptions of two new genera (Insecta:Thysanoptera;Phlaeothripidae). Ent., 3(2) :221-228
89． Bhatti J.S., 1978． Four new species of Thysanoptera from India. Oriental Insects, 12(3) :419-432
90． Bhatti J.S., 1993． List of world genera of the Order Tubulifera (Insecta). Zoology
(Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 3(3) :241-271
91． Bhatti J.S., and Hattar I.M.S.,1974． A new species of Dolicholepta from India(Thysanoptera:Phlaeothripidae).Bulletin Ent.Soc.India.,21 (1-2) : 1-22
92． Bournier A. ,1995． Thysanopteres de France 6． Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. ,11(1) : 137-141
93． Bournier A., Jean P, 1997． New Caledonian Primary Forest Thysanoptera.1． Thysanoptera des forets primaires de Nouvelle-Caledonie, 1, Annales de la Societe Entomogique France, 33(2) : 139-15
94． Crespl B. J. , Vanderkist B. A. ,1997． Fluctuating asymmetry in vestigial and functional traits of a haplodiploid insect. Horedity ,79(6) : 624-630
95． Crespl B. J., Carmean D. A., Chapman T. W. ,1997． Ecology and evolution of galling thrips and their allies. Annual Review of Entomology ,42: 51-71
96． Dyadechko, N. P., 1977． Thrips or Fringe-winged Insects (Thysanoptera) of the European Part of the USSR. New Delhi, India, 9: 344
97． Faure, J. C., 1959-1961． Thysanoptera of Africa Parts 1-5． Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 22:201-228 (1959) , 22:367-384 (1959) , 23:16-44 (1960) , 23:237-277 (1960) , 24:133-153 (1961)
98． EDWIN H.C., 1956． Systematics of the suborder Tubulifera(Thysanoptera) in California. London : Cambridge university Press
99． Han Y.Y., 1993． Thysanoptera. Animals of Longqi Mountain. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House
100． Hennig Willi,Phylogenetic Systematics, Translated by D.Dwight Davis and Rainer Zangeri, Foreword by Donn E.Rosen,Gareth Nelson,and Colin Patterson,University of Illinois press,Urbana Chicago London:263
101． Howurd N.O., 1923． The relation of an undescribed species of Pestallozzia to a disease of Cinnamomum campbora Nees and Eberm. Phytopatbology 13:47-48
102． Jacot-Guillarmod, C. F., and D. J. Brothers. 1986． Catalogue of the Thysanoptera of the World (part 7) . Annals of Cape Province Museum (Natural History) 17(1) :1-93
103． Jacot-Guillarmond, C. F., 1939． New species of Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) from South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 1 :47-77
104． Jact gaillarmod C. F. ,1970． Catalogue of the Thysanoptera of the World .Part Ⅰ-Ⅶ. Ann. Cape rov. Mus.
105． Kudo L, 1970． Preliminary notes on Thysanoptera in Sapporo and the vicinity. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ.(Zool) ,(17) : 446-461
106． Kudo I.,1974． Some graminivorous and gall forming Thysanoptera of Taiwan.Kontyu,Tokyo,42(2) : 110-116
107． Lewis T.R., 1973． Thrips, their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance. New York: Acadimic Press
108． Loomans A. J. M., van Lenteren J. C. ,1995． Biological control of thrips pests:a review on thrips parasitoids. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers, (1) : 89-201
109． Moulton D. ,1928． New Thysanoptera from Formosa. Tans. nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa , 98: 287-328
110． Mound L. A. ,1995． Biosystematics of two new gall-inducing thrips with soldiers (Insect: Thysanoptera) from Hcacia threes in Australia. J. of Natruel History, 29(1) : 147-157
111． Mound L. A., and Walker A. K.,1986． Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Fauna of New Zealand ,10:1-140．
112． Mound L. A., Crespi B. ,1992． The complex of Phlaeothripinae (Insecta: Thysanoptera) in woody steni galls of Casuarina trees in Australia. Journal of Natural History ,26(2) : 395-460
113． Mound L. A., Heming B. S., Palmer J. M., 1980． Phylogenetic relationships between the families of recent Thysanoptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ,69:111-141
114． Mound L. A., Houston K. J., 1987． An Annotated Check-list of Thysanoptera from Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London. pp. 28
115． Mound L. A.,1968． A review of R.S.Bagnall's Thysanoptera collections. Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist.(Ent.)suppl, 11:1-181
116． Mound L.A., J M.Palmer, 1983． The generic and tribal classidication of spore-feeding Thysanoptera(Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae).Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist. (Ent.),46(1) : 1-174
117． Mound L.A.,1970． Convoluted maxillary styletes and the systematics of some Phlaeothripine Thysanoptera from Casuarina trees in Australia. J.Aust.Zool, 18:439-463
118． Mound L.A.,1977． Leaf-litter Thysanoptera of the subtribe Williamsiellina (Phlaeothripidae). Bulletin Br.Mus.Hist.(Ent.),36(4) :171-192
119． Okajima S., 1993． Bamboo-inhabiting genera Mychiothrips and Veerabahuthrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomol, 61(4) : 723-736
120． Okajima s.,1986． Studies on the Genus Podothrips Hood from Taiwan,with Description of aNew Species(Thysanoptera,Phlaeothripidae). Kontyu, Tokyo,54(4) :713-718
121． Okajima S.,1999． The Significance of Stylet Length In Thysanoptera,with a Recision of Oidanothrips(Phlaeothripidae),an old world genus of large Fungus-feeding species.Entomological Science, 2(2) :265-279
122． Palmer J. M., 1990． Identification of the common thrips of tropical Africa (Thysanoptera: Insecta). Tropical Pest Management ,36(1) :27-49 [keys for genera and species, checklist of crops and their thrips pests
123． Palmer J.M.et Mound L.A., 1978． Nine genera of fungus-feeding Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) from the Oriental region. Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist.(Ent.) ,37(5) :209-212
124． Parker B. L., Skinner, M., T. Lewis., 1995． Thrips biology and management. New York: Plenum Press
125． Pelikan J.B.,1984． Thysanoptera aus der Mongolei Ⅲ. Annls. Hist-nat. Mus. nata. hung.,76:109-128
126． Pitkin B. R., Mound L. A., 1973． A catalogue of west African Thysanoptera. Bulletin Inst.fond. Afr. Noire, 35(2) : 407-449
127． Pitkin B. R.,1976． A revision of the Indian species of Haplothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist.(Ent.),34:21-280
128． Pitkin B. R.,1977． The genus Antillothrips Stannard,with descriptions of two new species(Thysanoptera:Phlaeothripidae). Systematic Entomology,2:53-58
129． Pitkin B. R.,Mound L. A., 1973． A catalogue of West African Thysanoptera. Bulletin dellnstitut Francais dAfrique Noire (A), 35(2) :407-449
130． Pitkin B.R.,1973． A revision of the Australian Haplothripini with descriptions of three new species(Thysanoptera:phlaeothripidae). J.AUST.ent.Soc., 12:315-339
131． Priesner H., 1932． Contibutions towards a knowledge of the Thysanoptera of Egypt VI. Bull.Soc.Ent.Egypte, 16:45-51
132． Priesner H.,1949． Genera Thysanoptera-Key to the identification of the genera of the order Thysanoptera. Bull.Soc.Fouad ler Entom., 33:31-157
133． Priesner H., 1960． A monograph of the Thysanoptera of the Egyptian deserts. Publ. Inst. Desert
134． Reyes C. P. and Rillon G. C., 1994． Survey of the thrips fauna and their predators on irrigated, transplanted rice. Philippine Entomologist, 9(3) : 268-385
135． Ritchard Z.R.,1980． Zwei neue graminicole Fransenflugler-Arten von mittelatantischen Inseln (Insecta:Thysanoptera).Senchenbergiana biol., 61:397-406
136． Ritche J.M., 1974． A revision of the grass-living genus Podothrips. J.Ent.(B), 43(2)
137． Schreiter G,and Moritz G.,1996． The use of scanning electron microscope for investigations of rungai infected and noninfected thrips-a critical review. Folia Entomol. Hung,57: 139-141．
138． Simmond h.w., 1933． The biological control of the weed Clidemia birta. Bull.ent.Res. 24:345-348
139． Stannard L. J., 1957． The phylogeny and classification of the North American genera of the suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Illinois Biological Monographs ,25: 1-200
140． Stannard, L. J., 1968． The thrips, or Thysanoptera of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 29:215-552
141． Zhang Weiqiu, 1993． Checklist of Thrips(Insecta:Thysanoptera)from China. Zoology Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 4:409-433
142． Zur Strassen., 1960． Catalogue of the known species of South African Thysanoptera. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 23(2) :321-367
143． Zur Strassen., 1966． Taxonomisch-Systematische Bemerkungen Zur Gatting Aptergothrips Priesner. Senchenberg biol. ,47:161-175
2．陈作新，1997．昆虫生物地理学．北京：中国林业出版社
3．段半锁，1998．河南伏牛山蓟马三新种记述．伏牛山区昆虫(Ⅰ)，北京：中国农业科技出版社，53-58
4．段半锁，冯纪年，1999．鸡公山昆虫—缨翅目．北京：中国农业科技出版社
5．段半锁，李明照，杨蕊枝，1998．中国简管蓟马属一新种记述．动物分类学报，23(1)：48-51
6．冯纪年，1992．中国蓟马科七新记录种．昆虫分类学报，14(3)：235-236
7．冯纪年，晁平安，马彩霞，1999．陕西太白山大蓟马属二新种．昆虫分类学报，21(4)：261-264
8．韩运发，张广学，1981．缨翅目 西藏昆虫，Vol，1
9．韩运发，1992．西南武陵山地区昆虫—缨翅目．北京：科学出版社
10．韩运发，1997．缨翅目：纹蓟马科 蓟马科管蓟马科．长江三峡库区昆虫(上册)，重庆：重庆出版社，531-571
11．韩运发，1997．中国经济昆虫志(缨翅目)．北京：科学出版社
12．韩运发，崔云琦．1991．横断山管蓟马二新种记述．昆虫学报，34(3)：337-339
13．韩运发，潘永诚，王德清，1979．京郊玉米蓟马的研究．昆虫学报，22(2)：133-139
14．韩运发，徐祖荫，1982．中国农作物蓟马．北京：农业出版社
15．韩运发，张广学，1981．西藏昆虫第一册——缨翅目．北京：科学出版社
16．黄春梅，1993，龙栖山动物．北京：中国林业出版社
17．黄大卫，1996．支序系统学概论．北京：中国农业出版社
18．李清西，2000．计算机在昆虫分类中的新用途．昆虫分类学报，22(2)：153-156
19．李子忠，汪廉敏，1992．贵州农林昆虫志．贵阳：贵州科学技术出版社
20．林荫珍，1992．昆虫标本制作．上海：上海科学技术出版社
21．刘兆弟，1962．小麦皮蓟马生活规律几测报技术的初步研究．新疆农业科学，(3)：89-101
22．孟祥玲，1961．几种常见蓟马的鉴别．昆虫知识，10(4-6)：517-521
23．孟祥玲，1967．几种常见蓟马的鉴别．昆虫学报，10(4-6)：517-521
24．宋大祥，1994．西南武陵山地区动物资源和评价．北京：科学出版社
25．谭娟杰，1980．昆虫的地质历史．动物分类学报，5(1)：1-13
26．天目山自然保区管理局，1992．天目山自然保护区自然资源综合考察报告．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社
27．童晓立，张维球，1989．中国管蓟马亚科菌食性蓟马种类简记．华南农业大学学报，10(3)：58-66
28．童晓立，1988．中国南方管蓟马科的分类及地理分布的初步研究(硕士论文)
29．王保海，1992．西藏昆虫区系及其演化．郑州：河南科学技术出版社
30．王金川，严双全，1990，甘肃麦类作物蓟马种类．植物保护，16(2)：5-7
31．王敬儒，杨海峰，戴淑慧，1959．新疆棉区蓟马为害情况．昆虫知识，3：86-88
32．王林瑶，张广学，1983．昆虫标本技术．北京：科学出版社
33．吴鸿，方志刚，1992．浙江莫干山昆虫名录浙江林学院学报9(4)：450-470
34．吴鸿，方志刚，1995．浙江古田山昆虫区系研究浙江林学院学报12(1)：63-72
35．吴宝铃，陆华，1993．支序分类CLADISTICS在浮游多毛类眼蚕科ALCIOPIDAE系统演化研究中的应用．动物学报，39(1)：23-29
36．吴宝铃，陆华，1993．支序分类CLADISTICS在蜉蝣多毛类眼蚕科ALCIOPIDAE系统演化研究中的应用．动物学报，39(1)：23-28
37．杨集昆，1960．昆虫的采集．上海：上海科学技术出版社
38．杨集昆，1988．梵净山昆虫考察专辑．贵州省科学院生物所
39．杨玲环，2001．中国横脊叶蝉系统分类，西北农林科技大学博士学位论文
40．杨秀元，吴坚，1981．中国森林昆虫名录．北京：中国林业出版社
41．尹文英，1992．中国亚热带土壤动物．北京：科学出版社
42．袁锋，1996．昆虫分类学．北京：科技出版社
43．张荣祖，1998．中国动物地理区划的再修订．动物分类学报，Vol．23，Suppl
44．张维球，1980．几种捕食性蓟马．昆虫天敌(1)：1-6
45．张维球，1982．海南岛尖峰岭食菌性蓟马．昆虫分类学报，4(1-2)：61-63
46．张维球，1984．广东海南岛蓟马种类初志Ⅲ管蓟马亚科(缨翅目：管蓟马科)．华南农业大学学报，5(3)：15-27
47．张维球，1984．广东海南岛蓟马种类初志Ⅱ大管蓟马亚科(缨翅目：管蓟马科)．华南农学院学报，5(2)：18-25
48．张维球，1984．中国皮蓟马族种类初记．昆虫分类学报，6(1)：15-22
49．张维球，1989．中国管蓟马亚科菌食性蓟马种类简记．华南农业大学学报，10(3)：58-66
50．张维球，童晓立，1993．西双版纳管蓟马亚科种类及二新种汜述．华南农业大学，14(3)：10-16
51．张维球，童晓立，1997．中国剪管蓟马属种类及一新种记述，昆虫分类学报，19(2)：58-66
52．张维球，童晓立，1999．中国网管蓟马属种类及二新种．动物分类学报，15(1)：101-106
53．张智强，2000．国际动物命名法规·第四版．动物分类学报，25(3)：359-360
54．赵铁桥，1995．系统生物学的概念和方法，北京：科学出版社
55．赵蔚曾，1963．小麦皮蓟马Haplothrips tritici Kurdjumov在穗上活动习性的研究．新疆害虫文选(第二集)，88-92
56．赵修复，1981．福建省昆虫名录，福州：福建科学技术出版社
57．赵修复，1993．武夷山自然保护区科学考察报告集，福州：福建科学技术出版社
58．郑乐怡，1987．动物分类学原理与方法北京：高等教育出版社
59．郑乐怡，归鸿，1999．昆虫学(上)．南京：南京师范大学出版社
60．中国科学院青藏高原综合考察队，1981、1982．西藏昆虫(第一，二册)．北京：科学出版社
61．中国自然地理编委会，1979．中国自然地理动物地理．北京：科学出版社
62，钟扬，1994．分支分类的原理与方法．北京：高等教育出版社
63．周尧，1983．拉丁文．杨凌：天则出版社
64．周尧，刘思孔，谢卫平译，1993．昆虫外生殖器在昆虫分类上的应用．香港：天则出版社
65．朱弘复，1979．中国昆虫分类学、昆虫形态学三十年．昆虫学报，22(3)：237-240
66．朱弘复，1987，动物分类学理论基础．上海：上海科学技术出版社
67． 朱弘复等译，1988． 国际动物法规(第三版)．北京：科技出版社
68． 禹建锡，1974． Thysanoptera of Korea．Korean J. of Entomol．，4(2) ：1-90
69． 黑尺三树男，1968． 日本产总翅类の研究．Insecta Matsumurana，Supplement 4：1-94
70． Ananthakrishnan T. N. , 1984． Bioecology of Thrips. India Publication House, Oak Park, Michigan, 233 pp
71． Ananthakrishnan T. N., 1980． Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera. Zoological Survey of India, 234 pp.
72． Ananthakrishnan T. N.,1979． Biosystematics of Thysanoptera. Ann.Rev. Entomol,24: 159-83
73． Ananthakrishnan T.N et Sen.S. ,1980． Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera. Handbook Ser.zool.Surv. Indian,(1) :1-234
74． Ananthakrishnan T.N. and Jagadish A.,1969． Studies on the species of Xylaplothrips Priesner from India.Zoologischer Anzeigei,182(1-2) :121-133
75． Ananthakrishnan T.N. and Kudo I., 1974． The species of the Genus Xenothrips Ananthakrishnan(Thysanoptera,Phlaeothripidae). Kontyu.tokyo,42(2) :117-121
76． Ananthakrishnan T.N., 1955． Studies on some Indian thysanoptera-Ⅰ. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 8 (12) :608-612
77． Ananthakrishnan T.N., 1968． Patterns of structural diversity in the males of some phlaeophilous Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (N. S.) ,4:413-418
78． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1956． Studies on some Indian thysanoptera-Ⅱ. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 8 (12) :608-612
79． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1964． Thysanopterologica Indica-Ⅱ. Ent.Tidskr., 85:218-235
80． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1964． Contribution to our knowledge of Tubulifera from India. Opuse. Ent. (suppl.) ,25:1-120
81． Ananthakrishnan T.N.,1971． New species of Stigmothrips Ananthakrishnan with to Indian species.J.Zool.Soc.India, 23(2) :175-185
82． Ananthakrishnan,T.N. et Jagadish,A.,1971． Further studies on the mycophagous species of Xylaplothrips Priesner. Zool.Anz, 186:259-267．
83． Ananthakrishnan,T.N., 1953． Note on some Thysanoptera From South India .Indian J.Ent.,New Dilhi, 14:197-20
84． Ananthakrishnan,T.N., 1968． Study on new and little known Indian Thysanoptera Orient Insects , 1 (1-2) : 113-138
85． Bailey, S. F., 1940． The distribution of injurious thrips in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 33:133-136
86． Bhatti J. S., 1979． Studies in some Haplothripine forms (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Nouvelle Revue Ent., 9(4) : 305-311
87． Bhatti J. S.,1973． A new species of Haplothrips(Thysanoptera:Phlaeothripidae)from wheat in India. Orient Insects,7(4) :535-537
88． Bhatti J.S., 1978． A review of Dolichothrips karny and Dolicholepta Preisner,with descriptions of two new genera (Insecta:Thysanoptera;Phlaeothripidae). Ent., 3(2) :221-228
89． Bhatti J.S., 1978． Four new species of Thysanoptera from India. Oriental Insects, 12(3) :419-432
90． Bhatti J.S., 1993． List of world genera of the Order Tubulifera (Insecta). Zoology
(Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 3(3) :241-271
91． Bhatti J.S., and Hattar I.M.S.,1974． A new species of Dolicholepta from India(Thysanoptera:Phlaeothripidae).Bulletin Ent.Soc.India.,21 (1-2) : 1-22
92． Bournier A. ,1995． Thysanopteres de France 6． Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. ,11(1) : 137-141
93． Bournier A., Jean P, 1997． New Caledonian Primary Forest Thysanoptera.1． Thysanoptera des forets primaires de Nouvelle-Caledonie, 1, Annales de la Societe Entomogique France, 33(2) : 139-15
94． Crespl B. J. , Vanderkist B. A. ,1997． Fluctuating asymmetry in vestigial and functional traits of a haplodiploid insect. Horedity ,79(6) : 624-630
95． Crespl B. J., Carmean D. A., Chapman T. W. ,1997． Ecology and evolution of galling thrips and their allies. Annual Review of Entomology ,42: 51-71
96． Dyadechko, N. P., 1977． Thrips or Fringe-winged Insects (Thysanoptera) of the European Part of the USSR. New Delhi, India, 9: 344
97． Faure, J. C., 1959-1961． Thysanoptera of Africa Parts 1-5． Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 22:201-228 (1959) , 22:367-384 (1959) , 23:16-44 (1960) , 23:237-277 (1960) , 24:133-153 (1961)
98． EDWIN H.C., 1956． Systematics of the suborder Tubulifera(Thysanoptera) in California. London : Cambridge university Press
99． Han Y.Y., 1993． Thysanoptera. Animals of Longqi Mountain. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House
100． Hennig Willi,Phylogenetic Systematics, Translated by D.Dwight Davis and Rainer Zangeri, Foreword by Donn E.Rosen,Gareth Nelson,and Colin Patterson,University of Illinois press,Urbana Chicago London:263
101． Howurd N.O., 1923． The relation of an undescribed species of Pestallozzia to a disease of Cinnamomum campbora Nees and Eberm. Phytopatbology 13:47-48
102． Jacot-Guillarmod, C. F., and D. J. Brothers. 1986． Catalogue of the Thysanoptera of the World (part 7) . Annals of Cape Province Museum (Natural History) 17(1) :1-93
103． Jacot-Guillarmond, C. F., 1939． New species of Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) from South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 1 :47-77
104． Jact gaillarmod C. F. ,1970． Catalogue of the Thysanoptera of the World .Part Ⅰ-Ⅶ. Ann. Cape rov. Mus.
105． Kudo L, 1970． Preliminary notes on Thysanoptera in Sapporo and the vicinity. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ.(Zool) ,(17) : 446-461
106． Kudo I.,1974． Some graminivorous and gall forming Thysanoptera of Taiwan.Kontyu,Tokyo,42(2) : 110-116
107． Lewis T.R., 1973． Thrips, their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance. New York: Acadimic Press
108． Loomans A. J. M., van Lenteren J. C. ,1995． Biological control of thrips pests:a review on thrips parasitoids. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers, (1) : 89-201
109． Moulton D. ,1928． New Thysanoptera from Formosa. Tans. nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa , 98: 287-328
110． Mound L. A. ,1995． Biosystematics of two new gall-inducing thrips with soldiers (Insect: Thysanoptera) from Hcacia threes in Australia. J. of Natruel History, 29(1) : 147-157
111． Mound L. A., and Walker A. K.,1986． Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Fauna of New Zealand ,10:1-140．
112． Mound L. A., Crespi B. ,1992． The complex of Phlaeothripinae (Insecta: Thysanoptera) in woody steni galls of Casuarina trees in Australia. Journal of Natural History ,26(2) : 395-460
113． Mound L. A., Heming B. S., Palmer J. M., 1980． Phylogenetic relationships between the families of recent Thysanoptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ,69:111-141
114． Mound L. A., Houston K. J., 1987． An Annotated Check-list of Thysanoptera from Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London. pp. 28
115． Mound L. A.,1968． A review of R.S.Bagnall's Thysanoptera collections. Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist.(Ent.)suppl, 11:1-181
116． Mound L.A., J M.Palmer, 1983． The generic and tribal classidication of spore-feeding Thysanoptera(Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae).Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist. (Ent.),46(1) : 1-174
117． Mound L.A.,1970． Convoluted maxillary styletes and the systematics of some Phlaeothripine Thysanoptera from Casuarina trees in Australia. J.Aust.Zool, 18:439-463
118． Mound L.A.,1977． Leaf-litter Thysanoptera of the subtribe Williamsiellina (Phlaeothripidae). Bulletin Br.Mus.Hist.(Ent.),36(4) :171-192
119． Okajima S., 1993． Bamboo-inhabiting genera Mychiothrips and Veerabahuthrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomol, 61(4) : 723-736
120． Okajima s.,1986． Studies on the Genus Podothrips Hood from Taiwan,with Description of aNew Species(Thysanoptera,Phlaeothripidae). Kontyu, Tokyo,54(4) :713-718
121． Okajima S.,1999． The Significance of Stylet Length In Thysanoptera,with a Recision of Oidanothrips(Phlaeothripidae),an old world genus of large Fungus-feeding species.Entomological Science, 2(2) :265-279
122． Palmer J. M., 1990． Identification of the common thrips of tropical Africa (Thysanoptera: Insecta). Tropical Pest Management ,36(1) :27-49 [keys for genera and species, checklist of crops and their thrips pests
123． Palmer J.M.et Mound L.A., 1978． Nine genera of fungus-feeding Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) from the Oriental region. Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist.(Ent.) ,37(5) :209-212
124． Parker B. L., Skinner, M., T. Lewis., 1995． Thrips biology and management. New York: Plenum Press
125． Pelikan J.B.,1984． Thysanoptera aus der Mongolei Ⅲ. Annls. Hist-nat. Mus. nata. hung.,76:109-128
126． Pitkin B. R., Mound L. A., 1973． A catalogue of west African Thysanoptera. Bulletin Inst.fond. Afr. Noire, 35(2) : 407-449
127． Pitkin B. R.,1976． A revision of the Indian species of Haplothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist.(Ent.),34:21-280
128． Pitkin B. R.,1977． The genus Antillothrips Stannard,with descriptions of two new species(Thysanoptera:Phlaeothripidae). Systematic Entomology,2:53-58
129． Pitkin B. R.,Mound L. A., 1973． A catalogue of West African Thysanoptera. Bulletin dellnstitut Francais dAfrique Noire (A), 35(2) :407-449
130． Pitkin B.R.,1973． A revision of the Australian Haplothripini with descriptions of three new species(Thysanoptera:phlaeothripidae). J.AUST.ent.Soc., 12:315-339
131． Priesner H., 1932． Contibutions towards a knowledge of the Thysanoptera of Egypt VI. Bull.Soc.Ent.Egypte, 16:45-51
132． Priesner H.,1949． Genera Thysanoptera-Key to the identification of the genera of the order Thysanoptera. Bull.Soc.Fouad ler Entom., 33:31-157
133． Priesner H., 1960． A monograph of the Thysanoptera of the Egyptian deserts. Publ. Inst. Desert
134． Reyes C. P. and Rillon G. C., 1994． Survey of the thrips fauna and their predators on irrigated, transplanted rice. Philippine Entomologist, 9(3) : 268-385
135． Ritchard Z.R.,1980． Zwei neue graminicole Fransenflugler-Arten von mittelatantischen Inseln (Insecta:Thysanoptera).Senchenbergiana biol., 61:397-406
136． Ritche J.M., 1974． A revision of the grass-living genus Podothrips. J.Ent.(B), 43(2)
137． Schreiter G,and Moritz G.,1996． The use of scanning electron microscope for investigations of rungai infected and noninfected thrips-a critical review. Folia Entomol. Hung,57: 139-141．
138． Simmond h.w., 1933． The biological control of the weed Clidemia birta. Bull.ent.Res. 24:345-348
139． Stannard L. J., 1957． The phylogeny and classification of the North American genera of the suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Illinois Biological Monographs ,25: 1-200
140． Stannard, L. J., 1968． The thrips, or Thysanoptera of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 29:215-552
141． Zhang Weiqiu, 1993． Checklist of Thrips(Insecta:Thysanoptera)from China. Zoology Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 4:409-433
142． Zur Strassen., 1960． Catalogue of the known species of South African Thysanoptera. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 23(2) :321-367
143． Zur Strassen., 1966． Taxonomisch-Systematische Bemerkungen Zur Gatting Aptergothrips Priesner. Senchenberg biol. ,47:161-175