学徒制影响下的学院制：英国大学新闻教育研究
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摘要
英国的大学新闻教育起步较晚,但英国以其悠久的历史和文化为背景,以其富有特色的大学教育传统和发达的传媒业等为基础,在新闻教育方面形成了自己的特点,形成当今世界上主要的一种新闻教育模式。在传统的学徒制影响下,今天大学新闻教育以及媒体和行业组织的新闻培训,都延续了学徒制的影响,注重技能的培训,与重理论传授的媒介研究、传播学界限分明。根据美国社会学家马丁·特罗(Martin Trow)提出的高等教育发展的“精英-大众-普及”三阶段的理论,英国19世纪中期以前成立的古代大学代表着高等教育的精英阶段；从1963年《罗宾斯报告》发表后英国的高等教育由此开始走向平民阶层,教育制度也告别传统深厚的贵族模式,进入现代模式,向大众化发展；而20世纪90年代以后,大量多科技术学院升级成大学,使得大学教育在英国真正进入了大众化阶段。大学新闻教育的迅猛发展,正是在20世纪90年代以后,伴随着高等教育的大众化而出现的。英国的大学从拒绝新闻教育到接受乃至大规模进行新闻教育,这个跨度达一个世纪之久的过程其实背后是整个大学走下精英教育的神坛而面向大众提供服务的大背景。这其中的核心问题就是从一个阶段到另一个阶段的转移,其实充满着各种矛盾和紧张状态。这其中有行业组织的互相角力,有国家通过大学拨款进行的间接调控,也有行业在20世纪60、70年代的发展自身所带来的强大推动力。从一个阶段到另一个阶段的转移决不是完全彻底的转移,不同阶段的教育往往同时存在。目前英国的新闻教育在大学新闻教育之外,还存在着行业组织所提供的培训、媒体提供的培训和商业公司的培训。学院制教育蓬勃发展,而学徒制的影响依然存在。随着更多人接受大学教育,获得大学学位将成为获得更好的工作机会和经济报酬的重要前提,这也为我们观察英国新闻教育的总的趋势,提供了一个参考的视角。本文共分为六个主要的部分。第一部分绪论介绍了研究问题的提出和意义、研究现状、研究方法及创新之处。第二部分介绍了英国新闻教育的历史。第三部分从文化环境、学徒制的影响、行业组织、大学的态度等方面分析了新闻教育发展的各个方面背景情况。第四部分介绍了英国大学新闻教育的理念和教育方法。第五部分是英国大学新闻教育对我国的启示。第六部分是从新闻教育产生的动机、指导的理念、使命、方向、趋势、社会语境、课程等方面对英国新闻教育提出了思考。
The journalism education in UK developed relatively late with interruption. However it has formed one of the main modes of journalism education in the world full of it's own features with the background of long history of culture and on the basis of distinguishing feature of university education tradition and quite developed media industry. Under the influence of traditional on-the-job learning, either the journalism education in universities or the vocational training run by media groups or trade organizations focus on the training of practical skills and is markedly distinguished from media research and communications which emphasize on theory impartation.According to the theory of Martin Trow about the three phases of elite to mass to universal of the development of higher education in western countries, the ancient universities founded before the mid of 19th century represented the elite phase. With the issue of Robins Report (1963),the higher education began to say goodbye to the profound tradition of elite education and step up to the great masses of people, and developed toward the mass phase. After the 1990s many polytechnics are upgraded to universities, and the higher education really enter a new mass phase in the UK. The boom of university education of journalism just came with the mass instruction of higher education in the UK.It was just because of the megatrend of the whole higher education which descended from the divine altar and served the masses that for a century the universities'attitude towards journalism education had varied gradually from resolute refusal to acception, and even involvement on a large scale. The transition of elite to mass education was full of contradictions and tension actually which included the wrestle among trade organizations and the indirect regulation and control of the central government through the University Grants Commission(UGC) as well as the great impulse of the boom of the media industy during 1960s and 1970s. During the transition from one phase to another there still were different forms of education. At present the journalism education contains not only university education but the training provided by trade organizaions,media group and trade corporations.On one hand the university education developed quickly,on the other side the influence of apprenticeship still existed.With more and more people enter universities than ever before, those who own a degree will get the best job opportunities and highest pay. And this gives us a referenced way of observing the tendency of journalism education in the UK.This thesis is divided into six main parts.The first part is the introduction of the research significance/the literature review/research methods and the innovation.The second part is about the history of journalism education in UK.The third part analyzes the background of journalism education with the cultural environment/the influence of apprenticeship/the development of trade organizations and the attitude of universities.Next part is the enlightenment of UK journalism education on that of China.Finally the thesis approaches the subject of journalism education in UK from the motive/the guiding ideology/the mission/the direction/the tendency/the social context and the curriculum provision.
The journalism education in UK developed relatively late with interruption. However it has formed one of the main modes of journalism education in the world full of it's own features with the background of long history of culture and on the basis of distinguishing feature of university education tradition and quite developed media industry. Under the influence of traditional on-the-job learning, either the journalism education in universities or the vocational training run by media groups or trade organizations focus on the training of practical skills and is markedly distinguished from media research and communications which emphasize on theory impartation.According to the theory of Martin Trow about the three phases of elite to mass to universal of the development of higher education in western countries, the ancient universities founded before the mid of 19th century represented the elite phase. With the issue of Robins Report (1963),the higher education began to say goodbye to the profound tradition of elite education and step up to the great masses of people, and developed toward the mass phase. After the 1990s many polytechnics are upgraded to universities, and the higher education really enter a new mass phase in the UK. The boom of university education of journalism just came with the mass instruction of higher education in the UK.It was just because of the megatrend of the whole higher education which descended from the divine altar and served the masses that for a century the universities'attitude towards journalism education had varied gradually from resolute refusal to acception, and even involvement on a large scale. The transition of elite to mass education was full of contradictions and tension actually which included the wrestle among trade organizations and the indirect regulation and control of the central government through the University Grants Commission(UGC) as well as the great impulse of the boom of the media industy during 1960s and 1970s. During the transition from one phase to another there still were different forms of education. At present the journalism education contains not only university education but the training provided by trade organizaions,media group and trade corporations.On one hand the university education developed quickly,on the other side the influence of apprenticeship still existed.With more and more people enter universities than ever before, those who own a degree will get the best job opportunities and highest pay. And this gives us a referenced way of observing the tendency of journalism education in the UK.This thesis is divided into six main parts.The first part is the introduction of the research significance/the literature review/research methods and the innovation.The second part is about the history of journalism education in UK.The third part analyzes the background of journalism education with the cultural environment/the influence of apprenticeship/the development of trade organizations and the attitude of universities.Next part is the enlightenment of UK journalism education on that of China.Finally the thesis approaches the subject of journalism education in UK from the motive/the guiding ideology/the mission/the direction/the tendency/the social context and the curriculum provision.
引文
①张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》,《新闻与传播教育》,2006年第10期
②文凭课程所针对的是那些希望可以取得职业资格,让他们可以更容易找到工作的学生,学生在学习完成后通过考试可以获得文凭,但是没有学位。
③多科技术学院(Polytechnics),20世纪60年代由原来的技术学院、职业学院、商业学院等发展而来,与大学一起形成了英国大学高等教育的二元制。以技术和师资培训为主,重点放在职业培训方面。多科技术学院无权授学位,由全国学位授予委员会授予,其经费不是由政府通过大学拨款委员会拨给,而由地方教育当局支付。1992年多科技术学院升级为大学,二元制结束。
①戈公振：《中国报学史》,中国新闻出版社,1985年,第210页
①杜骏飞：《新闻传播教育向何处去?》,香港《传播与社会学刊》2009年第1期
②崔录：《名人名著100篇》,天津教育出版社,1989年,第378页
① Political and Economic Planning(1938) Report on the British Press, London:PEP,p.10
② An Audit of Training Arrangements for New Entrants into Joumalism(2006),Spilsbury Research,p.2
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p.24-26
②张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》,《新闻与传播教育》,2006年第10期。p78
③ Jannette L. Dates (2006) Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies,7:1, p459
④ Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education,
1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p44
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p296
② Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p298
③今天的伦敦大学是由多个行政独立的学院联合组成的学府,被称为“联邦制的大学”。1836年伦敦大学最初建校时,只有伦敦大学学院和伦敦国王学院这两所学院。如今学院有19所。大学旗下的学院都拥有高度的自治权,各学院在学术上有各自的领域。有些学院(如伦敦大学学院)的规模足可与一所大学相比。英国和国外很多大学建校时都是伦敦大学的附属学院,在授权下颁发伦敦大学的学位。
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p.95
②张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》,《新闻与传播教育》,2006年第10期
① Ansel Gray(1954),A Broader Approach to Journalism,The English Joumal,Vol.43,No.8
②GCE指通用教育证书(General Certificate of Education),在GCE制度中,高中毕业生(16岁)参加普通程度考试(GCE O-Level),大学预科毕业生(18岁)参加高级程度考试(GCE A-Level).1988年,英国的GCE O-Level考试被新的中学通用教育证书(GCSE)所取代。(整理自百度百科：GCE)
③ GCSE全称是General Certificate of Secondary Education(英国普通中等教育证书)。所有学生在11年级结束时要参加“中等教育普通证书”(GCSE)考试,学生在英语、数学、物理、化学、生物、宗教、历史、地理、音乐等学科中任选9门参加考试,考试结果分为A+、A、B……G计8个等级。考完GCSE,成绩较好的学生选择在本校或其他招收12、13年级的学校或学院继续学习3-5门课程,2年后参加升入大学所必需的”高级水平普通教育证书”(A-Level)考试；或者选择读补习学校或专修学院,2年后参加升读大学所需要的“国家普通职业资格”考试(GNVQ),也可以直接就业。
① Anthony Delano(2000),No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol.1,No.2,2000,p.264
② Anthony Delano(2000),No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol.1,No.2,2000,p.263
③居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期,P87
④卡迪夫大学建于1883年,是威尔士最大的大学,被评为英国最成功的大学之一。
① Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha (2002) Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison,Hampton Press,p.225
②这里的伦敦城市大学不是前文所提到的伦敦大学。它建于1894年,其前身是1894年创立的北安普顿学院,在1996年获得英国皇家的许可,正式成为一所正规大学。
③居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期
①Andrew McBarnet (1979).Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods, Media Culture Society,Vol.1,No.2,p.181
②居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期,P87
③Haynes,L.E.(1990).An Insider's View.UK Press Gazette,April,p.15-16
①英国的学院(COLLEGE)是具有高等教育的学校的通称,或者指只有大学(或本科)课程的学校,或隶属于某大学(或单独某专科)的某专业的院校,如没有其他学科的音乐学院美术学院,以独立的机构成立,同时颁发大学文凭。大学(University)通常是指一所设有文理科及专业课程的大学,且有至少一种领域的研究所,和至少一种的学士学位后的专业课程。UNIVERSITY可能包含很多COLLEGE。
②邱懋如：《英国的新闻教育》,《上海外国语学院学报外国语》,1986年第1期
③居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期
①邱懋如：《英国的新闻教育》,《上海外国语学院学报外国语》,1986年第1期
②林海、黄彬元：《英国报界如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
①党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》,2004年第4期
②Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
③红砖大学：19世纪末20世纪初成立,在1963年以前获得大学地位的大学,因其建筑风格而得名。在学术界的地位仅次于以牛津、剑桥、格拉斯哥大学等为代表的古代大学。
① Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
② Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
③ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
④ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
⑤刘畅：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008年第4期
⑤ Peter Wilby, A job for the wealthy and connected, The Guardian, Monday 7 April 2008
① Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.15
② Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007),Journalism Education in Britain, Journalism Practice.Vol.1, Issue 3,p.404
①潘忠党：《新闻与传播之别——解读凯里<新闻教育错在哪里>》,《国际新闻界》,2006年04期
②英国高等教育统计网站http://www.hesa.ac.uk/content/view/2355/
① Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.252
②丁汉青：《英国新闻与传播学教育的特点及启示》,《青年记者》2006年第23期
① Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale(2007), Journalists:100 years of the NUJ,London:Profile,p.14
② Peter Wilby, A job for the wealthy and connected, The Guardian, Monday 7 April 2008
①李琛：《英国新闻传媒专业：制度、论文和考试》,《新东方英语(New Oriental English)》,2007年第Z1期
②钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德·艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
①居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》1984年第10期
① Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2, p.141
② Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.141
① Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.142
② Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.139
③ Richard Keeble(1994),The Newspaper Handbook.London:Routledge,p.342
④ Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Volume 7, No.2,p.43
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology, Vol.54, Issue 4, p.548
② Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.143
③ Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.248
①参见后文3.2.1“NCTJ与英国新闻教育的职业训练传统”。
②黄鹂：《美国新闻教育的职业化定位》,华中科技大学博士论文,2004年,p.4
③吴飞：《新闻专业化研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2009年,绪论页
① Geoffrey Millerson(1964),The Qualifying Associations:A Study in Professionalization,London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,p.2
②刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期
①刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期
② Ernest Greenwood(1966),the Elements of Professinalization,in H.M.Vollmer and D.L.Mills(eds.), Professionalism, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,p.134
③ Freidson,E.(1994),Professionalism Reborn,Theory,Prophecy and Policy.Cambrige:Polity Press,p.62
④ Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.185
⑤ Tunstall,J.(1971),Journalists at Work,Specialist Correspondents:Their News Organizations,Source and Competitor-
colleagues,London:Constable,p.69
① Anthony Delano(2000), No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies, Volume 1, Number 2, p.261-272
② Andy Bull(2007), Training:a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.54
③ Freidson,E.(1994),Professionalism Reborn,Theory,Prophecy and Policy.Cambrige:Polity Press,p.62
① Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale (2007),Journalists:100 Years of the NUJ, London:Profile,p.16
② Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale (2007),Journalists:100 years of the NUJ, London:Profile,p.14
③ Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.197
④ Meryl Aldridge& Julia Evetts, rethinking the concept of professionalism:the case of journalism, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. No.54, p.549.
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.556
② Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4, p.556
③ Royal Commission on the Press Report(1949), London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.169
① Anthony Delano(2000), No Sign of a Better Job:100 Years of British Journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol.1, No. 2,p.269
② Tunstall,J.(1971),Journalists at Work,Specialist Correspondents:Their News Organizations,Source and Competitor-colleagues,London:Constable,p.69
③ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.18
① NUJ does not speak for British journalism, http://www.cioj.co.uk/nuj_does_not_speak_for_all_journalists.html,2007-04-21
②郭瑞：《英国新闻投诉委员会新掌门人产生》,《新闻记者》,2011年第11期,原载新华网
③王兆俊、董菁：《默多克窃听门中最应该注意的受害者》,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/15193257.html,来源：人民网,2011年07月19日13：53
④ Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press,p.217
⑤ Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press,p.212
⑥ Oliver Boyd-Barrett (1970), Journalism Recruitment and Training:Problems in Professionalisation, in Tunstall, J.
Ed., Media Sociology, Constable, London,p.181
① Meryl Aldridge & Julia Evetts, rethinking the concept of professionalism:the case of journalism, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. No.54, p.550.
② Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.149
③ Royal Commission on the Press Report(1949), London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.168
① Spilsbury Research(2006),An Audit of Training Arrangement for New Entrants into Journalism,p.24
② Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.14
③ Political and Economic Planning(1938), Report on the British Press, London:PEP,p.134
④ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute, p.13
① Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha (2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press, p.218
② Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.201
③ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.10
④[英]詹姆斯·卡瑞、珍·辛顿著,栾轶玫译：《英国新闻史》,清华大学出版社,2005年版,第7页
① Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.283
②赵民：《从戴安娜王妃到白晓燕——对“媒体极度自由”及道德自律的反思》,《新闻大学》,1997年第04期
③[德]马克斯·韦伯著,顾忠华译：《韦伯作品集Ⅻ：社会学的基本概念》,广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第58页
① Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.201
② Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale(2007),Journalists:100 years of the NUJ,London:Profile,p.243
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.551
② Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British
Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.558
①吴飞：《新闻专业主义研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第27页
② Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver and Christopher Dornan (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:not merely clones, Journalism Studies 2(4) p.475
③迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第659页
① Becker,L.B.,Fruit,J.W.,& Caudill,S.L.(1987).The Training and Hiring of Journalists.Norwood,NJ:Ablex,p.8
②见《新闻大学》1984年第10期,第87页的背景知识
③ Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver and Christopher Dornan (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:not merely clones, Journalism Studies 2(4) pp.476
④ Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press, Introduction page ⅹⅲ
⑤ Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver and Christopher Doman (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:not merely clones, Journalism Studies 2(4) pp.478
⑥刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期
①《中华人民共和国执业医师法》由全国人民代表大会常务委员会在1998年6月26日颁布,1999年5月1日施行。
②《<纽约时报>诉沙利文案对当今中国仍有强烈的时代意义》,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-08/17/c_121871345.htm,2011年08月17日10：53：40,原载《中国青年报》
①吴果中：《西方新闻专业主义的历史衍变及其现实悖论》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2006年第6期
②迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第655页
③迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第654页
④ Simon Frith and Peter Meech, Becoming a journalist:Journalism education and journalism culture, Journalism 2007,Vol.8,p.138
⑤迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第603-605页
①邓艳玲：《定义“新闻主播”的人去了》,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2009-08-19/111118467037.shtml,2009年08月19日11:11 原载《中国周刊》
②李彬：《全球新闻传播史》,清华大学出版社,2005年版,382页,转引自[美]芭芭拉·马图索著,杨照明译：《美国电视明星》,中国电视出版社,1987年版,第126页
③ Freidson,E.(1994),Professionalism Reborn,Theory,Prophecy and Policy.Cambrige:Polity Press,p.62
④刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期,p210-213
①许倬云：《许倬云说历史：二十世纪国家权力的膨胀》,http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfdsb/content/2012-02/29/content_39150033.htm,南方报业网,2012-02-29,原载《南方都市报》
②《“泄密门”再起波澜叛国还是爱国?》,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/12348547.html,人民网,2010年08月05日07：57,原载《解放日报》
③蔡雯、郭翠玲：《从“公共新闻”到“公民新闻”——试析西方国家新闻传播正在发生的变化》,《新闻记者》2008年第8期
④迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第
九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第605页
① Theodore L. Glasser(2006), Journalism Studies and the Education of Journalists, Journalism Studies, Vol.7,Issue 1, p.147
②陈石安：《新闻编辑学》,台北三民书局,1981年,48页。转引自迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,译序
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4, p.554
② Simon Frith and Peter Meech, Becoming a journalist:Journalism education and journalism culture, Journalism 2007,Vol.8,p.145
③ Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.547-64
④ Gulid of Editors(1995),Tomorrow's Journalists:the 'White Paper' on Editorial Training.London:Author,p.3-4
⑤ Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers in Journalism, ProQuest Education Journals,
Vol.8,No.5,p.251
① Mark Deuze(2005), What is Journalism:Professional Identity and Ideology of Journalists, Journalism, Vol.6(4),p.448
② Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers in Journalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.248
③ Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007),Journalism Education in UK.Journalism Practice.Vol.1.No.3,2007,p.406
①王承绪、徐辉主编：《战后英国教育研究》,江西教育出版社1992年版,第177-208页
②党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
③党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
④本节内容参见陈俊峰：《NCTJ与英国大学新闻教育的职业训练特色》,《国际新闻界》2009年第01期
⑤李瞻：《世界新闻史》台湾三民书局,1983年版,第258-263页
①郭庆光：《多角度审视传播学》新华网传媒在线,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2004-11/10/content_2199432.htm
② An Audit of Training Arrangements for New Entrants into Journalism(2006),Spilsbury Research,p.1
③ Royal Commission on the Press(1949).Report, London:His Majesty's Stationery Office, pp153,p.166-167
④ National Council for the Training of Journalists, Who Are We?,
http://www.nctj.com/who weare.php?abtid=abtid&PHPSESSID=ea3bbddfa7c9db689bd4d7fa2208ab5c
① Frank Esser(2003). Journalism Training in Great Britain:A System Rich in Tradition but Currently in Transition, In Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha (ED.), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison. Cresskill, NJ:Hampton Press, p.219-220
① Guy H. Stewart(1968).Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1), p.107
② Guy H. Stewart(1968) Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1), p.109
③ Frank Esser(2003). Journalism Training in Great Britain:A System Rich in Tradition but Currently in Transition, In Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha (ED.), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison. Cresskill, NJ:Hampton Press, p.223
①林海、黄彬元：《英国报刊如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
① National Council for the Training of Journalists (1996). Journalism Training and Assessment, Handbook of the NCTJ,p.1
② National Council for the Training of Journalists (2008).Annual Report 2006-2007,p.10
③ National Council for the Training of Journalists (2008).Annual Report 2006-2007,p.10
① Andrew McBarnet (1979).Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods, Media Culture Society, Vol. 1,No.2,p.181
② National Council for the Training of Journalists (1996). Journalism Training and Assessment, Handbook of the NCTJ.p.10
③ National Council for the Training of Journalists (2008). Annual Report 2006-2007,p.11
④ National Council for the Training of Journalists,About the NCJT, http://www.nctj.com/aboutus.php?abtid=abtid
⑤ Patrick Smith(2007), NCTJ Adds Online Element to Practical Journalism Exams, http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=38590&c=1,23 August 2007
① Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha:Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison,Hampton Press,2002,p219-220与 Andrew McBarnet (1979).Disciplining the journalist:an investigation of training methods, Media Culture Society,1; 181
① Stewart,G.H. (1968). Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1),p.110
① Royal Commission on the Press(1949).Report, London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.168
① Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.251
①林海、黄彬元：《英国报刊如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
②英国流行的每周一天的在职训练制度,员工到大学修习一门和工作相关的学科。
③ Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5, p.249
④林海、黄彬元：《英国报刊如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8.p.140
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Joumalism,Vol.8.p.140
① Steve Peak & Paul Fisher(2002), The "Guardian" Media Guide 2002, Atlantic Books,p76
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8.p.139
③党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》,2004年第4期
④ Andrew McBarnet(1979),Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods, Media Culture Society, Vol.1,p.181
① Romy Frohlich & Christina Holtz-Bacha (2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press, p224
②党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
① Tim Gopsill&Greg Neale(2007), Journalists:100 Years of the NUJ, London:Profile,p.243
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p265
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p125
②许正林：《欧洲传播思想史》,上海三联书店,2005年4月,第152页
③张建新：《英国多科技术学院的漂移及启示》,《深圳职业技术学院学报》,2004年第4期
①刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>—英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第2期
②大学分类参见维基百科http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red Brick university
③潘忠党：《新闻与传播之别——解读凯里<新闻教育错在哪里>》,《国际新闻界》,2006年04期
① Andy Bull, Training(2007):a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.59
②牛津大学路透新闻研究所网站http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/,2012-2-11
② Royal Commission on the Press Report(1949), London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.166
④ Anthony Delano(2000),No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies,Vol.1,No.2,p.267
① Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.14
② Royal Commission on the Press(1949).Report, London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.167
③ An Audit of Training Arrangements for New Entrants into Journalism(2006),Spilsbury Research,p.1
④ Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p14
⑤ FE 即 further education的字母缩写,指继续教育,通常是英国学生在16岁离校后所接受的教育和培训。
①英国大学历史上是一种自治组织。二战前的英国大学几乎没有一所是由中央政府或地方政府创办,国家很少为大学提供办学经费；同时大学也享有充分的自治权。在早期凭借私人资助和学费办学的大学中,也会经常遇到财政困难的情况,一来是学费有限,二来是私人捐助受其经济状况的波动,资助不稳定。1919年,英国建立了大学拨款委员会(UGC),作为中介组织,它主要是负责向政府提出大学所需经费的建议,把政府划拨的经费切块分给大学。英国政府则通过这个组织向大学提供经费,但不具体介入大学事务。对于大学教育质量的问题,则主要是由大学自己负责。(根据王承绪、徐辉主编《战后英国教育研究》整理。江西教育出版社1992年02月版,第268页)
①金顶兵：《英国高等教育评估与质量保障机制：经验与启示》,《教育研究》2005年第1期
①刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
② Andrew McBarnet(1979),Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods,Media Culture Society,Vol.1,p.181,p.181
①钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德·艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第5期
②党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
③张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》《新闻与传播教育》2006年第10期
①布莱顿大学课程介绍,见http://courses.brighton.ac.uk/course.php?cnum=121。
① Angela Philips & Ivor Gaber(1996), the Case for Media Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.3,p62
② Angela Philips & Ivor Gaber(1996), the Case for Media Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.3,p62
③ Angela Philips & Ivor Gaber(1996), the Case for Media Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.3,p.64
① Stewart,GH. (1968). Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1), p.107.
② National Council for the Training of Journalists; Who Are We?, http://www.nctj.com/who weare.php?abtid=abtid&PHPSESSID=ea3bbddfa7c9db689bd4d7fa2208ab5c
③ Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver & Christopher Dornan (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:Not Merely Clones, Journalism Studies Vol.2,No.4,p.479
④ Ali Phillips(2003),A question of degree, British Journalism Review, Vol.14, No.1, p.71
⑤刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
① Andy Bull, Training(2007):a matter of degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.58
② Andy Bull, Training(2007):a matter of degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.56
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.143
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8,p.150
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.153
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.143
③《英国教育联盟谈英国留学：谢菲尔德大学开设新闻专业》http://www.cnr.cn/jy/cglx/rd/201111/t20111111_508767178.html
① Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007):Journalism Education in Britain, Journalism Practice,Vol.1, Issue 3,p.405
② Peter Cole(1996), Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.44
③ Peter Cole(1996), Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Volume 7, No.2,p.48
④ John Steel, Bill Carmichael &David Holmes(1959), Experimental Learning and Journalism Education:Lessons Learned in the Practice of Teaching Journalism, Education+ Training, Vol.49, issue 4,p.326
① John Steel, Bill Carmichael & David Holmes(1959), Experimental Learning and Journalism Education:Lessons Learned in the Practice of Teaching Journalism, Education+Training, Vol.49, issue 4,p.330
②刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
③党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
④ Andy Bull(2007), Training:a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.54
① Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.45
② Andy Bull(2007), Training:a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3, p.65
③ Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.46
① Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.46
② Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007):Journalism education in Britain, Journalism Practice.Vol.1, Issue3,p.415
③ Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007):Journalism education in Britain, Journalism Practice.Vol.1, Issue3,p.416
①钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德·艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
②刘畅：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008年第4期
③ Skillset Build Your Own MA, https://www.westminster.ac.uk/courses/subjects/journalism-and-mass-communications/skillset-build-your-own-ma,以及 Why take a Build your own MA media short course?见 http://courses.creativeskillset.org/build_your own_ma/why_take_a_build_your_own_ma_short course
④ Skillset Build Your Own MA, https://www.westminster.ac.uk/courses/subjects/journalism-and-mass-communications/skillset-build-your-own-ma
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.144
①课程介绍,见http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/en/ma/88.html
①杜骏飞：《新闻传播教育向何处去?》,香港《传播与社会学刊》2009年第1期
①伦敦城市大学课程介绍,见http://www.city.ac.uk/journalism/courses/undergrad/joumalism/ba journalism.html
②谢菲尔德大学介绍,http://www.shef.ac.uk/journalism/prospectivepg/masters/apply.html
①卡迪夫大学网站http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/en/undergrad/139/34.html
①卡迪夫大学课程介绍,见http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/library/doc_lib/M AJS_Standard_Handbook.pdf。
① Welcome to the Department of Journalism Work Placement system,http://jus.shef.ac.uk/work-placements, 2008-09-11
②刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008年第4期
③见威斯敏斯特大学课程介绍,https://www.westminster.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/overview?coursecode=U09FUJOU&school=School%20of%20Me dia,%20Arts%20and%20Design
④见伦敦城市大学课程介绍,http://www.city.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/journalism#tabs-3=&course-detail=1
①钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德.艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
①居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》1984年第10期
②钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德.艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
③杜骏飞：《新闻传播教育向何处去?》,香港《传播与社会学刊》2009年第1期
④见伦敦城市大学教师介绍,http://www.city.ac.uk/journalism/people/faculty/janslow.html
①张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》教育科学出版社,2006年,p16
②易红郡：《英国教育的文化阐释》华东师范大学出版社,2009年,p6
③罗宾斯报告(Robbins Report,1963)是对20世纪60年代至80年代中期英国高等教育发展所作的预测和规划,提出高等教育的目标是改变培养精英的传统,转向为人们提供在社会生活竞争中需要的技术和才能服务,国家办学的方针首先是使那些有能力、有条件、有愿望接受高等教育的人获得接受高等教育机会,后被称为“罗宾斯原则”。英国的高等教育由此开始走向平民阶层,教育制度也告别传统深厚的精英模式,进入现代化、民主化、多元化的现代模式。
④ Michael Shattock(1983),The Structure& Governance of Higher Education. Gulidford:SRHE,p.10
⑤ Peter Venables(1996), Dualism in Higher Education, In Michael Shattock.,The Creation of a University System,Blackwell Publishers. p.160
①张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社,2006年,p56
②罗伯特.G欧文斯著、窦卫霖译：《教育组织行为学》,华东师范大学出版社,2001年,p496
③瞿葆奎、金含芬：《英国教育改革》,人民教育出版社,1993年,p777
①张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社,2006年,p109
②张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究,》教育科学出版社,2006年,p122
③Michael Allen(1988). The Goals of Universities,SRHE&Open University Press.p.105
① Peter Scott(1984), The Crisis of the University. Croom Helm Ltd., p.118
②张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社2006年,p92
③史朝：《高等教育发展的整体思路——评马丁·特罗的高等教育发展阶段理论》,《高等教育研究》1999年04期,p96
①刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>——英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第02期,p25
①张磊：《欧洲中世纪大学》,商务印书馆,2010年,p28-29
②张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社2006年,p160
③Eric Ashby(1974), Adapting Universities to a Technological Society. Jossey-Bass Publishers,p.138
①易红郡：《英国教育的文化阐释》,华东师范大学出版社。2009年,p266
② Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press,preface
①王永亮、韩运荣：《郭庆光：多角度审视传播学》,见新华网传媒在线,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2004-11/10/content 2199432.htm
②马嘉：《内外文化张力下的日本高等新闻教育》,华中科技大学博士论文,2006年,p43
③ Frederic NewJands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p.95,p.129
①刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>——英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第02期,p25
②杨月坤：《日本企业文化的精神内涵》,《管理现代化》,2010年第2期,p33
③王海燕、李建珍：《英国文化对英国远程教育的影响及启示——以文化价值取向为视角》,《辽宁教育研究》,2008年第11期,p110
①此部分内容来自陈俊妮、陈俊峰：《职业行为体系与教育体系：关于新闻教育的十个核心问题》,《国际新闻界》2011年第8期
② Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.20
③ Mark Deuze, Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,2006,P23
④ Sloan,W.D., Makers of Media Mind:Journalism Educators and Their Ideas,Hillsdale, NJ,Lawrence Erlbaum Associate,1990,p.1-22.
① Joe Foote(2008), World Journalism Education Congress, Journalism Studies, Vol.9, No 1, p.132
② Brent Cunningham(2002), Q&A with Lee Bollinger:In His Own Words, Columbia Journalism Review, November/December
③ Jannette L. Dates(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.144
① Theodore L. Glasser(2006), Journalism Studies and the Education of Journalists, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1p.147
② Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.21
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.21
④ Tom Dickson&Wanda Brandon(2000), The Gap between Educators and Professional Journalists, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator.Vol.55,No.3,p.52
① Isabel Macdonald(2006), Teaching Journalists to Save the Profession. Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No.5, p.746
② Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.22
③ Isabel Macdonald(2006), Teaching Journalists to Save the Profession, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 5, p.747
④ Yu Xu, Leonard L. Chu and Guo Zhongshi(2002), Reform and Challenge:An Analysis of China's Journalism Education under Social Transition, Gazette:The international journal for communication studies, London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi, Vol.64,No.1,p.63
① Jo Bardoel(1996), Beyond Journalism:A Profession between Information Society and Civil Society, European Journal of Communication,Vol.11,No.3,p.297
② Stephen D. Reese & Jeremy Cohen(2000), Educating for Journalism:the Professionalism of Scholarship, Journalism Studies, Vol. 1,No.2,p.214
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.27
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003;Vol.4,No.1,p.109
③ Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8.p.137
④ Tanjev Schultz(2002), Does Education Matter? Characteristics ofJournalists Who Went to Graduate School,
Journalism, Vol.3,No.2,p.234
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8,p.139
① Jannette L. Dates(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No.1, p.144
②潘忠党：《新闻与传播之别——解读凯里<新闻教育错在哪里>》,《国际新闻界》2006年04期
③ Jannette L. Dates(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No.1,p.144
④ Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.109
① Colin Sparks & Slavko Splichal(1989), Journalistic Education and Professional Socialisation:Summary of a Survey Study in 22 Countries, International Communication Gazette,Vol.43,No.1,p34
② Tanjev Schultz(2002), Does Education Matter? Characteristics of Journalists Who Went to Graduate School, Journalism, Vol.3,No.2,p.223
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No l,p.25
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
② G. Stuart Adam(2006), Educating Reporters, Writers, and Critics, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.153
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
④ Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism
2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.104
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.27
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8,p.143
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.10
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
① Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003;Vol.4,No.1,p.105
① Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.l,p.97
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.29
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.98
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
④ Mitchell Stephens(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.150
① Stephen D. Reese & Jeremy Cohen(2000), Educating for Journalism:the Professionalism of Scholarship, Journalism Studies, Vol. 1,No.2,p.222
①Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.157
① Stephen D. Reese & Jeremy Cohen(2000), Educating for Journalism:the Professionalism of Scholarship, Journalism Studies, Vol. 1,No.2,p.223
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003;Vol.4,No.1,p.109
③Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.31
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[47]居延安《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》1984年第10期
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[51]刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
[52]刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>——英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及
其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第02期
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[54]黄鸿鸿、于爱红：《英国高等职业教育的主要特点》,《教育评论》,2004年03期
[55]邱懋如：《英国的新闻教育》,《上海外国语学院学报》1986年第1期
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[57]宋娜：《日本企业文化的特点及其借鉴意义》,《经济与社会发展》,2009年第7期
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[59]王永亮、韩运荣：《郭庆光：多角度审视传播学》,见新华网传媒在线,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2004-11/10/content_2199432.htm
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[31]王金虎,侯学华：《美国历史》,河南大学出版社,2009年
[32]吴飞：《新闻专业化研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2009年
[33]徐辉、郑继伟：《英国教育史》,吉林人民出版社,1993年
[34]詹栋梁：《各国社会教育运动》,“国立”编译馆主编,五南图书出版公司印行,1991年11月版
[35]詹姆斯·卡瑞、珍·辛顿著,栾轶玫译：《英国新闻史》,清华大学出版社,2005年
[36]张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社,2006年
[37]中国社科院新闻研究所编：《七国新闻传播事业》,重庆出版社,1988年5月
[1]Nora French(2006),How do you educate a journalist. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.
[2]Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education,1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University
[3]黄鹂：《美国新闻教育的职业化定位》,华中科技大学博士论文,2004年
[4]马嘉：《内外文化张力下的日本高等新闻教育》,华中科技大学博士论文,2006年
②文凭课程所针对的是那些希望可以取得职业资格,让他们可以更容易找到工作的学生,学生在学习完成后通过考试可以获得文凭,但是没有学位。
③多科技术学院(Polytechnics),20世纪60年代由原来的技术学院、职业学院、商业学院等发展而来,与大学一起形成了英国大学高等教育的二元制。以技术和师资培训为主,重点放在职业培训方面。多科技术学院无权授学位,由全国学位授予委员会授予,其经费不是由政府通过大学拨款委员会拨给,而由地方教育当局支付。1992年多科技术学院升级为大学,二元制结束。
①戈公振：《中国报学史》,中国新闻出版社,1985年,第210页
①杜骏飞：《新闻传播教育向何处去?》,香港《传播与社会学刊》2009年第1期
②崔录：《名人名著100篇》,天津教育出版社,1989年,第378页
① Political and Economic Planning(1938) Report on the British Press, London:PEP,p.10
② An Audit of Training Arrangements for New Entrants into Joumalism(2006),Spilsbury Research,p.2
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p.24-26
②张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》,《新闻与传播教育》,2006年第10期。p78
③ Jannette L. Dates (2006) Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies,7:1, p459
④ Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education,
1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p44
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p296
② Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p298
③今天的伦敦大学是由多个行政独立的学院联合组成的学府,被称为“联邦制的大学”。1836年伦敦大学最初建校时,只有伦敦大学学院和伦敦国王学院这两所学院。如今学院有19所。大学旗下的学院都拥有高度的自治权,各学院在学术上有各自的领域。有些学院(如伦敦大学学院)的规模足可与一所大学相比。英国和国外很多大学建校时都是伦敦大学的附属学院,在授权下颁发伦敦大学的学位。
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p.95
②张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》,《新闻与传播教育》,2006年第10期
① Ansel Gray(1954),A Broader Approach to Journalism,The English Joumal,Vol.43,No.8
②GCE指通用教育证书(General Certificate of Education),在GCE制度中,高中毕业生(16岁)参加普通程度考试(GCE O-Level),大学预科毕业生(18岁)参加高级程度考试(GCE A-Level).1988年,英国的GCE O-Level考试被新的中学通用教育证书(GCSE)所取代。(整理自百度百科：GCE)
③ GCSE全称是General Certificate of Secondary Education(英国普通中等教育证书)。所有学生在11年级结束时要参加“中等教育普通证书”(GCSE)考试,学生在英语、数学、物理、化学、生物、宗教、历史、地理、音乐等学科中任选9门参加考试,考试结果分为A+、A、B……G计8个等级。考完GCSE,成绩较好的学生选择在本校或其他招收12、13年级的学校或学院继续学习3-5门课程,2年后参加升入大学所必需的”高级水平普通教育证书”(A-Level)考试；或者选择读补习学校或专修学院,2年后参加升读大学所需要的“国家普通职业资格”考试(GNVQ),也可以直接就业。
① Anthony Delano(2000),No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol.1,No.2,2000,p.264
② Anthony Delano(2000),No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol.1,No.2,2000,p.263
③居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期,P87
④卡迪夫大学建于1883年,是威尔士最大的大学,被评为英国最成功的大学之一。
① Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha (2002) Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison,Hampton Press,p.225
②这里的伦敦城市大学不是前文所提到的伦敦大学。它建于1894年,其前身是1894年创立的北安普顿学院,在1996年获得英国皇家的许可,正式成为一所正规大学。
③居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期
①Andrew McBarnet (1979).Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods, Media Culture Society,Vol.1,No.2,p.181
②居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期,P87
③Haynes,L.E.(1990).An Insider's View.UK Press Gazette,April,p.15-16
①英国的学院(COLLEGE)是具有高等教育的学校的通称,或者指只有大学(或本科)课程的学校,或隶属于某大学(或单独某专科)的某专业的院校,如没有其他学科的音乐学院美术学院,以独立的机构成立,同时颁发大学文凭。大学(University)通常是指一所设有文理科及专业课程的大学,且有至少一种领域的研究所,和至少一种的学士学位后的专业课程。UNIVERSITY可能包含很多COLLEGE。
②邱懋如：《英国的新闻教育》,《上海外国语学院学报外国语》,1986年第1期
③居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》,1984年第10期
①邱懋如：《英国的新闻教育》,《上海外国语学院学报外国语》,1986年第1期
②林海、黄彬元：《英国报界如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
①党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》,2004年第4期
②Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
③红砖大学：19世纪末20世纪初成立,在1963年以前获得大学地位的大学,因其建筑风格而得名。在学术界的地位仅次于以牛津、剑桥、格拉斯哥大学等为代表的古代大学。
① Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
② Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
③ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
④ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.14
⑤刘畅：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008年第4期
⑤ Peter Wilby, A job for the wealthy and connected, The Guardian, Monday 7 April 2008
① Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.15
② Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007),Journalism Education in Britain, Journalism Practice.Vol.1, Issue 3,p.404
①潘忠党：《新闻与传播之别——解读凯里<新闻教育错在哪里>》,《国际新闻界》,2006年04期
②英国高等教育统计网站http://www.hesa.ac.uk/content/view/2355/
① Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.252
②丁汉青：《英国新闻与传播学教育的特点及启示》,《青年记者》2006年第23期
① Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale(2007), Journalists:100 years of the NUJ,London:Profile,p.14
② Peter Wilby, A job for the wealthy and connected, The Guardian, Monday 7 April 2008
①李琛：《英国新闻传媒专业：制度、论文和考试》,《新东方英语(New Oriental English)》,2007年第Z1期
②钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德·艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
①居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》1984年第10期
① Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2, p.141
② Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.141
① Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.142
② Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.139
③ Richard Keeble(1994),The Newspaper Handbook.London:Routledge,p.342
④ Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Volume 7, No.2,p.43
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology, Vol.54, Issue 4, p.548
② Mark Hampton(2005), Defining Journalists in Late-nineteenth Century Britain, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol.22, Issue 2,p.143
③ Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.248
①参见后文3.2.1“NCTJ与英国新闻教育的职业训练传统”。
②黄鹂：《美国新闻教育的职业化定位》,华中科技大学博士论文,2004年,p.4
③吴飞：《新闻专业化研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2009年,绪论页
① Geoffrey Millerson(1964),The Qualifying Associations:A Study in Professionalization,London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,p.2
②刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期
①刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期
② Ernest Greenwood(1966),the Elements of Professinalization,in H.M.Vollmer and D.L.Mills(eds.), Professionalism, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,p.134
③ Freidson,E.(1994),Professionalism Reborn,Theory,Prophecy and Policy.Cambrige:Polity Press,p.62
④ Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.185
⑤ Tunstall,J.(1971),Journalists at Work,Specialist Correspondents:Their News Organizations,Source and Competitor-
colleagues,London:Constable,p.69
① Anthony Delano(2000), No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies, Volume 1, Number 2, p.261-272
② Andy Bull(2007), Training:a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.54
③ Freidson,E.(1994),Professionalism Reborn,Theory,Prophecy and Policy.Cambrige:Polity Press,p.62
① Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale (2007),Journalists:100 Years of the NUJ, London:Profile,p.16
② Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale (2007),Journalists:100 years of the NUJ, London:Profile,p.14
③ Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.197
④ Meryl Aldridge& Julia Evetts, rethinking the concept of professionalism:the case of journalism, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. No.54, p.549.
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.556
② Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4, p.556
③ Royal Commission on the Press Report(1949), London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.169
① Anthony Delano(2000), No Sign of a Better Job:100 Years of British Journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol.1, No. 2,p.269
② Tunstall,J.(1971),Journalists at Work,Specialist Correspondents:Their News Organizations,Source and Competitor-colleagues,London:Constable,p.69
③ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.18
① NUJ does not speak for British journalism, http://www.cioj.co.uk/nuj_does_not_speak_for_all_journalists.html,2007-04-21
②郭瑞：《英国新闻投诉委员会新掌门人产生》,《新闻记者》,2011年第11期,原载新华网
③王兆俊、董菁：《默多克窃听门中最应该注意的受害者》,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/15193257.html,来源：人民网,2011年07月19日13：53
④ Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press,p.217
⑤ Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press,p.212
⑥ Oliver Boyd-Barrett (1970), Journalism Recruitment and Training:Problems in Professionalisation, in Tunstall, J.
Ed., Media Sociology, Constable, London,p.181
① Meryl Aldridge & Julia Evetts, rethinking the concept of professionalism:the case of journalism, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. No.54, p.550.
② Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.149
③ Royal Commission on the Press Report(1949), London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.168
① Spilsbury Research(2006),An Audit of Training Arrangement for New Entrants into Journalism,p.24
② Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.14
③ Political and Economic Planning(1938), Report on the British Press, London:PEP,p.134
④ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute, p.13
① Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha (2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press, p.218
② Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.201
③ Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.10
④[英]詹姆斯·卡瑞、珍·辛顿著,栾轶玫译：《英国新闻史》,清华大学出版社,2005年版,第7页
① Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.283
②赵民：《从戴安娜王妃到白晓燕——对“媒体极度自由”及道德自律的反思》,《新闻大学》,1997年第04期
③[德]马克斯·韦伯著,顾忠华译：《韦伯作品集Ⅻ：社会学的基本概念》,广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第58页
① Mark Hampton(1999),Journalists and the 'professional Ideal' in Britain:the Institute of Journalists,1884-1907, Historical Research,Vol.72,No.178,p.201
② Tim Gopsill & Greg Neale(2007),Journalists:100 years of the NUJ,London:Profile,p.243
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.551
② Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British
Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.558
①吴飞：《新闻专业主义研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第27页
② Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver and Christopher Dornan (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:not merely clones, Journalism Studies 2(4) p.475
③迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第659页
① Becker,L.B.,Fruit,J.W.,& Caudill,S.L.(1987).The Training and Hiring of Journalists.Norwood,NJ:Ablex,p.8
②见《新闻大学》1984年第10期,第87页的背景知识
③ Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver and Christopher Dornan (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:not merely clones, Journalism Studies 2(4) pp.476
④ Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press, Introduction page ⅹⅲ
⑤ Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver and Christopher Doman (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:not merely clones, Journalism Studies 2(4) pp.478
⑥刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期
①《中华人民共和国执业医师法》由全国人民代表大会常务委员会在1998年6月26日颁布,1999年5月1日施行。
②《<纽约时报>诉沙利文案对当今中国仍有强烈的时代意义》,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-08/17/c_121871345.htm,2011年08月17日10：53：40,原载《中国青年报》
①吴果中：《西方新闻专业主义的历史衍变及其现实悖论》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2006年第6期
②迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第655页
③迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第654页
④ Simon Frith and Peter Meech, Becoming a journalist:Journalism education and journalism culture, Journalism 2007,Vol.8,p.138
⑤迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第603-605页
①邓艳玲：《定义“新闻主播”的人去了》,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2009-08-19/111118467037.shtml,2009年08月19日11:11 原载《中国周刊》
②李彬：《全球新闻传播史》,清华大学出版社,2005年版,382页,转引自[美]芭芭拉·马图索著,杨照明译：《美国电视明星》,中国电视出版社,1987年版,第126页
③ Freidson,E.(1994),Professionalism Reborn,Theory,Prophecy and Policy.Cambrige:Polity Press,p.62
④刘思达：《职业自主性与国家干预——西方职业社会学研究述评》,《社会学研究》,2006年第1期,p210-213
①许倬云：《许倬云说历史：二十世纪国家权力的膨胀》,http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfdsb/content/2012-02/29/content_39150033.htm,南方报业网,2012-02-29,原载《南方都市报》
②《“泄密门”再起波澜叛国还是爱国?》,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/12348547.html,人民网,2010年08月05日07：57,原载《解放日报》
③蔡雯、郭翠玲：《从“公共新闻”到“公民新闻”——试析西方国家新闻传播正在发生的变化》,《新闻记者》2008年第8期
④迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第
九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第605页
① Theodore L. Glasser(2006), Journalism Studies and the Education of Journalists, Journalism Studies, Vol.7,Issue 1, p.147
②陈石安：《新闻编辑学》,台北三民书局,1981年,48页。转引自迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里、南希·L·罗伯茨著,展江译：《美国新闻史：大众传播媒介解释史》第九版,中国人民大学出版社,2004年,译序
① Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4, p.554
② Simon Frith and Peter Meech, Becoming a journalist:Journalism education and journalism culture, Journalism 2007,Vol.8,p.145
③ Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts(2003),Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism:the Case of Journalism,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.54,Issue 4,p.547-64
④ Gulid of Editors(1995),Tomorrow's Journalists:the 'White Paper' on Editorial Training.London:Author,p.3-4
⑤ Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers in Journalism, ProQuest Education Journals,
Vol.8,No.5,p.251
① Mark Deuze(2005), What is Journalism:Professional Identity and Ideology of Journalists, Journalism, Vol.6(4),p.448
② Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers in Journalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.248
③ Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007),Journalism Education in UK.Journalism Practice.Vol.1.No.3,2007,p.406
①王承绪、徐辉主编：《战后英国教育研究》,江西教育出版社1992年版,第177-208页
②党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
③党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
④本节内容参见陈俊峰：《NCTJ与英国大学新闻教育的职业训练特色》,《国际新闻界》2009年第01期
⑤李瞻：《世界新闻史》台湾三民书局,1983年版,第258-263页
①郭庆光：《多角度审视传播学》新华网传媒在线,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2004-11/10/content_2199432.htm
② An Audit of Training Arrangements for New Entrants into Journalism(2006),Spilsbury Research,p.1
③ Royal Commission on the Press(1949).Report, London:His Majesty's Stationery Office, pp153,p.166-167
④ National Council for the Training of Journalists, Who Are We?,
http://www.nctj.com/who weare.php?abtid=abtid&PHPSESSID=ea3bbddfa7c9db689bd4d7fa2208ab5c
① Frank Esser(2003). Journalism Training in Great Britain:A System Rich in Tradition but Currently in Transition, In Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha (ED.), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison. Cresskill, NJ:Hampton Press, p.219-220
① Guy H. Stewart(1968).Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1), p.107
② Guy H. Stewart(1968) Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1), p.109
③ Frank Esser(2003). Journalism Training in Great Britain:A System Rich in Tradition but Currently in Transition, In Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha (ED.), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison. Cresskill, NJ:Hampton Press, p.223
①林海、黄彬元：《英国报刊如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
① National Council for the Training of Journalists (1996). Journalism Training and Assessment, Handbook of the NCTJ,p.1
② National Council for the Training of Journalists (2008).Annual Report 2006-2007,p.10
③ National Council for the Training of Journalists (2008).Annual Report 2006-2007,p.10
① Andrew McBarnet (1979).Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods, Media Culture Society, Vol. 1,No.2,p.181
② National Council for the Training of Journalists (1996). Journalism Training and Assessment, Handbook of the NCTJ.p.10
③ National Council for the Training of Journalists (2008). Annual Report 2006-2007,p.11
④ National Council for the Training of Journalists,About the NCJT, http://www.nctj.com/aboutus.php?abtid=abtid
⑤ Patrick Smith(2007), NCTJ Adds Online Element to Practical Journalism Exams, http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=38590&c=1,23 August 2007
① Romy Frohlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha:Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison,Hampton Press,2002,p219-220与 Andrew McBarnet (1979).Disciplining the journalist:an investigation of training methods, Media Culture Society,1; 181
① Stewart,G.H. (1968). Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1),p.110
① Royal Commission on the Press(1949).Report, London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.168
① Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5,p.251
①林海、黄彬元：《英国报刊如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
②英国流行的每周一天的在职训练制度,员工到大学修习一门和工作相关的学科。
③ Brian Beal(2003), the Making of a Modern Nosey-parker Careers inJournalism, ProQuest Education Journals, Vol.8,No.5, p.249
④林海、黄彬元：《英国报刊如何培训新闻记者和编辑》,《国际新闻界》1981年第3期
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8.p.140
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Joumalism,Vol.8.p.140
① Steve Peak & Paul Fisher(2002), The "Guardian" Media Guide 2002, Atlantic Books,p76
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8.p.139
③党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》,2004年第4期
④ Andrew McBarnet(1979),Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods, Media Culture Society, Vol.1,p.181
① Romy Frohlich & Christina Holtz-Bacha (2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press, p224
②党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
① Tim Gopsill&Greg Neale(2007), Journalists:100 Years of the NUJ, London:Profile,p.243
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p265
① Frederic Newlands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p125
②许正林：《欧洲传播思想史》,上海三联书店,2005年4月,第152页
③张建新：《英国多科技术学院的漂移及启示》,《深圳职业技术学院学报》,2004年第4期
①刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>—英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第2期
②大学分类参见维基百科http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red Brick university
③潘忠党：《新闻与传播之别——解读凯里<新闻教育错在哪里>》,《国际新闻界》,2006年04期
① Andy Bull, Training(2007):a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.59
②牛津大学路透新闻研究所网站http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/,2012-2-11
② Royal Commission on the Press Report(1949), London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.166
④ Anthony Delano(2000),No Sign of a Better Job:100 years of British journalism, Journalism Studies,Vol.1,No.2,p.267
① Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p.14
② Royal Commission on the Press(1949).Report, London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,p.167
③ An Audit of Training Arrangements for New Entrants into Journalism(2006),Spilsbury Research,p.1
④ Report on the British Press(1938),London:PEP(Political and Economic Planning),p14
⑤ FE 即 further education的字母缩写,指继续教育,通常是英国学生在16岁离校后所接受的教育和培训。
①英国大学历史上是一种自治组织。二战前的英国大学几乎没有一所是由中央政府或地方政府创办,国家很少为大学提供办学经费；同时大学也享有充分的自治权。在早期凭借私人资助和学费办学的大学中,也会经常遇到财政困难的情况,一来是学费有限,二来是私人捐助受其经济状况的波动,资助不稳定。1919年,英国建立了大学拨款委员会(UGC),作为中介组织,它主要是负责向政府提出大学所需经费的建议,把政府划拨的经费切块分给大学。英国政府则通过这个组织向大学提供经费,但不具体介入大学事务。对于大学教育质量的问题,则主要是由大学自己负责。(根据王承绪、徐辉主编《战后英国教育研究》整理。江西教育出版社1992年02月版,第268页)
①金顶兵：《英国高等教育评估与质量保障机制：经验与启示》,《教育研究》2005年第1期
①刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
② Andrew McBarnet(1979),Disciplining the Journalist:an Investigation of Training Methods,Media Culture Society,Vol.1,p.181,p.181
①钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德·艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第5期
②党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
③张咏华：《英国的新闻与传播学教育一瞥》《新闻与传播教育》2006年第10期
①布莱顿大学课程介绍,见http://courses.brighton.ac.uk/course.php?cnum=121。
① Angela Philips & Ivor Gaber(1996), the Case for Media Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.3,p62
② Angela Philips & Ivor Gaber(1996), the Case for Media Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.3,p62
③ Angela Philips & Ivor Gaber(1996), the Case for Media Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.3,p.64
① Stewart,GH. (1968). Journalism Education in Britain Enters a Period of Change, Journalism Quarterly,45(1), p.107.
② National Council for the Training of Journalists; Who Are We?, http://www.nctj.com/who weare.php?abtid=abtid&PHPSESSID=ea3bbddfa7c9db689bd4d7fa2208ab5c
③ Peter Johansen, David H. Weaver & Christopher Dornan (2001) Journalism Education in the United States and Canada:Not Merely Clones, Journalism Studies Vol.2,No.4,p.479
④ Ali Phillips(2003),A question of degree, British Journalism Review, Vol.14, No.1, p.71
⑤刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
① Andy Bull, Training(2007):a matter of degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.58
② Andy Bull, Training(2007):a matter of degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.56
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.143
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8,p.150
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.153
② Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.143
③《英国教育联盟谈英国留学：谢菲尔德大学开设新闻专业》http://www.cnr.cn/jy/cglx/rd/201111/t20111111_508767178.html
① Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007):Journalism Education in Britain, Journalism Practice,Vol.1, Issue 3,p.405
② Peter Cole(1996), Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.44
③ Peter Cole(1996), Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Volume 7, No.2,p.48
④ John Steel, Bill Carmichael &David Holmes(1959), Experimental Learning and Journalism Education:Lessons Learned in the Practice of Teaching Journalism, Education+ Training, Vol.49, issue 4,p.326
① John Steel, Bill Carmichael & David Holmes(1959), Experimental Learning and Journalism Education:Lessons Learned in the Practice of Teaching Journalism, Education+Training, Vol.49, issue 4,p.330
②刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008第4期
③党芳莉：《英国的新闻教育及记者培训制度》,《新闻爱好者》2004年第4期
④ Andy Bull(2007), Training:a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3,p.54
① Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.45
② Andy Bull(2007), Training:a Matter of Degrees, British Journalism Review, Vol.18 No.3, p.65
③ Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.46
① Peter Cole(1996),Are Journalists Born or Trained?, British Journalism Review, Vol.7, No.2,p.46
② Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007):Journalism education in Britain, Journalism Practice.Vol.1, Issue3,p.415
③ Mark Hanna & Karen Sanders(2007):Journalism education in Britain, Journalism Practice.Vol.1, Issue3,p.416
①钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德·艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
②刘畅：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008年第4期
③ Skillset Build Your Own MA, https://www.westminster.ac.uk/courses/subjects/journalism-and-mass-communications/skillset-build-your-own-ma,以及 Why take a Build your own MA media short course?见 http://courses.creativeskillset.org/build_your own_ma/why_take_a_build_your_own_ma_short course
④ Skillset Build Your Own MA, https://www.westminster.ac.uk/courses/subjects/journalism-and-mass-communications/skillset-build-your-own-ma
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism,Vol.8,p.144
①课程介绍,见http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/en/ma/88.html
①杜骏飞：《新闻传播教育向何处去?》,香港《传播与社会学刊》2009年第1期
①伦敦城市大学课程介绍,见http://www.city.ac.uk/journalism/courses/undergrad/joumalism/ba journalism.html
②谢菲尔德大学介绍,http://www.shef.ac.uk/journalism/prospectivepg/masters/apply.html
①卡迪夫大学网站http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/en/undergrad/139/34.html
①卡迪夫大学课程介绍,见http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/library/doc_lib/M AJS_Standard_Handbook.pdf。
① Welcome to the Department of Journalism Work Placement system,http://jus.shef.ac.uk/work-placements, 2008-09-11
②刘畅、张羽：《英国的新闻教育模式：重术轻学》,《今传媒》2008年第4期
③见威斯敏斯特大学课程介绍,https://www.westminster.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/overview?coursecode=U09FUJOU&school=School%20of%20Me dia,%20Arts%20and%20Design
④见伦敦城市大学课程介绍,http://www.city.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/journalism#tabs-3=&course-detail=1
①钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德.艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
①居延安：《英国的新闻教育：赴英考察纪要》,《新闻大学》1984年第10期
②钟新：《国外知名新闻传播教育学者专访系列之一——英国：新闻学与传播学严格分界：专访英国新闻教育学会会长罗德.艾伦》,《国际新闻界》2002年第15期
③杜骏飞：《新闻传播教育向何处去?》,香港《传播与社会学刊》2009年第1期
④见伦敦城市大学教师介绍,http://www.city.ac.uk/journalism/people/faculty/janslow.html
①张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》教育科学出版社,2006年,p16
②易红郡：《英国教育的文化阐释》华东师范大学出版社,2009年,p6
③罗宾斯报告(Robbins Report,1963)是对20世纪60年代至80年代中期英国高等教育发展所作的预测和规划,提出高等教育的目标是改变培养精英的传统,转向为人们提供在社会生活竞争中需要的技术和才能服务,国家办学的方针首先是使那些有能力、有条件、有愿望接受高等教育的人获得接受高等教育机会,后被称为“罗宾斯原则”。英国的高等教育由此开始走向平民阶层,教育制度也告别传统深厚的精英模式,进入现代化、民主化、多元化的现代模式。
④ Michael Shattock(1983),The Structure& Governance of Higher Education. Gulidford:SRHE,p.10
⑤ Peter Venables(1996), Dualism in Higher Education, In Michael Shattock.,The Creation of a University System,Blackwell Publishers. p.160
①张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社,2006年,p56
②罗伯特.G欧文斯著、窦卫霖译：《教育组织行为学》,华东师范大学出版社,2001年,p496
③瞿葆奎、金含芬：《英国教育改革》,人民教育出版社,1993年,p777
①张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社,2006年,p109
②张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究,》教育科学出版社,2006年,p122
③Michael Allen(1988). The Goals of Universities,SRHE&Open University Press.p.105
① Peter Scott(1984), The Crisis of the University. Croom Helm Ltd., p.118
②张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社2006年,p92
③史朝：《高等教育发展的整体思路——评马丁·特罗的高等教育发展阶段理论》,《高等教育研究》1999年04期,p96
①刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>——英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第02期,p25
①张磊：《欧洲中世纪大学》,商务印书馆,2010年,p28-29
②张建新：《高等教育体制变迁研究》,教育科学出版社2006年,p160
③Eric Ashby(1974), Adapting Universities to a Technological Society. Jossey-Bass Publishers,p.138
①易红郡：《英国教育的文化阐释》,华东师范大学出版社。2009年,p266
② Romy Frohlich&Christina Holtz-Bacha(2002), Journalism Education in Europe and North America:An International Comparison, Hampton Press,preface
①王永亮、韩运荣：《郭庆光：多角度审视传播学》,见新华网传媒在线,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2004-11/10/content 2199432.htm
②马嘉：《内外文化张力下的日本高等新闻教育》,华中科技大学博士论文,2006年,p43
③ Frederic NewJands Hunter(1982), Grub Street and Academia:The Relationship between journalism and education, 1880-1940,with special reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism,1919-1939, PhD thesis, the City University,p.95,p.129
①刘晖：《从<罗宾斯报告>到<迪尔英报告>——英国高等教育的发展路径、战略及其启示》,《比较教育研究》,2001年第02期,p25
②杨月坤：《日本企业文化的精神内涵》,《管理现代化》,2010年第2期,p33
③王海燕、李建珍：《英国文化对英国远程教育的影响及启示——以文化价值取向为视角》,《辽宁教育研究》,2008年第11期,p110
①此部分内容来自陈俊妮、陈俊峰：《职业行为体系与教育体系：关于新闻教育的十个核心问题》,《国际新闻界》2011年第8期
② Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.20
③ Mark Deuze, Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,2006,P23
④ Sloan,W.D., Makers of Media Mind:Journalism Educators and Their Ideas,Hillsdale, NJ,Lawrence Erlbaum Associate,1990,p.1-22.
① Joe Foote(2008), World Journalism Education Congress, Journalism Studies, Vol.9, No 1, p.132
② Brent Cunningham(2002), Q&A with Lee Bollinger:In His Own Words, Columbia Journalism Review, November/December
③ Jannette L. Dates(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.144
① Theodore L. Glasser(2006), Journalism Studies and the Education of Journalists, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1p.147
② Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.21
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.21
④ Tom Dickson&Wanda Brandon(2000), The Gap between Educators and Professional Journalists, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator.Vol.55,No.3,p.52
① Isabel Macdonald(2006), Teaching Journalists to Save the Profession. Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No.5, p.746
② Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.22
③ Isabel Macdonald(2006), Teaching Journalists to Save the Profession, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 5, p.747
④ Yu Xu, Leonard L. Chu and Guo Zhongshi(2002), Reform and Challenge:An Analysis of China's Journalism Education under Social Transition, Gazette:The international journal for communication studies, London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi, Vol.64,No.1,p.63
① Jo Bardoel(1996), Beyond Journalism:A Profession between Information Society and Civil Society, European Journal of Communication,Vol.11,No.3,p.297
② Stephen D. Reese & Jeremy Cohen(2000), Educating for Journalism:the Professionalism of Scholarship, Journalism Studies, Vol. 1,No.2,p.214
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.27
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003;Vol.4,No.1,p.109
③ Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8.p.137
④ Tanjev Schultz(2002), Does Education Matter? Characteristics ofJournalists Who Went to Graduate School,
Journalism, Vol.3,No.2,p.234
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8,p.139
① Jannette L. Dates(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No.1, p.144
②潘忠党：《新闻与传播之别——解读凯里<新闻教育错在哪里>》,《国际新闻界》2006年04期
③ Jannette L. Dates(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No.1,p.144
④ Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.109
① Colin Sparks & Slavko Splichal(1989), Journalistic Education and Professional Socialisation:Summary of a Survey Study in 22 Countries, International Communication Gazette,Vol.43,No.1,p34
② Tanjev Schultz(2002), Does Education Matter? Characteristics of Journalists Who Went to Graduate School, Journalism, Vol.3,No.2,p.223
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No l,p.25
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
② G. Stuart Adam(2006), Educating Reporters, Writers, and Critics, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.153
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
④ Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism
2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.104
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.27
① Simon Frith & Peter Meech(2007), Becoming a Journalist:Journalism Education and Journalism Culture, Journalism, Vol.8,p.143
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.10
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
① Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003;Vol.4,No.1,p.105
① Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.l,p.97
① Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.29
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003; Vol.4,No.1,p.98
③ Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.28
④ Mitchell Stephens(2006), Rethinking Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1, p.150
① Stephen D. Reese & Jeremy Cohen(2000), Educating for Journalism:the Professionalism of Scholarship, Journalism Studies, Vol. 1,No.2,p.222
①Anthony Delano & John Henningham(1995),The News Breed:British Journalists in the 1990s,the London Institute,p.157
① Stephen D. Reese & Jeremy Cohen(2000), Educating for Journalism:the Professionalism of Scholarship, Journalism Studies, Vol. 1,No.2,p.223
② Hugh W. de Burgh(2003), Skills Are Not Enough:the Case for Journalism as an Academic Discipline, Journalism 2003;Vol.4,No.1,p.109
③Mark Deuze(2006), Global Journalism Education, Journalism Studies, Vol.7, No 1,p.31
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