Cd-磺胺间甲氧嘧啶单一及复合污染的生态毒性效应研究
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摘要
磺胺类药物是我国生产和使用量最大的兽药之一,但是它们在动物体内的利用率很低,不到50%,大部分都以原药或代谢物的形式随动物粪便排放到自然界,对生态环境造成了很大的危害,特别是进入到土壤环境中的磺胺类药物与其中的重金属污染物发生交互作用,可能会造成更加严重的后果。为评价磺胺类兽药和重金属复合污染对生态环境造成的潜在风险,研究了常用磺胺类兽药磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)和重金属镉(Cd)之间的复合污染对土壤和植物的生态毒性效应。
采用盆栽实验的方法研究了Cd-SMM单一及复合污染对土壤-大豆生态系统中土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,Cd对磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性有明显的抑制作用,在试验前期,单一SMM对脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶也有明显的抑制作用,但到后期表现为微弱的激活作用,在整个实验期间,对蔗糖酶活性则表现为抑制效应。SMM浓度不变时,随Cd浓度的增加,对磷酸酶活性的抑制率增大,在试验后期,对各种酶活性也都表现出类似情况,这可能是由于Cd对各种酶活性的影响大而且持久,而SMM对酶活性影响因为自身降解浓度变低或者微生物抗药性增强而变弱。
Cd -SMM单一及复合污染对大豆幼苗生态毒性的研究结果表明,在Cd-SMM单一及复合污染的胁迫下,大豆幼苗体内的叶绿素,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化物酶的活性在整个试验周期内有很大的变化,并且根中各指标比叶中变化更大。植物受到Cd-SMM单一或复合污染时,叶绿素含量会明显减少,严重的会导致叶片发黄;除了个别处理,Cd-SMM复合处理下可溶性蛋白质的含量都低于对照;叶片中丙二醛的含量在试验周期内随时间的推移逐渐增大,并且高于对照;低浓度的复合污染胁迫会增加过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,但高浓度复合污染则会降低这两种酶的活性,在处理的后期,除了个别高浓度处理,其他处理的酶活性与对照之间没有显著差别。
Cd-SMM复合污染对大豆幼苗生长的影响研究结果表明,大豆幼苗在Cd-SMM复合污染胁迫下,植株的生长受到抑制。复合污染对株高和茎部鲜重的影响相似,当Cd浓度保持不变时,它们会随SMM浓度的升高而降低,并且复合污染时的株高和茎部鲜重要小于Cd和SMM单一处理时。大豆的根和叶片受到的伤害较大。Cd对根的影响最大,高浓度的Cd-SMM复合污染会极大的降低植株的根部鲜重,并且Cd单一处理时根部鲜重最少。叶片受到SMM的影响较大,单一SMM处理会显著降低植株的叶片鲜重,低浓度Cd存在会在一定程度上刺激植株叶片的生长,主要是因为Cd能促进叶绿素的合成,高浓度时则起到抑制作用,所以高浓度的Cd-SMM复合处理显著抑制了植株叶片的生长。
Sulfonamides is one of the largest production and use of veterinary drugs, however, the utilization was low in animal,Less than 50%,Most of the original form of drug or metabolites excreted with animal dung to the nature,caused great harm On the ecological environment,especially in the soil environment.Sulfa drugs will be interacted with heavy metal pollutants,that may cause more serious consequences.For evaluation the potential risk in ecological environment of combined pollution between Sulfonamides drugs and heavy metals contamination,study the eco-toxicity on soil and plant of combined pollution between sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) and cadmium (Cd)。
Using potting to study the impact of combined pollution between SMM and Cd to soil enzyme activity on soil - soybean system.The results showed that cadmium could outstanding inhibited the activity of phosphatase and invertase,early in the trial SMM also could outstanding inhibited the activity of urease, catalase, phosphatase, but in the late in the performance of weak activation,and SMM plays the role of Inhibition invertase activity continued to the end of the experiment.When SMM concentration was constant, the combined treatment on the inhibition rate of phosphatase activity with increasing concentration of cadmium in larger and later in the test cycle, the various enzyme activity also show such circumstances, this may be due to impact of enzyme activity by cadmium was large and persistent, the effects of SMM on the enzyme activity in the latter part of the experiment weaken because of theirself concentration and microbes resistant。
Studies of Cd-SMM combined pollution on ecological toxicity of seedling showed that in single and combined pollution of stress of Cd or SMM, soybean seedlings of chlorophyll, MDA and soluble protein content, and superoxide dismutase, peroxide physical activity of the enzyme had great changes throughout the experimental period, and changes in the root greater than in the leaves. Plants by the Cd-SMM single or multiple pollution, will be significantly reduced chlorophyll content, a serious cause yellow leaves; addition to individual treatment, Soluble protein content on combined treatment of Cd and SMM was lower than the blank; MDA content in leaves in the test period increased gradually over time, and higher than in the blank treatment. Low concentration of compound pollution of stress will increase the peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, but high concentrations of combined pollution will reduce both the activity of enzymes.In the late of experience, addition to individual high concentration treatments, enzyme activity of other treatments were no significant difference in the blank.
Results of Cd-SMM combined pollution on seedling growth showed that in Cd-SMM combined pollution stress, growth of plant was inhibited. Impact of combined pollution on plant height and stem weight were similar, when the concentration of Cd is constant, they increased with decreased concentration of SMM, and the height and stem weight on the combined pollution of Cd and SMM were letter than single treatment. Damage on soybean roots and leaves are larger. High concentrations of combined pollution of Cd and SMM will greatly reduce the plant's root weight.Single SMM treatments can significantly reduce the plant's leaf weight, presence of low concentrations of Cd in some extent stimulate the growth of leaves, mainly because low concentrations of Cd can promote the growth of chlorophyll, while high concentrations inhibit growth, so combined treatment of high concentrations of Cd and SMM significantly reduced the plant's leaves weigh.
采用盆栽实验的方法研究了Cd-SMM单一及复合污染对土壤-大豆生态系统中土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,Cd对磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性有明显的抑制作用,在试验前期,单一SMM对脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶也有明显的抑制作用,但到后期表现为微弱的激活作用,在整个实验期间,对蔗糖酶活性则表现为抑制效应。SMM浓度不变时,随Cd浓度的增加,对磷酸酶活性的抑制率增大,在试验后期,对各种酶活性也都表现出类似情况,这可能是由于Cd对各种酶活性的影响大而且持久,而SMM对酶活性影响因为自身降解浓度变低或者微生物抗药性增强而变弱。
Cd -SMM单一及复合污染对大豆幼苗生态毒性的研究结果表明,在Cd-SMM单一及复合污染的胁迫下,大豆幼苗体内的叶绿素,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化物酶的活性在整个试验周期内有很大的变化,并且根中各指标比叶中变化更大。植物受到Cd-SMM单一或复合污染时,叶绿素含量会明显减少,严重的会导致叶片发黄;除了个别处理,Cd-SMM复合处理下可溶性蛋白质的含量都低于对照;叶片中丙二醛的含量在试验周期内随时间的推移逐渐增大,并且高于对照;低浓度的复合污染胁迫会增加过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,但高浓度复合污染则会降低这两种酶的活性,在处理的后期,除了个别高浓度处理,其他处理的酶活性与对照之间没有显著差别。
Cd-SMM复合污染对大豆幼苗生长的影响研究结果表明,大豆幼苗在Cd-SMM复合污染胁迫下,植株的生长受到抑制。复合污染对株高和茎部鲜重的影响相似,当Cd浓度保持不变时,它们会随SMM浓度的升高而降低,并且复合污染时的株高和茎部鲜重要小于Cd和SMM单一处理时。大豆的根和叶片受到的伤害较大。Cd对根的影响最大,高浓度的Cd-SMM复合污染会极大的降低植株的根部鲜重,并且Cd单一处理时根部鲜重最少。叶片受到SMM的影响较大,单一SMM处理会显著降低植株的叶片鲜重,低浓度Cd存在会在一定程度上刺激植株叶片的生长,主要是因为Cd能促进叶绿素的合成,高浓度时则起到抑制作用,所以高浓度的Cd-SMM复合处理显著抑制了植株叶片的生长。
Sulfonamides is one of the largest production and use of veterinary drugs, however, the utilization was low in animal,Less than 50%,Most of the original form of drug or metabolites excreted with animal dung to the nature,caused great harm On the ecological environment,especially in the soil environment.Sulfa drugs will be interacted with heavy metal pollutants,that may cause more serious consequences.For evaluation the potential risk in ecological environment of combined pollution between Sulfonamides drugs and heavy metals contamination,study the eco-toxicity on soil and plant of combined pollution between sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) and cadmium (Cd)。
Using potting to study the impact of combined pollution between SMM and Cd to soil enzyme activity on soil - soybean system.The results showed that cadmium could outstanding inhibited the activity of phosphatase and invertase,early in the trial SMM also could outstanding inhibited the activity of urease, catalase, phosphatase, but in the late in the performance of weak activation,and SMM plays the role of Inhibition invertase activity continued to the end of the experiment.When SMM concentration was constant, the combined treatment on the inhibition rate of phosphatase activity with increasing concentration of cadmium in larger and later in the test cycle, the various enzyme activity also show such circumstances, this may be due to impact of enzyme activity by cadmium was large and persistent, the effects of SMM on the enzyme activity in the latter part of the experiment weaken because of theirself concentration and microbes resistant。
Studies of Cd-SMM combined pollution on ecological toxicity of seedling showed that in single and combined pollution of stress of Cd or SMM, soybean seedlings of chlorophyll, MDA and soluble protein content, and superoxide dismutase, peroxide physical activity of the enzyme had great changes throughout the experimental period, and changes in the root greater than in the leaves. Plants by the Cd-SMM single or multiple pollution, will be significantly reduced chlorophyll content, a serious cause yellow leaves; addition to individual treatment, Soluble protein content on combined treatment of Cd and SMM was lower than the blank; MDA content in leaves in the test period increased gradually over time, and higher than in the blank treatment. Low concentration of compound pollution of stress will increase the peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, but high concentrations of combined pollution will reduce both the activity of enzymes.In the late of experience, addition to individual high concentration treatments, enzyme activity of other treatments were no significant difference in the blank.
Results of Cd-SMM combined pollution on seedling growth showed that in Cd-SMM combined pollution stress, growth of plant was inhibited. Impact of combined pollution on plant height and stem weight were similar, when the concentration of Cd is constant, they increased with decreased concentration of SMM, and the height and stem weight on the combined pollution of Cd and SMM were letter than single treatment. Damage on soybean roots and leaves are larger. High concentrations of combined pollution of Cd and SMM will greatly reduce the plant's root weight.Single SMM treatments can significantly reduce the plant's leaf weight, presence of low concentrations of Cd in some extent stimulate the growth of leaves, mainly because low concentrations of Cd can promote the growth of chlorophyll, while high concentrations inhibit growth, so combined treatment of high concentrations of Cd and SMM significantly reduced the plant's leaves weigh.
引文
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