空间图像CCSDS压缩算法研究与FPGA实现
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摘要
随着空间技术的发展，遥感图像获得了日益广泛的应用，随之带来的遥感数据海量增长，给存储和传输都带来极大的困难，因而进行有效的数据压缩就显得特别迫切和重要。图像压缩编码技术能降低图像冗余度，从而减小图像的存储容量和传输带宽，它的研究对于遥感图像的应用具有重要的现实意义。CCSDS图像压缩算法是空间数据系统咨询委员会(CCSDS)提出的图像数据压缩算法。该算法复杂度较低，并行性好，适合于硬件实现，能实现对空间数据的实时处理，从而广泛应用于深空探测和近地观测。本文针对CCSDS压缩算法进行了研究，本文主要工作如下：
(1)对CCSDS编码系统的基本理论进行了深入研究，并对其编码性能进行了系统分析。总结了各种常用压缩技术的特点和算法，然后以此为参照，对CCSDS在遥感图像压缩中的优势进行了讨论。此外，从应用出发，多角度比较、分析了其编码的有效性。这部分的研究为实际应用奠定了必要的理论基础。
(2)介绍了Xilinx公司Vertex-Ⅱ架构的FPGA硬件平台，以及所应用的Verilog HDL开发语言。描述了FPGA开发的流程，并结合流程介绍了集成开发环境ISE和仿真软件ModelSim。
(3)在给出总体发计方案后，按算法的功能模块给出了CCSDS编码器的FPGA实现方法和实现性能，详细介绍了位平面编码的实现和优化重点。
(4)将源代码下载到硬件上并用不同图像测试，在不同压缩等级设置下均通过测试。测试的验证结果表明：基于FPGA的CCSDS图像压缩算法占用资源较少，并在较高的频率下运行，设计方案在速度和资源利用率方面达到了较好的平衡，达到了预期的设计目的。
With the development of remote sensing (RS) technique in recent years, the RS images have growing applications in many different fields. Therefore, it's necessary to compress them efficiently because of the rapid increasing of RS data. Because the RS images have the characteristics of large amount of information, low space redundancy and special applications, some conventional compression methods sometimes could not get better results. Therefore, the Consultative Committee for Space Data System put forward the CCSDS image compression algorithm, which is a special for RS application. The algorithm has lower complexities and good parallel architecture, and it has been widely used in deep-space probes and near-earth observatories. Therefore, this dissertation researches in several aspects as follows.
Firstly, the fundamentals of CCSDS are thoroughly researched, and the coding characteristics are systematically analysed. After the characteristics of the comman image compression methods are summarized, the advantages of CCSDS are analyzed. Furthermore, from application point of view, the coding efficiency is compared and analysed variously. These studied provide necessary theory basis for the application.
Secondly, the Xilinx FPGA of Virtex-II architecture and Verilog Hardware Description Language are introduced. Then the flow of FPGA design is described, and the intergrated developing environment ISE and simulation software ModelSim are described step by step.
Then, after the total design is given, the FPGA implementation methods and performance of CCSDS encoder are presented. The Bit Plane Encode module is described in particular and also the key of optimization.
Finally, the source code is downloaded into FPGA. Then the programme is tested by several test-image in different grades of compression, which is tested successfully. The results show that: CCSDS image compression algorithm base on FPGA cost less hardware resources, and can operate under higher frequency. The design achieved a well utilization of resources and speed of state and the expectant design aim is fulfilled.
(1)对CCSDS编码系统的基本理论进行了深入研究，并对其编码性能进行了系统分析。总结了各种常用压缩技术的特点和算法，然后以此为参照，对CCSDS在遥感图像压缩中的优势进行了讨论。此外，从应用出发，多角度比较、分析了其编码的有效性。这部分的研究为实际应用奠定了必要的理论基础。
(2)介绍了Xilinx公司Vertex-Ⅱ架构的FPGA硬件平台，以及所应用的Verilog HDL开发语言。描述了FPGA开发的流程，并结合流程介绍了集成开发环境ISE和仿真软件ModelSim。
(3)在给出总体发计方案后，按算法的功能模块给出了CCSDS编码器的FPGA实现方法和实现性能，详细介绍了位平面编码的实现和优化重点。
(4)将源代码下载到硬件上并用不同图像测试，在不同压缩等级设置下均通过测试。测试的验证结果表明：基于FPGA的CCSDS图像压缩算法占用资源较少，并在较高的频率下运行，设计方案在速度和资源利用率方面达到了较好的平衡，达到了预期的设计目的。
With the development of remote sensing (RS) technique in recent years, the RS images have growing applications in many different fields. Therefore, it's necessary to compress them efficiently because of the rapid increasing of RS data. Because the RS images have the characteristics of large amount of information, low space redundancy and special applications, some conventional compression methods sometimes could not get better results. Therefore, the Consultative Committee for Space Data System put forward the CCSDS image compression algorithm, which is a special for RS application. The algorithm has lower complexities and good parallel architecture, and it has been widely used in deep-space probes and near-earth observatories. Therefore, this dissertation researches in several aspects as follows.
Firstly, the fundamentals of CCSDS are thoroughly researched, and the coding characteristics are systematically analysed. After the characteristics of the comman image compression methods are summarized, the advantages of CCSDS are analyzed. Furthermore, from application point of view, the coding efficiency is compared and analysed variously. These studied provide necessary theory basis for the application.
Secondly, the Xilinx FPGA of Virtex-II architecture and Verilog Hardware Description Language are introduced. Then the flow of FPGA design is described, and the intergrated developing environment ISE and simulation software ModelSim are described step by step.
Then, after the total design is given, the FPGA implementation methods and performance of CCSDS encoder are presented. The Bit Plane Encode module is described in particular and also the key of optimization.
Finally, the source code is downloaded into FPGA. Then the programme is tested by several test-image in different grades of compression, which is tested successfully. The results show that: CCSDS image compression algorithm base on FPGA cost less hardware resources, and can operate under higher frequency. The design achieved a well utilization of resources and speed of state and the expectant design aim is fulfilled.
引文
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[2] 张益真，刘涛．Visual C++实现MPEG／JPEG编解码技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．
[3] Santa-Cruz D, Ebrahimil T. JPEG2000 still image coding versus other standards[A]. SPIE's 45th Annual Meeting, Applications of Digital Processing ⅩⅩⅢ, Vol. 4115: 446-454.
[4] Charilaos, Athanassios, Touradj. The JPEG2000 still image coding system: an overview. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technoiogy, 2000, 46(4): 1103-1127.
[5] Said A, Pearlman W A. A new, fast and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 1996, 6(3): 243-250.
[6] CCSDS. CCSDS 122.0-B-1, Image Data Compression. 2005.
[7] Pen-Shu Yeh, Armbruster P, Kiely A. The new CCSDS image compression recommendation. IEEE Conference on Aerospace, 2005: 4138-4145.
[8] 任晓东，文博．CPLD／FPGA高级应用开发指南．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[9] 褚振勇，翁木云．FPGA设计及应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2002．
[10] 孙航．Xilinx可编程逻辑器件的高级应用与设计技巧．北京：电子工业出版社．2004．
[11] Fry T W, Hauck S A. SPIHT image compression on FPGAs. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Wechnology, 2005, 15(9): 1138-1147.
[12] Dawood A, Williams J. On-board satellite image compression using reconfigurable FPGAs. 2002 IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology, 2002: 306-310.
[13] Corsonello P, Perri S, Staino G. Low bit rate image compression core for onboard space applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2006, 16(1): 114-128.
[14] 肖山竹，陈尚锋，孙广富．动态可重构的高速小波图像压缩系统．微处理机，2003，3：34-37．
[15] 王家文，曹宇．图形图像处理．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．
[16] 赵学军．基于小波变换的图像压缩．图像处理学报，2006，3：203-205．
[17] 王剑．基于MATLAB的小波变换在图象压缩中的应用．计算机工程与应用2003，1：57-61．
[18] 夏宇闻．Verilog数字系统设计教程．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003．
[19] Mallat S. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989, 11(7): 674-393.
[20] Swenldens W. The lifting schema: a construction of second generation wavelets. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 1996, 3(2): 186-200.
[21] Daubecbies I, Sweldens W. Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps. Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications. 1998, 4(3): 247-269.
[22] 沈兰荪，卓力．小波编码与网络视频传输．北京：科学出版社，2005．
[23] 刘文耀．小波图像编码与专用VLSI设计．北京：电子工业出版社，2006：74．
[24] 刘军伟，饶妮妮．提升小波变换的FPGA设计与实现．微计算机信息．2005，21(10-2)：132-134．
[25] 章毓晋．图像工程(上册)-图像处理和分析．北京：清华大学出版社，1993：153-156．
[26] CCSDS. CCSDS 120.0-G-1, Lossless Data Compression. 1997.
[27] 彭进业，俞卞章．一种改进的图像自适应零树编码方法．电子学报，2002，30(4)：591-593．
[28] Ramaswamy V N, Namuduri K R, Ranganathan N. Performance analysis of wavelets in embedded zerotree-based lossless image coding schemes, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 1999, 47(3): 100-105.
[29] 王诚，薛小刚，钟信潮．Xilinx ISE使用详解．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．
[30] 李国锁．基于FPGA的图像压缩系统的设计与实现：(硕士学位论文)．长沙：国防科学技术大学，2006．
[31] 吴斌．CCSDS图像压缩和AES加密算法研究及其FPGA实现：(硕士学位论文)．大连：大连理工大学，2007．
[32] 王镇道，陈迪平，文康益．JPEG图像压缩算法的IP核设计．计算机应用，2005，25(5)：1076-1077．
[33] 李现勇．Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．
[2] 张益真，刘涛．Visual C++实现MPEG／JPEG编解码技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．
[3] Santa-Cruz D, Ebrahimil T. JPEG2000 still image coding versus other standards[A]. SPIE's 45th Annual Meeting, Applications of Digital Processing ⅩⅩⅢ, Vol. 4115: 446-454.
[4] Charilaos, Athanassios, Touradj. The JPEG2000 still image coding system: an overview. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technoiogy, 2000, 46(4): 1103-1127.
[5] Said A, Pearlman W A. A new, fast and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 1996, 6(3): 243-250.
[6] CCSDS. CCSDS 122.0-B-1, Image Data Compression. 2005.
[7] Pen-Shu Yeh, Armbruster P, Kiely A. The new CCSDS image compression recommendation. IEEE Conference on Aerospace, 2005: 4138-4145.
[8] 任晓东，文博．CPLD／FPGA高级应用开发指南．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[9] 褚振勇，翁木云．FPGA设计及应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2002．
[10] 孙航．Xilinx可编程逻辑器件的高级应用与设计技巧．北京：电子工业出版社．2004．
[11] Fry T W, Hauck S A. SPIHT image compression on FPGAs. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Wechnology, 2005, 15(9): 1138-1147.
[12] Dawood A, Williams J. On-board satellite image compression using reconfigurable FPGAs. 2002 IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology, 2002: 306-310.
[13] Corsonello P, Perri S, Staino G. Low bit rate image compression core for onboard space applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2006, 16(1): 114-128.
[14] 肖山竹，陈尚锋，孙广富．动态可重构的高速小波图像压缩系统．微处理机，2003，3：34-37．
[15] 王家文，曹宇．图形图像处理．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．
[16] 赵学军．基于小波变换的图像压缩．图像处理学报，2006，3：203-205．
[17] 王剑．基于MATLAB的小波变换在图象压缩中的应用．计算机工程与应用2003，1：57-61．
[18] 夏宇闻．Verilog数字系统设计教程．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003．
[19] Mallat S. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989, 11(7): 674-393.
[20] Swenldens W. The lifting schema: a construction of second generation wavelets. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 1996, 3(2): 186-200.
[21] Daubecbies I, Sweldens W. Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps. Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications. 1998, 4(3): 247-269.
[22] 沈兰荪，卓力．小波编码与网络视频传输．北京：科学出版社，2005．
[23] 刘文耀．小波图像编码与专用VLSI设计．北京：电子工业出版社，2006：74．
[24] 刘军伟，饶妮妮．提升小波变换的FPGA设计与实现．微计算机信息．2005，21(10-2)：132-134．
[25] 章毓晋．图像工程(上册)-图像处理和分析．北京：清华大学出版社，1993：153-156．
[26] CCSDS. CCSDS 120.0-G-1, Lossless Data Compression. 1997.
[27] 彭进业，俞卞章．一种改进的图像自适应零树编码方法．电子学报，2002，30(4)：591-593．
[28] Ramaswamy V N, Namuduri K R, Ranganathan N. Performance analysis of wavelets in embedded zerotree-based lossless image coding schemes, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 1999, 47(3): 100-105.
[29] 王诚，薛小刚，钟信潮．Xilinx ISE使用详解．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．
[30] 李国锁．基于FPGA的图像压缩系统的设计与实现：(硕士学位论文)．长沙：国防科学技术大学，2006．
[31] 吴斌．CCSDS图像压缩和AES加密算法研究及其FPGA实现：(硕士学位论文)．大连：大连理工大学，2007．
[32] 王镇道，陈迪平，文康益．JPEG图像压缩算法的IP核设计．计算机应用，2005，25(5)：1076-1077．
[33] 李现勇．Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．