番鸭产蛋、就巢规律及与血液生化指标的相关研究
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摘要
番鸭是优良的瘦肉型水禽，为进一步摸清番鸭产蛋、就巢的规律，本研究采用个体“托蛋法”和人工授精对母番鸭进行45周(28～72周龄)产蛋、休产和就巢的观测，结果表明：番鸭产蛋模式具有短连产(n)和间歇休产(z)频繁交替(n=7，z=4)的特点；就巢弱的母鸭连产频率高，产蛋性能也较高。且番鸭就巢性较强，就巢鸭比例高达22.22％，平均就巢期为45.44±17.25天(30～106天)；就巢性较弱的母鸭产蛋量比就巢性强的母鸭多14.93枚。并经相关分析：开产体重与就巢期的长短呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)，开抱日与开产日龄呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。
为观察饲养方式对番鸭产蛋性能的影响，将母鸭进行网上平养、笼养和地面平养对比试验，同时对舍温进行了测定。结果表明：①地面平养组人工授精的受精率和孵化率比网上平养组分别高出4.11％和2.84％，且差异极显著(P＜0.01)。②开产体重与产蛋量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)。③舍温对产蛋率影响较大，并呈极显著正相关(r=0.456，P＜0.01)。
为揭示番鸭产蛋、就巢与血液生化指标的内在联系，本试验还对母鸭血浆生化指标(催乳素PRL、促黄体生成素LH、葡萄糖GLU和甘油三酯TG)进行跟踪测试。测定结果表明：醒抱前后PRL、LH、GLU和TG含量呈极显著差异(P＜0.01)。①赖抱期PRL含量(0.68±0.11ng／ml)极显著高于醒抱期(0.33±0.04ng／ml)(P＜0.01)，说明PRL是产生就巢和就巢持续的关键激素。②醒抱后血浆LH含量(33.17±15.49mIU／ml)和GLU含量(9.60±1.17mMol／l)极显著高于赖抱期LH含量(5.56±1.99mIU／ml)和GLU含量(8.71±0.78mMol／l)(P＜0.01)。③赖抱期TG含量为6.85±2.64mMol／l，醒抱期含量为1.184±0.58mMol／l，差异极显著(P＜0.01)。但番鸭个体间血浆PRL、LH、GLU和TG含量差异不显著；4个指标含量两两之间存在极显著相关(P＜0.01)。
Muscovy ducks are excellent meal poultry, and the abdominal palpation method and artificial fertilization were applied to further determine individual ovulation, noncvulation and broodiness of the female ducks. The results showed that muscovy ducks had the traits of ovulation and nonovulation during the ovulatory cycle, the ovulation rate and the egg laying performances of nonbrooding ducks were higher. And the ducks' broody behaviors were very strong, and the rate of brooding ducks was 22.22%, the average brood periods were 45.44?7.25days, and were from 30 days to 106 days. The average egg numbers of the nonbrooding ducks were more 14.93 eggs than those of the brooding ducks. And the correlate analysis showed that: firstly, body weight at first laying had a significantly negative correlation with the brood period(P<0.01), and secondly, age at first brooding had a significantly positive correlation with age at first laying.
The contrast experiments(raised in nets, individual cages and floors) were conducted in attempt to observe the effects of raising methods on egg laying performances and the house temperatures were determined. The results showed that: firstly, the fertility of artificial fertilization and hatchability of the ducks in the floors were higher than those of the ducks raised in nets(P<0.01), 4.11% and 2.84% higher, respectively. Secondly, body weight at first laying had a significantly negative correlation with egg numbers(P<0.01). Thirdly, the house temperature had significant effects on the ovulation rate, and there was a significantly positive correlation between them(r=0.456, P<0.01).
Four blood biochemical indices(Prolactin, Luteinizing hormone, Glucose and Triglyceriche)of the female ducks were determined in order to reveal the relationships between blood biochemical indices and ovulation & broodiness. The results showed that the concentrations of PRL, LH, GLU and TG between the broody period and the ovulatory period had significant differences. Firstly, the concentrations of PRL during the broody period were significantly higher than those during the ovulatory period, and which showed that PRL was key hormone for the onset and maintenance of broodiness. Secondly, the concentrations of LH and GLU during the ovulatory period
were significantly higher than those of during the broody period(P<0.01). Thirdly, the concentrations of TG during the broody period were 6.85±2.64mmol/l, and the concentrations of TG during the ovulatory period were 1.18±0.58mmol/l, and there were significant differences between them(P<0.01). But there were no significant differences in the concentrations of PRL, LH, GLU and TG between individual ducks. And there were significant correlations in the concentrations of PRL, LH, GLU and TG each other during the reproductive cycle.
为观察饲养方式对番鸭产蛋性能的影响，将母鸭进行网上平养、笼养和地面平养对比试验，同时对舍温进行了测定。结果表明：①地面平养组人工授精的受精率和孵化率比网上平养组分别高出4.11％和2.84％，且差异极显著(P＜0.01)。②开产体重与产蛋量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)。③舍温对产蛋率影响较大，并呈极显著正相关(r=0.456，P＜0.01)。
为揭示番鸭产蛋、就巢与血液生化指标的内在联系，本试验还对母鸭血浆生化指标(催乳素PRL、促黄体生成素LH、葡萄糖GLU和甘油三酯TG)进行跟踪测试。测定结果表明：醒抱前后PRL、LH、GLU和TG含量呈极显著差异(P＜0.01)。①赖抱期PRL含量(0.68±0.11ng／ml)极显著高于醒抱期(0.33±0.04ng／ml)(P＜0.01)，说明PRL是产生就巢和就巢持续的关键激素。②醒抱后血浆LH含量(33.17±15.49mIU／ml)和GLU含量(9.60±1.17mMol／l)极显著高于赖抱期LH含量(5.56±1.99mIU／ml)和GLU含量(8.71±0.78mMol／l)(P＜0.01)。③赖抱期TG含量为6.85±2.64mMol／l，醒抱期含量为1.184±0.58mMol／l，差异极显著(P＜0.01)。但番鸭个体间血浆PRL、LH、GLU和TG含量差异不显著；4个指标含量两两之间存在极显著相关(P＜0.01)。
Muscovy ducks are excellent meal poultry, and the abdominal palpation method and artificial fertilization were applied to further determine individual ovulation, noncvulation and broodiness of the female ducks. The results showed that muscovy ducks had the traits of ovulation and nonovulation during the ovulatory cycle, the ovulation rate and the egg laying performances of nonbrooding ducks were higher. And the ducks' broody behaviors were very strong, and the rate of brooding ducks was 22.22%, the average brood periods were 45.44?7.25days, and were from 30 days to 106 days. The average egg numbers of the nonbrooding ducks were more 14.93 eggs than those of the brooding ducks. And the correlate analysis showed that: firstly, body weight at first laying had a significantly negative correlation with the brood period(P<0.01), and secondly, age at first brooding had a significantly positive correlation with age at first laying.
The contrast experiments(raised in nets, individual cages and floors) were conducted in attempt to observe the effects of raising methods on egg laying performances and the house temperatures were determined. The results showed that: firstly, the fertility of artificial fertilization and hatchability of the ducks in the floors were higher than those of the ducks raised in nets(P<0.01), 4.11% and 2.84% higher, respectively. Secondly, body weight at first laying had a significantly negative correlation with egg numbers(P<0.01). Thirdly, the house temperature had significant effects on the ovulation rate, and there was a significantly positive correlation between them(r=0.456, P<0.01).
Four blood biochemical indices(Prolactin, Luteinizing hormone, Glucose and Triglyceriche)of the female ducks were determined in order to reveal the relationships between blood biochemical indices and ovulation & broodiness. The results showed that the concentrations of PRL, LH, GLU and TG between the broody period and the ovulatory period had significant differences. Firstly, the concentrations of PRL during the broody period were significantly higher than those during the ovulatory period, and which showed that PRL was key hormone for the onset and maintenance of broodiness. Secondly, the concentrations of LH and GLU during the ovulatory period
were significantly higher than those of during the broody period(P<0.01). Thirdly, the concentrations of TG during the broody period were 6.85±2.64mmol/l, and the concentrations of TG during the ovulatory period were 1.18±0.58mmol/l, and there were significant differences between them(P<0.01). But there were no significant differences in the concentrations of PRL, LH, GLU and TG between individual ducks. And there were significant correlations in the concentrations of PRL, LH, GLU and TG each other during the reproductive cycle.
引文
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[3]王长康等．番鸭血液生化指标与产蛋性能的关系[J]．福建农业大学学报．2001，30(4)：510～513
[4]Saeki. Y. Inoue. 1955. Changs in prolactin content of fowl pituitary during broody period and some experiments on the induction of broodiness[J].Poultry Sci. 34:909～919.
[5]张美莉．家禽生殖激素的研究进展[J]．畜牧兽医杂志．1999(18)：11～14
[6]陈杰等．四季鹅繁殖周期中血浆某些生殖激素水平的变化[J]．南京农业大学学报．1991，14(4)：76～80
[7]史光华等．母鹅抱窝期间血浆中PRL、P和17β-E_2水平的变化[J]．山东家禽1993，6(3)：3～6
[8]李定健等．四季鹅繁殖周期中催乳素、β-内啡肽的变化规律[J]．畜牧兽医杂志．1997，16(2)：14～15
[9]施振旦等．下丘脑多巴胺和5-羟色胺调控鸡就巢机理的研究[J]．畜牧兽医学报．2000，31(6)：487～492．
[10]史光华等．四季鹅母鹅生殖内分泌的研究[J]．中国家禽学报版．1995(1)：13～17
[11]陈伟华等．5-羟色胺在四季鹅抱窝中的作用[J]．南京农业大学学报1994，17(2)：75～78．
[12]李定健等．四季鹅赖抱机理的神经内分泌研究[J]．贵州农业科学．1997，25(1)：3～5
[13]傅伟龙等．母鸡在排卵周期和抱窝血浆“黄体生成素类似物”和孕酮的浓度变化．华南农业大学学报[J]．1991(增刊)：1～4
[14]Langslow, D.R. et al.,The response of plasma insulin, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids to various hormones, nutrients and drugs in the domestic fowl[M].J. Endocrinol. 1970;46:243
[15]Zadworny, D. et al., The relationship between plasma concentrations of prolactin and consumption of feed and water during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey. Poultry Sci[J]. 1985, 64:401～410
[16]赵茹茜等．四季鹅抱窝期间血浆某些代谢产物浓度的变化[J]．南京农业大学学报．1989，12(04)：100～104
[17]陈峰等．种用竹丝鸡的就巢性及其对策[J]．中国家禽．1997(4)：38～39．
[18]Hays, F. A. 1933. Characteristics of non-broody and intense broody lines of Rhode Island Reds[M].Massachusetts Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 301.
[19]Hutt, F.B. 1949. Genetics of the Fowl[J]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, New York, NY.
[20]Punnett, R.C. andP. f. Bailey. 1920. fenetic studies in poultry. Ⅱ.Inheritance of egg-color and broodiness. J. Genetics[M].10:277～292.
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